Características clínicas y epidemiológicas del trauma ocular en menores de 14 años / Clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age

El trauma ocular pediátrico es frecuente y es la principal causa de ceguera unilateral no congénita. La información en países en vías de desarrollo es escasa. El objetivo de esta serie de casos es describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas del trauma ocular en niños menores de 14 años que consultaron al Hospital Dr. Rodolfo Robles Val verde en la Ciudad de Guatemala durante el año 2010. Se incluyeron 119 pacientes en el estudio. El género masculino en edad escolar (7-9 años) fue el más comprometido. El trauma más común fue el de globo cerrado. Los objetos más frecuentes causantes de la lesión fueron madera, juguetes y químicos. La vivienda fue el lugar donde más ocurrió el trauma. Se intervinieron 21 pacientes. Son necesarios programas de educación y prevención.

Pediatric ocular trauma is common and the leading cause of non congenital unilateral blindness. The information in developing countries is scarce. The objective of this case series is to describe clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ocular trauma in children under 14 years of age who visited Hospital Dr. Rodolfo Robles Valverde in Guatemala City in 2010. In this study 119 patients were included. School-aged (7-9 years) male gender was the most affected. Closed globe injury was the commonest. The most frequent objects causing the lesions were: wooden objects, toys and chemicals. Trauma occurred most frequently at home. Twenty one of the patients were surgically intervened. Education and prevention programs for pediatric ocular trauma are necessary.

Endosulfan induced changes in phospholipids in the freshwater female catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).

The catfish, H. fossilis were exposed to endosulfan for 30 days at sub-lethal concentration (0.002 ppm) during different phases of its annual reproductive cycle. Its impact on total (TP) and different phospholipids- phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatdylinositol (Pl) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were measured in liver plasma and ovary. On pesticide exposure, during preparatory phase, the hepatic TP PC and PE were declined. The plasma levels of TP, PC and PS were declined with the elevation of PE whereas in ovary only PC was lowered after endosulfan exposure. During pre-spawning phase, the hepatic TP, PC and PE declined in liver plasma and ovary after endosulfan exposure. During spawning phase, only plasma and ovarian phospholipids showed decrease in their levels following endosulfan exposure. In the post-spawning phase, endosulfan elevated the levels of TP, PC and PS in ovary but had no effect on their levels in liver and plasma. During resting phase, the TP, PC and Pl were found to be decreasing its levels. Thus it appears that this pesticide interfere with phospholipids metabolism during annual reproductive cycle of this species.

Impact of endosulfan on the profiles of phospholipids at sublethal concentration in the male Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch).

Male Heteropneustes fossilis were exposed for 30 days at sublethal concentration (0.002 ppm) during different phases of its annual reproductive cycle. Its impact on total phospholipids (TP), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatdylinositol (PI) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were measured in liver, plasma and testes. During preparatory phase, in general, the levels for TP, PC, PS, PI and PE decreased after endosulfan exposure in the above tissues. During prespawning and spawning phases, the phospholipids also showed decreasing trend. The postspawning phase, exhibited decline in hepatic levels of PS and PI only and remained unaffected in the other two tissues. During the resting phase too, the hepatic levels of TP, PS and PI declined and remained unaltered in others. The present results indicate that endosulfan have very selective effects on phospholipids classes during different phases of the annual reproductive cycle interfering with the production of lipid deprived energy i.e. vitellogenin. In general, endosulfan has inhibitory role during reproductive growth affecting phospholipid biosynthesis via hepatic enzyme systems as well as by hormonal imbalance.

Efecto tóxico de DDT y endosulfan en postlarvas de camarón blanco, Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae)de Chiapas, México / Toxic efect of DDT and endosulfan in white shrimp postlarvae Litopenaeus vannamei (Decapoda: Penaeidae) from Chiapas, Mexico

We analized acute toxicity in white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) postlarvae exposed to two chlorinated pesticides, DDT and endosulfan, under laboratory conditions during 168 hours, with controlled temperature (29 ± 1°C), salinity (3 ± 1 ‰) and pH (8 ± 1). Median lethal concentrations (LC50 ), "incipient" LC50, median lethal time (LT50 ) the "maximum acceptable concentration of the toxic compound" (MACT) and "the safety level" (SL) were determined. The concentration of the compounds at which organism growth was reduced by 5 and 50% (EC5 and EC50 ), as well as changes in oxygen consumption patterns were determined in the surviving postlarvae.They were very sensitive to both compounds and DDT was thrice as toxic as endosulfan. Growth rate decreased 50 % and 80 % with endosulfan and DDT, respectively, at the experimental pestice concentration.The low resistance of postlarvae to DDT and endosulfan suggests that additional inflow of these pesticides into the aquatic system could affect the rate of shrimp production in the area

Con el fin de conocer la toxicidad del DDT y endosulfan sobre postlarvas de camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannaei), se realizaron pruebas de toxicidad aguda en condiciones de laboratorio por 168 h, con temperatura de 29 ± 1 °C, salinidad de 3 ± 1 ‰ y pH en 8 ± 1.Se calculó la concentración letal media (LC50 ), la LC50 "incipiente", los tiempos medios de muerte (LT50 ), la Máxima Concentración Aceptable del Tóxico (MACT) y el "Nivel de Seguridad" (LS); así mismo, en los organismos sobrevivientes se determinó la concentración a la que el crecimiento de los organismos se reduce en un 5 y 50% (CE5 y CE50 ). Se evaluaron además las alteraciones en el consumo de oxígeno. El DDT fue 3 veces más tóxico que el endosulfan; sin embargo, los organismos resultaron ser muy sensibles a ambos compuestos. La tasa de crecimiento de las postlarvas disminuyó en un 80 y 50% para el DDT y endosulfan respectivamente. La baja resistencia de las postlarvas al DDT y endosulfan, y las concentraciones de estos compuestos en la laguna, sugieren que si se diera un ingreso adicional de estos plaguicidas al sistema, es muy probable un potencial impacto en la producción de camarón del sistema

Toxic response of endosulfan to breeding and non-breeding female mosquitofish.

To investigate if toxic effects by endosulfan, a commonly used insecticide, are dependent on the breeding condition of an organism, both breeding and non-breeding female western mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, were exposed to 0.1, 0.5, 1 ppb of endosulfan. After a 5-week exposure period, we examined physical factors such as ovary weight and anal fin length in fish of both reproductive conditions and the size of thyroid follicles in non-breeders. Breeding female fish exposed to endosulfan did not show any significant changes in physical factors, but non-breeding females exposed to endosulfan had a significantly greater ratio of anal fin/ body length and larger thyroid follicles than did control females. These results demonstrate that the response to exposure to environmental contaminants may be dependent upon seasonal reproductive condition.

Profiles of acid and alkaline phosphatases in the prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii exposed to endosulfan.

The present study was performed to determine the toxic effects of endosulfan on the quantitative and qualitative aspects of acid and alkaline phosphatases (ACP and ALP) in Macrobrachium malcolmsonii. Intermoult juvenile prawns were exposed to 32.0 ng/l of endosulfan for a period of 21 days. Samples were taken from the hemolymph, hepatopancreas, gills and muscle of test prawns on the 21st day. The content of ACP and ALP in the hepatopancreas of test prawns were found to be higher in comparison to respective controls. The levels of these enzymes in the hemolymph, gills and muscle of test prawns were found to be lower than in the same tissues of controls. In non-denaturing PAGE, phosphatases appeared as white bands. The intensity of white bands in the hepatopancreas of test prawns were found to be higher when compared to controls. In the hemolymph, gills and muscle of test prawns, the intensity of white bands were found to be lower in comparison to controls. The results of the present study suggest that endosulfan affects the quantity and quality of ACP and ALP in the tissues of M. malcolmsonii.

Effects of rogar and endosulfan on the metabolism of fresh water sponge (Spongilla lacustris).

Spongilla lacustris were exposed to sub lethal concentrations of pesticides, rogar and endosulfan for one month period. Metabolites like carbohydrates, protein and enzymes like those that peroxidase and carbonic anhydrase were estimated in the experimental and control animals. The results show, depletion of carbohydrates while protein elevated as the days progressed. Similarly an enzyme activity found to be decreased in exposed Spongilla lacustris.

A correlative study on liver glycogen and endosulfan toxicity in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.).

The biochemical tests were conducted to find out the relationship between liver glycogen and endosulfan toxicity on a catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch.) using 0.00075, 0.00050 and 0.000375 ppm concentrations for 15, 30, 45 and 60 days of exposure periods. The quantity of liver glycogen showed decreasing trend as concentration of toxicant increased. The depletion in glycogen contents is greatly affiliated to cellular damage in hepatic cells.

Effects of endosulfan on intestinal functions in protein-malnourished rats.

In rats fed 18% protein diet, administration of endosulfan (2mg/kg body weight daily for 7 days) significantly decreased the brush border sialic acid and increased the hexoses contents. The intestinal uptake of glucose was increased while that of glycine and calcium was reduced. Brush border enzymes and lipids were not affected. However, in protein malnourished rats (fed 8% protein) exposed to endosulfan, brush border sucrase and peptidase activities were enhanced, while alkaline phosphatase activity was decreased compared to untreated malnourished animals. Membrane sialic acid content was low while fucose and cholesterol levels were augmented in endosulfan fed malnourished animals. The uptake of glucose and glycine was elevated under these conditions. These results Suggest that the nutritional status of the animals has an important bearing on thc susceptibility of intestinal tissue to endosulfan toxicity in rats.

Chronic toxicity bioassay and effect of endosulfan, HCH, copper and zinc on the survival and intermoult duration of larvae of mangrove crab Macrophthalmus erato De Man.

The effects of insecticides (endosulfan, HCH) and heavy metals (copper and zinc) were studied on survival and duration of the moult cycle of larvae and megalopa of a common mangrove crab, Macrophthalmus erato, that inhabits Pitchavaram mangroves, southeast coast of India. In chronic toxicity test, percentage of survival from hatchling to megalopa stage at different concentrations of endosulfan (0.048 to 0.36 microg/L), HCH (0.32 to 2.4 microg/L), copper (9.0 to 67.5 microg/L) and zinc (15.2 to 139.0 microg/L) were 6, 12, 8 and 12 respectively. Endosulfan, HCH, copper and zinc considerably increased the total period in development from first zoea to megalopa stage from 18 days in the control to 23, 21, 20 and 22 days in the treated specimens. It is concluded that concentrations well below the observed chronic concentrations, may prove to be more deleterious to larva of this species in natural environment leading to reduction in the success of recruitment to the adult population.

Alteraçöes morfológicas em hepatócitos de Brachydanio rerio (Hamilton & Buchanan) exposto à açäo do endosulfan em dose subletal / Morphological changes in hepatocytes of Brachydanio rerio (Hemilton & Buckanan) exposed to a sublethal dose of endosulfan action

Realizou-se experimentos com o peixe "paulistinha" (Brachydanio rerio), tendo como objetivo observar o efeito tóxico do organoclorado endosulfan nas células hepáticas do peixe. Foram realizados ensaios de toxicidade aguda, sendo determinado o valor de CL 50 - 96 h de 0,0021083 muL/L e os limites de confiabilidade estabelecidos entre 0,00175 e 0,00254 muL/L para o animal em estudo. Durante o experimento os peixes foram mantidos em meio contaminado num total de 96 h, observando-se os efeitos do produto nos hepatócitos a partir das primeiras 24 horas. As alteraçoes observadas após os tempos de exposiçao 24h, 48 h, 72 h, 96 h foram: descaracterizaçao da forma celular e da membrana plasmática, lateralizaçao nuclear, cromatina condensada na regiao central e núcleos picnóticos, grandes vacúolos citoplasmáticos e necrose focal. Após 48 horas de exposiçao as modificaçoes permaneceram, havendo regeneraçao dos hepatócitos. O tecido apresentou-se mais regular, houve aumento do citoplasma e a cromatina apresentou-se mais dispersa. Os resultados indicaram que o endosulfan é altamente tóxico para o peixe Brachydanio rerio, e que, apesar da sua rápida degradaçao na água, ocorre o acúmulo nos tecidos após a exposiçao ao pesticida. Estudos adicionais sobre a toxicidade do endosulfan a longo prazo seriam necessários, uma vez que algumas alteraçoes histológicas sugerem evoluçao de neoplasias.

Ethanol potentiates in vivo hepatotoxicity of endosulfan in adult male rats.

In an attempt to evaluate the effect and interaction of ethanol on endosulfan-induced hepatotoxicity in vivo to adult male rats, both, endosulfan (7.5 mg/kg body wt) and ethanol (1.5 g/kg body wt) were studied separately as well as in combination after a chronic oral exposure of 30 days. When fed separately, both the agents were found to induce microsomal mixed function oxidase (MFO) system in treated animals. A simultaneous induction in the activity of cytosolic GSH-s-transferase was found to be associated with significantly induced ascorbate-induced microsomal lipid peroxidation. Both endosulfan and ethanol showed increasing trends in the activities of reducing equivalent (NADPH)-generating enzymes in liver. The activity of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase was, however, found to be relatively unaffected. When ethanol was administered in combination with endosulfan, the observed effects on the activities of major drug metabolizing enzymes, microsomal lipid peroxidation and NADPH generation were further pronounced. Findings demonstrated the MFO inducing capability of both endosulfan and ethanol, and showed further that chronic ethanol ingestion might potentiate the in vivo hepatotoxicity of endosulfan if administered in combination.

Individual and combined toxicity of common pesticides to teleost Puntius conchonius Hamilton.

Individual and combined toxicity of three pesticides, endosulfan, phosphamidon, and aldicarb was evaluated in P. conchonius. The 48 hr LC50 was 21.36 and 446.5 ppm respectively for endosulfan and phosphamidon. When tested jointly, 48 hr LC50 for different ratios of these pesticides were 0.332 (IE:3P), 0.224 (IE:1P), and 0.178 ppm (3E:1P). The cotoxicity coefficients for these combinations were 1793, 3986, and 10009, respectively. An equitoxic mixture of endosulfan, phosphamidon, and aldicarb yielded a 48 hr LC50 of 130.5 ppm. An enhanced toxic impact is indicated when the pesticides are present together rather than as individual compounds.

Effect of sub-chronic endosulfan exposures on plasma gonadotrophins, testosterone, testicular testosterone and enzymes of androgen biosynthesis in rat.

Insecticide endosulfan significantly inhibited testicular androgen biosynthesis in adult rats, when fed (po) at 7.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight dose levels, consecutively for 15 and 30 days. No appreciable alterations were apparent in body weights, testicular wet weights, and cytosolic and microsomal protein contents of testis in treated rats. Profound decrease in the levels of plasma gonadotrophins (FSH and LH) along with plasma testosterone and testicular testosterone were observed at both the doses of endosulfan, particularly after the longer exposure of 30 days. Activities of steroidogenic enzymes studied (3 beta- and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases) were considerably lowered on longer exposure of endosulfan. A significant decrease in the contents/activities of microsomal cytochrome P-450 and related mixed function oxidases (MFOs) in testis of treated rats was also observed, along with a marked inhibition in the activity of cytosolic conjugation enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase at both doses studied. These biochemical changes were reversed when the endosulfan treatment was withdrawn.

Toxicity of endosulfan on kidney of male rats in relation to drug metabolizing enzymes and microsomal lipid peroxidation.

Endosulfan administration (po, 15 and 30 days at 7.5 and 10 mg/kg body wt respectively) inhibited the activity of microsomal mixed function oxidases in kidney tissue of male rats. Microsomal and cytosolic protein contents of kidney were significantly increased following 30 days endosulfan exposures. Profound induction in the activity profiles of alcohol dehydrogenase and cytosolic glutathione s-transferase was noticed, however, no such change was apparent in the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase. Microsomal preparations from treated animals showed a dose and duration dependent increase in spontaneous lipid peroxidation. The observed biochemical changes persisted even after 7 days normalcy allowance provided after the endosulfan (10 mg/kg body wt) withdrawl. The results suggest a substantial renal toxicity of endosulfan to male rats in relation to microsomal mixed function oxidases and associated functions which possibly resulted from lipid peroxidative damage of microsomal membrane in treated animals.

Gonadal toxicity of short term chronic endosulfan exposure to male rats.

Endosulfan was studied for its effect on rat testicular toxicity in relation to the enzymes of androgen biosynthesis, viz. 3 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.145, 3 beta-HSD) and 17 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.64, 17 beta-HSD); cytosolic conjugation enzyme, glutathione-S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18); and testicular as well as serum testosterone levels at the dose levels of 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg body weight fed orally for 7 and 15 days. Organ and body weights of the treated animals did not change significantly, however, the testicular protein contents were found to be increased appreciably after 7 days treatments. The activity profile of cytosolic conjugation enzyme showed much remained low during 7 days treatment, however, the two steroidogenic enzymes showed much individual variations in response to endosulfan treatments. An overall varied response with respect to testosterone biosynthesis and its secretion to serum was observed suggesting nevertheless, a profound hormonal imbalance caused by this insecticide to male gonads on short term chronic exposures.