Diagnóstico ecocardiográfico de una hernia de hiato. Reporte de un caso / Echocardiographic diagnosis of a Hiatus Hernia: A case report

The diagnosis of a hiatus hernia (HH) is typically confirmed with an upper gastrointestinal barium X-ray, gastroscopy or upper-intestinal endoscopy. In several cases, HH has been diagnosed with an echocardiogram. We here describe a case of an HH visible on an echocardiogram in a male patient with chest pain.

Píloro doble. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Double pylorus. Case report and literature review

RESUMEN El doble píloro es una comunicación anormal entre el antro gástrico y el bulbo duodenal y representa un raro hallazgo endoscópico. Se presentó un paciente de 80 años de edad, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, fumador inveterado, tomador de aspirina, que presentó melena aproximadamente 15 días antes del ingreso. La videoendoscopia reveló la existencia de dos orificios similares en el antro, que se comunicaban con el bulbo duodenal de manera independiente que fueron catalogados como píloros. La comunicación se constató con el paso del endoscopio a su través. Se impuso tratamiento médico con inhibidores de la bomba de protones y la evolución fue favorable. Es el cuarto caso reportado en la literatura en nuestro país y el primero en la provincia de Matanzas.

ABSTRACT Double pylorus is an abnormal communication between the gastric antrum and the duodenal bulb and represents a rare endoscopic finding. It is presented the case of a patient aged 80 years, with a background of arterial hypertension, inveterate smoker, taking aspirin, who presented melena about 15 days before the admission. The video-endoscopy revealed the existence of two similar orifices in the antrum that were independently communicating with the duodenal bulb and they went catalogued like pylori. The communication was proved by passing the endoscope through it. He was treated with IBP (the Spanish acronym for proton bomb inhibitors) and the evolution was favorable. It is the fourth case reported in the literature in Cuba and the first one in Matanzas.

Radiological study of megacolon in trypanosoma cruzi infected rats / Estudo radiológico de megacólon em ratos infectados por trypanosoma cruzi

ABSTRACT Background: Researches on Chagas disease still use several animals and rats, due to size and susceptibility were preferred by many authors. Aim: To develop an experimental model of megacolon in rats inoculated with the strain Y of Trypanosoma cruzi. Methods: Thirty male Wistar rats were distributed in three groups inoculated with different inoculants: Group A: 600000, Group B: 1000000 and Group C: 1500000 blood trypomastigotes of T. cruzi. Animals were sedated intramuscularly at zero inoculation time (T0) and 60 days after inoculation (T60), to perform the barium enema in order to evaluate the dilatation of the different segments of colon in a comparative study of the measurements obtained, using a digital caliper. Evidence of infection was performed by blood smear collected from the animal's tail 18 days after inoculation with observation of blood forms. Results: Comparing the intestinal diameter of the inoculated animals with 60,0000 trypomastigotes in the T0 of infection with T60 days after the inoculation, significant dilatation was observed between the proximal, medial and distal segments (p<0.01), indicating the establishment of the megacolon model. In addition, comparing intestinal diameter between the different segments, with in the T0 of infection and the T60 after inoculation, significant alterations were observed (p<0.05). Conclusion: The proposed model was possible for in vivo studies of alterations due to infection by T. cruzi and functional alterations of the colon. In addition, the changes manifested in the colon are not directly proportional to the size of the inoculum, but to the time of infection that the animals were submitted, since the animals inoculated with 60,0000 blood forms were the ones which presented the most significant alterations.

RESUMO Racional: Pesquisas para doença de Chagas ainda utilizam diversos animais e o rato por seu tamanho e sua suscetibilidade foi o preferido por muitos pesquisadores. Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo experimental de megacólon em ratos inoculados com a cepa Y de Trypanosoma cruzi. Métodos: Utilizou-se 30 ratos, machos, distribuídos em três grupos inoculados com diferentes inóculos: Grupo A: 600000, Grupo B: 1000000 e Grupo C: 1500000 tripomastigotas sanguíneos da cepa Y de T. cruzi. Os animais foram sedados via intramuscular no tempo zero de inoculação (T0) e aos 60 dias após a inoculação (T60) para realização de enema opaco para avaliação da dilatação dos diferentes segmentos do cólon em estudo comparativo das medidas obtidas, com o auxílio de um paquímetro digital. A comprovação da infecção foi realizada com esfregaço de sangue coletado a partir da cauda do animal 18 dias após a inoculação com observação das formas sanguíneas. Resultados: Ao comparar o diâmetro intestinal dos animais inoculados com 60.0000 formas tripomastigotas no T0 de infecção com T60 dias após a inoculação, observou-se dilatação significativa entre os segmentos proximal, medial e distal (p<0,01), indicando o estabelecimento do modelo de megacólon. Além disso, ao comparar o diâmetro intestinal entre os diferentes segmentos, dentro do T0 de infecção e do T60 após a inoculação, observou-se alterações significantes (p<0,05). Conclusões: O modelo proposto mostrou-se factível para estudos in vivo das alterações decorrentes da infecção pelo T. cruzi e alterações funcionais do cólon. Além disso, as alterações manifestadas no cólon não são diretamente proporcionais ao tamanho do inóculo, mas sim ao tempo de infecção que os animais foram submetidos, visto que os inoculados com 600000 formas sanguíneas foram as que mais apresentaram alterações significantes.

Interdisciplinary investigation of occurrence of diverticular disease among patients referred for barium enema and colonoscopy studies at Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital, Ga-Rankuwa, Pretoria, South Africa

Background: Diverticular disease (DD) is believed to be a disease which is prevalent in developed countries. Contrary to this belief, DD has been reported with an increasing trend in prevalence in Africa for the past four decades. Objectives: The objective of this study was to highlight the increasing trend of DD and to corroborate barium enema findings obtained from Diagnostic Radiology Department, with colonoscopy results from the Surgery Department at Dr. George Mukhari Academic Hospital. Methods: Results for barium enema and colonoscopy investigations of all the patients referred over a 1-year period were retrospectively reviewed by two independent research groups; each of these groups was unaware of the research carried out in the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Surgery. Data from the records were analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS, version 22.0), New York, USA, version 22.0. Results: Barium enema results of 166 patients were evaluated for DD, and out of these, 129 patients (77.7%) were negative, while 37 patients (22.3%) (95% confidence interval = 19.07­25.50) were positive. A review of 384 colonoscopy results also revealed positive evidence for 47 patients (13.5%) (95% confidence interval = 10.30­17.50) for DD and 337 patients (86.5%) were negative. The findings of barium enema and colonoscopy investigative studies were similar for female preponderance, diffuse pattern of distribution of DD and the mean age of patients. Conclusion: The two studies corroborate each other and have produced the highest number of diagnostic yield for DD in one year, in Africa

Diagnostic accuracy of barium enema findings in hirschsprung's disease / Acurácia do diagnóstico de achados do enema opaco na doença de hirschsprung

ABSTRACT Background: Hirschsprung's disease is the most common cause of pediatric intestinal obstruction. Contrast enema is used for evaluation of the patients with its diagnosis. Aim: To evaluate sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of radiologic findings for diagnosis of Hirschsprung in patients underwent barium enema. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out in Imam Khomeini Hospital for one year starting from 2012, April. Sixty patients were enrolled. Inclusion criteria were: neonates with failure to pass meconium, abdominal distention, and refractory constipation who failed to respond with medical treatment. Transitional zone, delay in barium evacuation after 24 h, rectosigmoid index (maximum with of the rectum divided by maximum with of the sigmoid; abnormal if <1), and irregularity of mucosa (jejunization) were evaluated in barium enema. Biopsy was obtained at three locations apart above dentate line. PPV, NPV, specificity , and sensitivity was calculated for each finding. Results: Mean age of the cases with Hirschsprung's disease and without was 17.90±18.29 months and 17.8±18.34 months respectively (p=0.983). It was confirmed in 30 (M=20, F=10) of cases. Failure to pass meconium was found in 21(70%) cases. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 90%, 80%, 81.8% and 88.8% respectively for transitional zone in barium enema. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 76.7%, 83.3%, 78.1% and 82.1% respectively for rectosigmoid index .Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 46.7%, 100%, 100% and 65.2% respectively for irregular contraction detected in barium enema. Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 23.3%, 100%, 100% and 56.6% respectively for mucosal irregularity in barium enema. Conclusion: The most sensitive finding was transitional zone. The most specific findings were irregular contraction, mucosal irregularity, and followed by cobblestone appearance.

RESUMO Racional: A doença de Hirschsprung é a causa mais comum de obstrução intestinal pediátrica. Enema baritado é usado para a avaliação dos pacientes com o diagnóstico . Objetivo: Avaliar a sensibilidade, especificidade, valor preditivo positivo e valor preditivo negativo de achados radiológicos para diagnóstico de Hirschsprung em pacientes submetidos ao enema opaco. Métodos: Este estudo transversal foi realizado em Imam Khomeini Hospital por um ano a partir de abril de 2012. Sessenta pacientes foram incluídos. Os critérios de inclusão foram: recém-nascidos com insuficiência de passagem de mecônio, distensão abdominal, e constipação refratária sem resposta ao tratamento médico. Foram avaliadas no enema zona de transição, atraso na evacuação de bário após 24 h, índice retossigmoide (máximo do diâmetro do reto dividido pelo máximo do sigmóide; anormal se <1), e as irregularidades da mucosa (jejunização). Biópsia foi obtida em três localizações acima da linha dentada. VPP, VPN, especificidade e sensibilidade foram calculados para cada achado. Resultados: A idade média dos casos com a doença de Hirschsprung e sem foi 17,90±18,29 meses e 17,8±18,34 meses, respectivamente (p=0,983). Confirmou-se em 30 (M=20, F=10) dos casos. Falha no mecônio foi encontrada em 21 (70%) casos. Sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN foram de 90%, 80%, 81,8% e 88,8%, respectivamente, para a zona de transição no enema. Sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN foram 76,7%, 83,3%, 78,1% e 82,1%, respectivamente para o índice de retossigmoide. Sensitividade, especificidade, VPP e VPN foram 46,7%, 100%, 100% e 65,2%, respectivamente, para contração irregular detectada no enema baritado. Sensibilidade, especificidade, VPP e VPN foram de 23,3%, 100%, 100% e 56,6%, respectivamente, para a irregularidade da mucosa. Conclusão: O achado mais sensível foi zona de transição. Os achados mais específicos foram contração irregular, irregularidade da mucosa, e seguido por aparecimento de mucosa em forma de paralelepípedos.

Caracterización de pacientes con Invaginación Intestinal utilizando Enema Baritado como método terapéutico en menores de 4 años en el HNNBB en el periodo de enero 2010 a diciembre 2013 / Characterization of patients with intussusception using Barium Enema as a therapeutic method in children under 4 years of age at the HNNBB in the period from January 2010 to December 2013

La invaginación intestinal idiopática es la causa más frecuente de abdomen agudo en el lactante. El tratamiento de elección es el médico, siempre que cumpla los criterios de inclusión, por ser menos invasivo, presentar menos complicaciones, menor costo, al compararlo con el tratamiento quirúrgico. En el período de 4 años un total de 49 pacientes fueron diagnosticados con Invaginación Intestinal y tratados con Enema Baritado; la distribución de los pacientes fue 61% pacientes masculinos, y 39% femeninos; presentando una relación H/M de 1.57:1. El 85% de los casos con edades menores de 8 meses (37 pacientes). Un total de 12 pacientes presentaron enema fallido, por lo que se les realizó desinvaginación por taxis; 1 paciente presentó perforación intestinal por lo que se realizó resección intestinal. Ningún paciente presentó recurrencia de Invaginación en los tratados con enema baritado. Los síntomas asociados fueron principalmente heces sanguinolentas en el 91% de los casos, dolor abdominal en el 65.3% de los casos y vómitos en el 61% de los casos; el promedio de estancia intrahospitalaria fue de 6 días. El enema baritado como método terapéutico presenta menor riesgo de complicación, si es realizado en pacientes con sintomatología menor a 24 horas de evolución. Debe realizársele ultrasonografía abdominal a todo paciente con sospecha de invaginación intestinal, para confirmación diagnóstica; y en estos pacientes, debe realizárseles evaluación con doppler color, para identificar el compromiso intestinal que impida la realización de enema baritado

Preliminary exploration on accurately preoperative evaluation of colonic lesions in slow transit constipation complicated with adult megacolon / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the application value of colonic transit test (CTT) combined with anorectal manometry (ARM), barium enema (BE) and defecography (DFG) in accurately evaluating colonic lesions of slow transit constipation complicated with adult megacolon.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinical data of 47 above patients admitted between October 2007 and February 2015 in the People's Hospital of Hunan Province were analyzed retrospectively. All the patients were examined with≥2 times of CTT combined with ARM and BE, and 42 cases received additional DFG at the same time, to evaluate colonic lesions before operation. Operative biopsy pathology was used as the standard. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value(PPV) and negative predictive value(NPV) of positioning in the ascending colon and caecum, transverse colon and descending colon were calculated, and the consistency was represented by Kappa test(Kappa value≥0.75 indicates good consistency, meanwhile higher Kappa value indicates better consistency). The Heikkinen score was used to evaluate defecation function at postoperative 6 months.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The age of 47 patients was from 18 to 56 years old. Compared with intraoperative findings and biopsy pathology, the diagnostic coincidence rate was 89.4% by CTT combined with BE and DFG positioning, which suggested pathology-changed colonic segment locating in the ascending colon and cecum (n=12), transverse colon (n=26) and descending colon (n=9), while intraoperative findings and biopsy pathology suggested pathology-changed colonic segment locating in the ascending colon and cecum (n=11), transverse colon (n=23) and descending colon (n=13). The sensitivity was 88.3%, specificity 93.5%, PPV 92.1%, NPV 94.9% and Kappa value was 0.827(P<0.001). Procedures performed included segmental colectomy (n=8), subtotal colectomy (n=29), total colectomy (n=10). There was no serious complication during and after operation. Defecatory function was excellent in 24 cases (60.0%), good in 10 (25.0%), and moderate in 6 (15.0%) evaluated by Heikkinen score at postoperative 6 months. A total of 40 patients were followed up from 1 to 7 years (median 3 years) and there was no long-term diarrhea and recurrence of constipation or giant colon after operation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Preoperative detection of CTT combined with ARM, BE and DFG in patients with slow transit constipation complicated with adult megacolon can make a more precise assessment of the extent of colonic lesions in advance, which has a good clinical predictive value.</p>

Timing investigation of single-stage definitive surgery for newborn with Hirschsprung's disease / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the operation timing of newborns with rectosigmoid Hirschsprung's disease (HD).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From March 2013 to September 2015, 35 newborns diagnosed as rectosigmoid HD in our department were prospectively and randomly divided into 2 groups: less than 3 months treatment group (18 cases) and more than 3 months treatment group (17 cases, conservative treatment for 3 months). They all underwent laparoscopic-assisted transanal endorectal pull-through (LATEP) (modified Soave) procedure. Clinical data, perioperative conditions, postoperative complication, postoperative anal function evaluated by Wingspread score and barium enema were compared between two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The baseline data of two groups were comparable (all P>0.05). All the cases completed single-stage LATEP procedure successfully without conversion to open operation. Compared with more than 3 months treatment group, preoperative bowel preparation time and operation time were significantly shorter [(6.2±3.3) vs. (9.3±4.1) days, P=0.042; (95±15) vs.(121±23) minutes, P=0.029, respectively], intra-operative blood loss was significantly less [(13±3) ml vs. (22±5) ml, P=0.036], length of resected bowel was significantly shorter [(16±5) cm vs.(23±8) cm, P=0.033], and bowel movement recovery time, parenteral nutrition time, hospital stay were also significantly shorter [(2.3±0.5) vs. (2.9±0.6) days, P=0.046; (5.1±2.1) vs. (5.9±2.3) days, P=0.048; (12.9±3.3) vs. (15.8±4.3) days, P=0.049, respectively] in less than 3 months treatment group. No short-term complications, such as anastomotic leak, interlayer infection and abdominal infection occurred in both groups. The follow-up period ranged from 2 months to 24 months. Only the incidence of perianal excoriation was significantly higher in less than 3 months treatment group compared with more than 3 months treatment group [50.0%(9/18) vs. 23.5%(4/17), P=0.045]. Wingspread score results at 6 and 12 months after operation showed excellent rate of postoperative anal function, which was not significantly different between two groups[ <3 months group : 81.3%(13/16) and 92.9%(13/14); >3 months group: 85.7%(12/14) and 92.3%(12/13), all P>0.05]. Postoperative barium enema results at 6 and 12 months after operation all showed normal shape of colon without residue of barium.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>For newborns with rectosigmoid HD, single-stage definitive operation performed at the age less than 3 months has the advantages of shorter preoperative preparation time, less operating injury, shorter resected bowel, and faster postoperative recovery as compared to the age more than 3 months. If rectosigmoid HD is definitively diagnosed, early operation is suggested to perform at the age less than 3 months.</p>

Avaliação topográfica do cólon transverso pelo enema opaco: definição, prevalência e proposta de classificação da ptose do cólon transverso / Topographic evaluation of the transverse colon by barium enema: definition, prevalence and proposed of a classification of the enteroptosis

Objetivo: a ptose do cólon foi definida em 1922 por Cannon como rebaixamento do segmento transverso, em forma de V, podendo estender-se até o nível pélvico, sendo que quanto mais agudos forem os ângulos das flexuras esplênica e hepática, maior será a gravidade da sintomatologia, que inclui flatulência, distensão abdominal e constipação. Embora seja consenso na prática clínica que a enteroptose seja detectada frequentemente nos enemas opacos, ainda não há unanimidade na sua definição conceitual, além da inexistência de dados sobre sua prevalência. A possível relação entre esta alteração patológica e a constipação intestinal torna ainda mais relevante e instigante o seu estudo. Objetivo: definir e estabelecer a prevalência em nosso meio, e propor uma classificação radiológica para a enteroptose. Método: este estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. Na primeira foram analisados 193 enemas opacos digitais, visando estabelecer a prevalência da ptose. E a segunda propôs uma classificação topográfica em graus (0, 1 e 2), sendo a de Grau 2 considerada como a enteroptose verdadeira. Resultados: a prevalência de enteroptose verdadeira foi de 35 (18%) dos 193 enemas opacos examinados, sendo estatisticamente mais prevalente em mulheres (p=0,039). Considerando a prevalência mundial da constipação de até 20%, é plausível supor que possa haver correlação entre constipação e ptose Grau 2. Conclusão: não há na literatura mundial estudos sobre prevalência ou classificação da ptose do transverso, e acreditamos que a presente classificação em graus, associada à avaliação sintomatológica baseada nos critérios de Roma III, será um grande norteador para indicar a conduta diagnóstica na constipação.

Introduction: the enteroptosis was defined in 1922 by Cannon as flattening of the transverse segment, in V form, extending to the pelvic level, and if more acute are the angles of splenic and liver flexures, greater will be the symptom including flatulence, bloating and constipation. Although consensus in clinical practice often detected enteroptosis in barium enemas, there is no unanimity in the conceptual definition, besides there is no data about the prevalence. The possible relationship between this pathological change and constipation becomes this study even more relevant and compelling. Objective: define, establish the prevalence in our environment and propose a radiological classification for enteroptosis. Method: this study was conducted in two phases. In the first 193 digital barium enemas were analyzed to establish the prevalence of eneroptosis. The second proposed a topographic classification in degrees (0. 1 and 2), being considered Degree 2 as the true enteroptosis. Results: the prevalence of true enteroptosis was 35 (18 %) of the 193 examined barium enemas, being statistically more prevalent in women (p=0.039). Given the global prevalence of constipation up to 20% it is plausible that there may be a correlation between constipation and enteroptosis Degree 2. Conclusion: there are no studies in the literature about the prevalence or classification of enteroptosis, and we believe that the present classification in degrees, associated with the symptomatology assessment based in Rome III criteria will be a great guiding to indicate the diagnostic of constipation.

Divertículo cólico gigante: manifestación infrecuente de una enfermedad muy frecuente / Giant colic diverticulum: rare manifestation of a very common disease

: A rare complication of diverticulosis of the colon is a giant colonic diverticulum. The condition was first described in French literature in 1946 and English literature in 1953. We communicate four personal cases including diagnosis by different modalities, evolution and surgical treatment, photography of pathological specimens and X ray study of the resected giant diverticula and colonic segment. A short review of the related literature is included.

Una complicación infrecuente de la diverticulosis del colon es el divertículo cólico gigante. Esta patología fue descrita inicialmente en la literatura francesa en 1946 y en la inglesa en 1953. Comunicamos cuatro casos, incluyendo los diagnósticos mediante diferentes exámenes de imágenes, evolución y tratamiento quirúrgico con fotografías intraoperatorias y de las piezas resecadas, como también radiografías de los especímenes. Se incluye una revisión concisa de la literatura.

One stage transanal endorectal pull-through for Hirschsprung's disease

This study presents a series of patients with Hirschsprung's disease (HD) who underwent a one-stage endorectal pull-through procedure using a purely transanal approach. A total of11 patients, 7(64%) males and 4(36'10) females, with a mean age of 2.37 years underwent the procedure over an IS-month period. Mean operating time was 108 minutes. The average length of bowel resected was 17.32 ern, which correlated well with the barium enema transition zone. No patient required conversion to open procedure. The mean total hospital stay was 5 days. Postoperatively, two patients developed enterocolitis that responded to conservative management.Follow up ranged from 4 to 14 months. No deaths occurred in this series. This procedure can be performed successfully in patients with short segment HD. This technique is associated with good clinical results and no visible scars.