Regulación de la Enfermería Española: incorporación a la profesión sanitaria (1850-1950) / Regulation of Spanish Nursing: incorporation into the health profession (1850-1950) / Regulation of Spanish Nursing: incorporation into the health profession (1850-1950)

RESUMEN OBJETIVO Conocer la evolución de la formación académica de la enfermería española (1850-1950), describiendo los cambios que la transformaron en profesión sanitaria. MÉTODO Investigación histórica en la modalidad exploratoria-descriptiva, con análisis e interpretación de información obtenida en bases de datos electrónicas, archivos nacionales, provinciales y municipales, Boletines Oficiales y Bibliotecas. RESULTADOS En 1850 coexistían diferentes categorías sanitarias, sin embargo, el título de enfermera no surgió hasta 1915. Con el auge que alcanzó la Salud Comunitaria durante esa época, en 1924, se funda la Escuela Nacional de Sanidad, creándose en 1932 las especialidades de Enfermero Psiquiátrico, Enfermeras Pediátricas y Enfermeras Visitadoras. CONCLUSIONES E IMPLICACIÓN PARA LA PRÁCTICA Entre 1915 y 1950 los profesionales de enfermería poseían formación universitaria, por tanto, a través del conocimiento científico estos sanitarios adquirieron una identidad propia dentro de las profesiones de la salud. Se logró proporcionar una asistencia especializada para el cuidado de personas.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To know the evolution of the academic formation of the Spanish infirmary (1850-1950), describing the changes that transformed it into sanitary profession. METHOD Historical research in the exploratory-descriptive modality, with analysis and interpretation of information obtained from electronic databases, national, provincial and municipal archives, official gazettes and libraries. RESULTS In 1850 different health categories coexisted, however, the title of nurse did not emerge until 1915. With the boom that Community Health reached during that time, in 1924, the National School of Health was founded, creating in 1932 the specialties of Psychiatric Nurse, Pediatric Nurse and Visiting Nurse of Mental Hygiene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Between 1915 and 1950 all nursing professionals had university training, therefore, through scientific knowledge these health professionals acquired their own identity within the health professions and they were able to provide specialized assistance for the care of people.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To know the evolution of the academic formation of the Spanish infirmary (1850-1950), describing the changes that transformed it into sanitary profession. METHOD Historical research in the exploratory-descriptive modality, with analysis and interpretation of information obtained from electronic databases, national, provincial and municipal archives, official gazettes and libraries. RESULTS In 1850 different health categories coexisted, however, the title of nurse did not emerge until 1915. With the boom that Community Health reached during that time, in 1924, the National School of Health was founded, creating in 1932 the specialties of Psychiatric Nurse, Pediatric Nurse and Visiting Nurse of Mental Hygiene. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Between 1915 and 1950 all nursing professionals had university training, therefore, through scientific knowledge these health professionals acquired their own identity within the health professions and they were able to provide specialized assistance for the care of people.

Mulher, maternidade e trabalho acadêmico / Women, maternity and academic work / Mujer, maternidad y trabajo académico

Objetivo. Descrever a vivência do trabalho acadêmico e da maternidadedas professoras universitárias. Metodologia. A investigação se realizou de dezembro de 2003 a dezembro de 2005 e se coletou informação das histórias de vida e das entrevistasreflexivas a cinco professoras de uma universidade pública de São Paulo (Brasil). Resultados. A análise dos dados compreendeu dois eixos: a história de cada “uma” e a história de todas “elas”, que levou às categorias empíricas: maternidade, relaçõesde gênero e trabalho acadêmico. Os resultados assinalaram que o trabalho proporciona a realização profissional, ao afirmar-se como profissional e ao poder prover a manutenção da família, mas essa afirmação poderia ser secundária ao universo familiar e relacional que apóia as realizações individuais. Conclusão. A maternidade foi o elemento desencadeador de questionamentos do caráter mítico de mulher “realizada”, o que levou a reflexionar sobre si mesmas, o trabalho e sua relação com os filhos e esposo.

Objetivo. Describir la vivencia del trabajo académico y de la maternidad de las profesoras universitarias. Metodología. La investigación se realizó de diciembre de 2003 a diciembre de 2005 y se recolectó información de las historias de vida y de las entrevistas reflexivas a cinco profesoras de una universidad pública de São Paulo (Brasil). Resultados. El análisis de los datos comprendió dos ejes: la historia de “cada una” y la historia de “todas ellas”, que llevó a las categorías empíricas: maternidad, relaciones de género y trabajo académico. Los resultados señalaron que el trabajo proporciona la realización profesional, al afirmarse como profesional y al poder proveer la manutención de la familia, pero esa afirmación podría ser secundaria al universo familiar y relacional que apoya las realizaciones individuales. Conclusión. La maternidad fue el elemento desencadenador de cuestionamientos del carácter mítico de “mujer realizada”, lo que llevó a reflexionar sobre sí mismas, el trabajo y su relación con los hijos y esposo.

Objective. Describe the experience of academic work and motherhood of university professors. Methodology. The study was conducted from December 2003 to December 2005 and collected information on the life stories and thoughtful interviews with five teachers at a public university in São Paulo (Brazil). Results. The data analysis included two axes: the story of "each" and the story of "all", which led to empirical categories: Motherhood, gender relations and academic work. The results indicated that the work provides a professional performance, to assert itself as a professional and to provide family support, but that statement could be secondary to family and relational universe that supports individual accomplishments. Conclusion. Motherhood was questioning the trigger element of the mythical character of "woman made", which led to reflect on themselves, the work and its relationship with the children and husband.