Governança da Saúde Pública: conflitos e desafios para uma gestão compartilhada na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia / Public Health Governance: conflicts and challenges of shared management on the Brazil-Bolivia border

Resumo Este estudo de caso tem por objetivo apresentar a importância da gestão compartilhada da saúde pública para as zonas de fronteira. Especificamente, apresentaremos como ocorreu o enfrentamento inicial da covid-19 na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia, para demonstrar as fragilidades territoriais, tanto em relação à covid-19, quanto ao enfrentamento de outras doenças infectocontagiosas. De ordem metodológica, este artigo propõe uma nova leitura teórico-analítica para os estudos da governança da saúde pública, com base na sociologia dos problemas públicos, de base pragmatista. Através de uma investigação qualitativa (teórico-reflexiva), realizada mediante levantamento bibliográfico, documental e uma consulta junto a 14 especialistas, foram identificadas as controvérsias e os conflitos que definem o problema e a ação para tentar resolvê-lo. A covid-19 reacende a importância da gestão compartilhada binacional, tanto para combate da pandemia, quanto para o controle de outras endemias locais urgentes, como a dengue e o H1N1, na fronteira.

Abstract This case study aims to present the importance of shared public health management for border areas. Specifically, we will present how the initial confrontation of covid-19 took place on the Brazil-Bolivia border, to demonstrate the territorial weaknesses, both regarding covid-19 and in the face of other infectious diseases. Of methodological order, this article proposes a new theoretical-analytical reading for the study of public health governance, based on the pragmatist sociology of public problems. By an investigation (qualitative and theoretical-reflective), carried out with a bibliographic and documental survey and a consultation with 14 specialists, the controversies and the conflicts that define the problem and the action to try to solve it were identified. covid-19 rekindles the importance of shared binational management, both to fight the pandemic and to control other urgent local endemics, such as dengue and H1N1 on the border.

Sistema de avaliação de práticas psicológicas Aluízio Lopes de Brito (SAPP) sobre políticas de cuidado / Aluízio Lopes de Brito psychological practices assessment system (SAPP) on care policies / Sistema de evaluación de prácticas psicológicas Aluízio Lopes de Brito (SAPP) sobre políticas de cuidado

O objetivo do presente manuscrito é caracterizar e descrever os fluxos do Sistema de Avaliação de Práticas Psicológicas Aluízio Lopes de Brito (SAPP), dispositivo instituído no âmbito do Sistema Conselhos de Psicologia e regulamentado pelo Conselho Federal de Psicologia através da Resolução CFP nº 15, de 18 de agosto de 2023. O SAPP surge da necessidade premente de orientação e qualificação profissionais frente às práticas emergentes que produzem o saber/ fazer da psicologia. Nesse sentido, trata-se de processo que busca orientar, qualificar e fazer conhecer práticas que sejam compatíveis ou não com o exercício profissional em psicologia. Com o trabalho realizado no SAPP serão produzidos pareceres que contribuirão minimamente para o conhecimento das fronteiras que delimitam os campos da psicologia e, por excelência, conheceremos melhor nossas próprias formas de atuação. Através da consideração do trinômio teoria-prática-ética, o CFP espera com o SAPP abrir diálogos com grupos, práticas e saberes fronteiriços e constantemente relegados pela psicologia hegemônica. Para tanto, parte do pressuposto de que os saberes e fazeres destas populações podem refinar as teorias psicológicas e fazer a psicologia avançar como ciência e profissão.(AU)

This manuscript aims to characterize and describe the flows of the Aluízio Lopes de Brito Psychological Practices Assessment System (SAPP), an instrument established within the framework of the Psychology Council System and regulated by the Federal Council of Psychology (CFP) with Resolution CFP No. 15, of August 18, 2023. The SAPP arises from the pressing need for professional guidance and qualification in the face of emerging practices that shape the knowledge/practice of psychology. In this sense, it is a process that seeks to guide, qualify, and make known practices that are compatible or not with the professional practice of psychology. The work carried out in the SAPP will produce opinions that will contribute minimally to the understanding of the boundaries that delimit the fields of psychology and, by excellence, we will better understand our own modes of operation. Considering the trinity of theory-practice-ethics, the CFP hopes with the SAPP to open dialogues with groups, practices, and knowledge that are in the borders and are constantly relegated by hegemonic psychology. To this end, it assumes that the knowledge and practices of these populations can refine psychological theories and advance psychology as a science and profession.(AU)

El objetivo de este manuscrito es caracterizar y describir los flujos del Sistema de Evaluación de Prácticas Psicológicas Aluízio Lopes de Brito (SAPP), un dispositivo establecido en el marco del Sistema de Consejos de Psicología y regulado por el Consejo Federal de Psicología a través de la Resolución CFP n.º 15, con fecha del 18 de agosto de 2023. El SAPP surge de la necesidad apremiante de orientación y calificación profesional frente a las prácticas emergentes que configuran el conocimiento y las habilidades de la psicología. En este sentido, es un proceso que busca orientar, calificar y dar a conocer prácticas que sean compatibles o no con el ejercicio profesional de la psicología. El trabajo realizado en el SAPP generará opiniones que contribuirán mínimamente a la comprensión de los límites que delimitan los campos de la psicología y, por excelencia, comprender mejor nuestras propias formas de actuación. A través de la consideración de la tríada teoría-práctica-ética, el CFP espera que con el SAPP puede llevar a cabo el diálogo con grupos, prácticas y conocimientos fronterizos y constantemente pasados por alto por la psicología hegemónica. Con este fin, se asume que los conocimientos y prácticas de estas poblaciones pueden refinar las teorías psicológicas y hacer avanzar la psicología como ciencia y profesión.(AU)

Application of expertise-based pragmatic randomized controlled trial in acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research / 中国针灸

According to clinical practice, the characteristics and issues of pragmatic randomized controlled trial(PRCT) and expertise-based randomized controlled trial (EBRCT) in acupuncture-moxibustion clinical research were summarized. The characteristics of expertise-based pragmatic randomized controlled trial (EB-PRCT), which is the combination of above two, and its application in acupuncture-moxibustion clinical trial were explored. PRCT emphasizes the clinical practice, the positive control of standard therapy and the the blind performance on data collection and statistics. PRCT has the advantage of flexible grouping, nevertheless, it also has shortcomings such as higher cost and lack of typical subjects. EBRCT emphasizes the participation of professional acupuncturists, so that the therapeutic effect is ensured, the compliance of subjects and the bias of manipulation are improved. Thus, the replacement scheme of acupuncturists is essential in EBRCT. Having the complementary advantages, EB-PRCT provides a superior research method for acupuncture-moxibustion clinical trial, and leads to convincing results.

Randomized comparative study between direct and indirect tibial revascularization in management of critical limb ischemia

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a blood born virus that is considered a major cause of chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) worldwide. HCV is thought to induce HCC either indirectly or directly by the effect of its viral proteins on different host cell proteins and signaling pathways. Objective: The aim of the study was to characterize the type of response to different HCV antigens, quantify HCV viral load, transforming growth factor- beta and miRNA 122 in patients with newly diagnosed Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Patients and methods: This study was done on three groups: the first group consisted of 40 newly discovered hepatocellular carcinoma patients with HCV infection. The second group consisted of twenty HCV infected patients with other types of cancer (other than HCC). The third group consisted of 20 healthy individuals served as a control group. Serum was separated for detection of the four parameters. Results: TGF-ß showed a very weak negative correlation with the miRNA 122 serum levels that is statistically non-significant. Results also showed that miRNA 122 may not be useful in differentiating between liver cirrhosis from HCC patients and it is associated with the severity of the disease rather than the viremia count. Conclusion: Study showed no correlation between the four investigated parameters (HCV antigens, HCV viral load, TGF-ß- serum levels of miRNA 122) in an attempt for early diagnosis of HCV induced HCC

Making Clinical Practice Guidelines Pragmatic: How Big Data and Real World Evidence Can Close the Gap

Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have become ubiquitous in every field of medicine today but there has been limited success in implementation and improvement in health outcomes. Guidelines are largely based on the results of traditional randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which adopt a highly selective process to maximise the intervention's chance of demonstrating efficacy thus having high internal validity but lacking external validity. Therefore, guidelines based on these RCTs often suffer from a gap between trial efficacy and real world effectiveness and is one of the common reasons contributing to poor guideline adherence by physicians. "Real World Evidence" (RWE) can complement RCTs in CPG development. RWE-in the form of data from integrated electronic health records-represents the vast and varied collective experience of frontline doctors and patients. RWE has the potential to fill the gap in current guidelines by balancing information about whether a test or treatment works (efficacy) with data on how it works in real world practice (effectiveness). RWE can also advance the agenda of precision medicine in everyday practice by engaging frontline stakeholders in pragmatic biomarker studies. This will enable guideline developers to more precisely determine not only whether a clinical test or treatment is recommended, but for whom and when. Singapore is well positioned to ride the big data and RWE wave as we have the advantages of high digital interconnectivity, an integrated National Electronic Health Record (NEHR), and governmental support in the form of the Smart Nation initiative.

Application of real world study in neonatal medicine / 中国当代儿科杂志

Real world study (RWS) has attracted more and more attention of neonatologists since it involves less clinical intervention and is closer to actual clinical conditions. Generally speaking, RWS means to select treatment measures based on the internal efficacy and safety verified by randomized controlled trials (RCTs), more representative samples, and patients' actual conditions and their guardians' will and conduct follow-up evaluation of short- and long-term outcomes, in order to further evaluate the external efficacy and safety of interventional measures. Most guidelines for clinical practice are based on RCTs and lack the support of real world data. Strengthening of neonatal RWS helps to make these guidelines more practical and thus promotes the development of neonatal medicine.

Exercício Melhora o Risco Cardiovascular, Aptidão Física e Qualidade de Vida em Crianças e Adolescentes Hiv+: Estudo Piloto / Exercise Improves Cardiovascular Risk Factors, Fitness, and Quality Of Life in Hiv+ Children and Adolescents: Pilot Study

Crianças e adolescentes infectados pelo HIV através da transmissão mãe-filho têm alto risco de desenvolver doenças cardiovasculares precoces devido à dislipidemia, resistência à insulina e inflamação crônica de baixo grau. O objetivo do estudo piloto foi analisar o efeito de um programa de exercícios físicos lúdicos sobre os desfechos cardiovasculares, morfológicos, metabólicos, de aptidão e qualidade de vida. Um ensaio clínico não-randomizado composto por 24 sessões de exercícios aeróbicos e resistidos foi aplicado a 10 crianças e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV, oriundos de Florianópolis, SC, Brasil. As seguintes variáveis foram obtidas antes e após o programa: colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídeos, glicose, proteína-C reativa em jejum, pressão arterial, espessura íntima-média da artéria carótida comum (EIM-ACC), resistência muscular, aptidão aeróbia, antropometria e qualidade de vida medida. Após a intervenção, observou-se diminuição da pressão arterial sistólica (-6,8mmHg, 6,6%, p = 0,019) e EIM-ACC (-60,0µm, 12,2%; p = 0,002) após 24 sessões. Observou-se aumento na resistência muscular dos membros superiores (+3,3 rep.min-1, 63,5%, p = 0,002), flexibilidade (+5,7 cm, 26,0%; p = 0,001) e qualidade de vida (+10,4 pontos, 27,5%, p = 0,003). Em nossa amostra de crianças e adolescentes vivendo com o HIV, um programa de exercícios de curta duração foi associado com melhora no risco cardiovascular, aptidão física e qualidade de vida

Clinicoepidemiological research designs in childhood allergic diseases

Clinical epidemiology is defined as a method for investigating the distribution and determinants of diseases and for applying this knowledge in their prevention, and simply means application of epidemiological methods for medical research. In evidence-based medicine, randomized controlled trials (RCT) are the gold standard for assessing efficacy and safety of the intervention, while it is commonly impractical because of many limitations, such as ethical/legal problems and weak external-validity. High internal-validity of RCT permits to assess the direct efficacy of intervention without interference with bias and confounder; however, it has less generalizability or applicability to the real-life practice. Evidence-based practical guidelines are developed for patient management and decision making in real-life practice; paradoxically, the evidence of the guidelines does not come from real life, but from strict trial life. To overcome these limitations, pragmatic clinical trials for assessing the effectiveness of intervention in real-life practice or high-quality observational studies would be the best alternatives or could add more strong evidence. This article provides an overview of clinicoepidemiological research designs in the field of childhood allergic diseases and their strength/weakness.

Insulin Initiation in Insulin-Naive Korean Type 2 Diabetic Patients Inadequately Controlled on Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Real-World Practice: The Modality of Insulin Treatment Evaluation Study

BACKGROUND: The Modality of Insulin Treatment Evaluation (MOTIV) study was performed to provide real-world data concerning insulin initiation in Korean type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with inadequate glycemic control with oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs). METHODS: This multicenter, non-interventional, prospective, observational study enrolled T2DM patients with inadequate glycemic control (glycosylated hemoglobin [HbA1c] > or =7.0%) who had been on OHAs for > or =3 months and were already decided to introduce basal insulin by their physician prior to the start of the study. All treatment decisions were at the physician's discretion to reflect real-world practice. RESULTS: A total of 9,196 patients were enrolled, and 8,636 patients were included in the analysis (mean duration of diabetes, 8.9 years; mean HbA1c, 9.2%). Basal insulin plus one OHA was the most frequently (51.0%) used regimen. After 6 months of basal insulin treatment, HbA1c decreased to 7.4% and 44.5% of patients reached HbA1c <7%. Body weight increased from 65.2 kg to 65.5 kg, which was not significant. Meanwhile, there was significant increase in the mean daily insulin dose from 16.9 IU at baseline to 24.5 IU at month 6 (P<0.001). Overall, 17.6% of patients experienced at least one hypoglycemic event. CONCLUSION: In a real-world setting, the initiation of basal insulin is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option in Korean patients with T2DM who are failing to meet targets with OHA therapy.

Abordagem crítica filosófica, científica e pragmática ao abortamento pós-nascimento / Abordaje crítico filosófico, científico y pragmático del aborto post-nacimiento / Philosophical, scientific and pragmatic critical approach of post-birth abortion

O infanticídio foi denominado abortamento pós-nascimento em artigo publicado em 2012. Embora tenha despertado numerosas reações no meio acadêmico e na mídia, ainda resta a necessidade de tecer uma crítica dialética ampla e específica do mesmo, considerando seus aspectos científicos, filosóficos e pragmáticos, além de inseri-lo na realidade concreta. Por meio de tal crítica, pode-se concluir que o artigo apresenta importantes limitações científicas, filosóficas e pragmáticas, desconsiderando a complexidade da realidade e a abrangência do conceito de pessoa. As afirmações do artigo são pouco fundamentadas e suas conclusões se baseiam em pressupostos artificiais e frágeis...

El infanticidio fue llamado aborto post-nacimiento en un artículo publicado en 2012. Aunque levantara numerosas reacciones en el ámbito académico y en los medios de comunicación, aún existe la necesidad de tejer una amplia y específica crítica dialéctica de lo mismo, teniendo en cuenta su carácter científico, filosófico y pragmático, y su integración en la realidad concreta. A través de esta crítica, se puede concluir que el artículo tiene limitaciones científicas, filosóficas y pragmáticas serias, sin llevar en cuenta la complejidad de la realidad y el alcance del concepto de persona. Las afirmaciones del artículo son mal fundamentadas, y sus conclusiones se basan en suposiciones artificiales y frágiles...

Infanticide was named post-birth abortion in an article published in 2012. Despite raising many reactions in the academia and in the media, there is still the need to do a wide and specific dialectical critique, considering its scientific, philosophical and pragmatic aspects, inserting it into the concrete reality. Through this critique, it can be concluded that the article has serious scientific, philosophical and pragmatic limitations, disregarding the complexity of reality and the broad scope of the "person" concept. The claims of the article are poorly substantiated, and its conclusions are based on artificial and fragile assumptions...

Integrating Evidence for Managing Asthma in Patients Who Smoke

Cigarette smoking among asthma patients is associated with worsening symptoms and accelerated decline in lung function. Smoking asthma is also characterized by increased levels of neutrophils and macrophages, and greater small airway remodeling, resulting in increased airflow obstruction and impaired response to corticosteroid therapy. As a result, smokers are typically excluded from asthma randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The strict inclusion/exclusion criteria used by asthma RCTs limits the extent to which their findings can be extrapolated to the routine care asthma population and to reflect the likely effectiveness of therapies in subgroups of particular clinical interest, such as smoking asthmatics. The inclusion of smokers in observational asthma studies and pragmatic trials in asthma provides a way of assessing the relative effectiveness of different treatment options for the management of this interesting clinical subgroup. Exploratory studies of possible treatment options for smoking asthma suggest potential utility in: prescribing higher-dose ICS; targeting the small airways of the lungs with extra-fine particle ICS formulations; targeting leukotreines, and possibly also combinations of these options. However, further studies are required. With the paucity of RCT data available, complementary streams of evidence (those from RCTs, pragmatic trials and observational studies) need to be combined to help guide judicious prescribing decisions in smokers with asthma.

Perceptions of post-graduate medical stuents, regarding effectiveness of telemedicine [TM] as an instructional tool

To determine post-graduate medical students perceptions regarding effectiveneess of telemedicine as an instructional tool. It was a pragmatic, sequential mixed method study. The data collection was by distribution of questionnaire to groups present both at holy family hospital rawalpindi and NORI hospital islamabad. Variables of interest were perceptions of medical students and effectiveness of telemedicine [TM] as an instructional tool. Ethical committee approval was taken before the study. Out of 384 post-graduate students [PGS], 360 filled the questionnaire performa [response rate 93.75%], age range was 25 to34 years. Responding to different questions; 95.56% respondents agreed/strongly agreed thatTM was a good mode of information transfer [MIT]. Another72.2% respondents understood well the information given through this MTE; 64.4% participants were satisfied with the technical quality of services provided. Some 71.11% preferred TM over lectures and demonstrations, and 85.56% participants agreed/strongly agreed that TM should be accessible to all doctors working in various setups, throughout the country. Responding to the open ended questions; 61.95% participants stated that TM was more effective due to multidisciplinary approach. Regarding the main strengths of TM,30.83% voted for its multidisciplinary approach and 21% for its interactive nature. Considering the weaknesses of TM40.83% pointed towards technical problems and23.89% noted that this MIT lacked face to face exposure. The perceptions of overwhelming number of participants were in favor of telemedicine as an instructional tool

How to read and understand Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User's Guide (2nd Edition) / 中国中药杂志

Registry studies (RS) get more and more attention in recent years because it can reflect the health care situations of the real world. There are a number of large scale RS for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). RS are observational studies that can complement randomized controlled trials (RCT). RS have an irreplaceable position in real word study (RWS), especially for small probability events. There are some different characters and qualities in RS. Registries for Evaluating Patient Outcomes: A User's Guide (2nd Edition) was published by the agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) in 2010. It described the details of how to establish, maintain, and evaluate RS, and using 38 RS samples to illustrate the possible problems in undertaking such research. The User's Guide (2nd Edition) provides a reliable reference document for RS. TCM injections post-marketing safety surveillance RS is a national program involving multiple centers in China. This program can further improve RS quality their application in China and is a good illustration of how to follow this guide accurately.

Analysis of questionably allergic factors to parenterally administered shenmai--a nested case control study using hospital information system data / 中国中药杂志

Parenterally administered Shenmai, made from constituents of Ginseng Rubra Radix and Ophiopogonis Radix has, confirmed by modem pharmacological studies, the function of increasing cardiac hypoxia tolerance and anti arrhythmic and antibacterial properties. However, parenterally administered Shenmai is also prone to cause allergic reactions, which is clearly a safety issue. NCCSs combine elements from case-control and cohort studies. HIS data provides real world clinical information on the use of parenterally administered Shenmai. To explore suspected allergic factors this article compares specific information of those who showed allergies to those who didnt in the real world clinical application based on HIS data from 20 nationwide hospitals. Data includes age, gender, severity and type of allergic response, dosage, solvents used in the medication's preparation and drugs used in combination with parenterally administered Shenmai. Whilst this methodology is a possible route of exploration, ultimately pharmaceutical experiments and prospective clinical studies are required to identify and confirm factors related to allergic reactions.