Exogenous enzyme complex prevents intestinal soybean meal-induced enteritis in Mugil liza (Valenciennes, 1836) juvenile

ABSTRACT Four soybean meal-based diets containing increasing levels of an enzyme complex (E50, E100, E150 and E200 at 50, 100, 150 and 200 g ton-1, respectively) and one soybean meal-based diet without the enzyme complex (E0) were fed in triplicate to M. liza juveniles in a semi-static flow system with 20 fish per tank for 75 days. There were no differences between the treatments for animal performance parameters, but fish fed the enzyme complex treatment exhibited significantly (P<0.05) higher values of calcium bone retention compared with control fish. Although there was no relationship between bacterial counts in different sections of the gastrointestinal tract or enzyme levels, filamentous bacteria were increased in E50 compared with E150. All of the treatments resulted in higher bacterial counts in the stomach than in intestinal segments. Histological screening showed serious to moderate infiltration of inflammatory cells, modification in villus morphology and necrosis in some cases in fish fed the E0 diet. In addition, fish from the E0 treatment exhibited significantly (P<0.05) lower lipid deposition in the peritoneal cavity. Therefore, the use of low levels of exogenous enzyme is recommended in diets for M. liza when soybean meal is used as the main source of protein.

The effect of amifostine on bacterial translocation after radiation induced acute enteritis

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of amifostine on bacterial translocation and overgrowth in colonic flora after acute radiation enteritis in a rat model. METHODS: Thirty-two female Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: Group-1 (n=8): only normal saline was administered intraperitoneally. Group-2 (n=8): first serum saline was administered intraperitoneally and 30 minutes later 20 Gy radiation was applied to abdominopelvic region. Group-3 (n=8): only amifostine 200 ml/kg was administered intraperitoneally and radiation was not applied. Group-4 (n=8): first amifostine 200 ml/kg was administered intraperitoneally and 30 minutes later 20 Gy radiation was applied to abdominopelvic region. On the 5th day after radiation, samples of mesenteric lymph tissues and cecal contents were taken by laparotomy for microbiological culture. RESULTS: Intraperitoneal amifostine administration significantly decreased the bacterial overgrowth related to radiation in colon but did not significantly decrease the bacterial translocation. CONCLUSİON: Although not providing a full protection on the damaged mucosal barrier, amifostine significantly decreased the bacterial overgrowth in the cecal content after high dose radiation. There is a need to find out appropriate amifostine dose under different radiation applications avoiding bacterial translocation in gastrointestinal system.

[Clostridium perfringens type a related enteritis: a case report in dogs]

On June 2010, in Tehran province 7 out of 82 dogs in a kennel, showed clinical signs of enteritis which resulted in death [n=5]. Clinical findings were diarrhea, dysentery, fever, depression, neural sings and sudden death. Necropsy findings revealed hemorrhagic enteritis, catarrhal gasteritis, multifocal necrosis up to 0.5 cm in diameter in cerebral cortex with hyperemia and hemorrhage. Necropsy was done on 4 cases and intestinal contentes were cultured to characterize Clostridium perfringens type using PCR. Rapid test antibody for parvovirus and distemper virus showed that 2 out of 4 puppies were positive against distemper virus. According to nonsuppurative encephalitis, gliosis, intranuclear inclusion bodies in astrocytes, packed cell volume, interstitial pneumonia and positive reaction to distemper virus it can be concluded that primary distemper disease has been followed by, hemorrhagic enteritis and diarrhea as a secondary infection to Clostridium perfringens type A

Toxinas de Clostridium perfringens / Toxins of Clostridium perfringens

Clostridium perfringens es un bacilo grampositivo anaerobio con capacidad de formar esporas. Es uno de los patógenos bacterianos con mayor distribución en el medio ambiente, ya que puede ser aislado de muestras de suelo y de agua y además forma parte de la microbiota intestinal de animales y humanos. Sin embargo, en ciertas ocasiones puede actuar como patógeno oportunista y causar enfermedades como la gangrena gaseosa, la enterotoxemia del ovino y del caprino y la disentería del cordero, entre otras. En humanos, está asociado a enfermedades como la intoxicación por alimentos, la enterocolitis necrotizante en niños y la enteritis necrótica o pigbel de las tribus de Papúa-Nueva Guinea. El renovado interés que existe actualmente en el estudio de C. perfringens como patógeno veterinario y humano, junto con el avance de la biología molecular, han hecho posible que la ciencia tenga hoy un conocimiento más profundo sobre la biología y la patogenia de esta bacteria. En esta revisión bibliográfica se discuten y actualizan los principales aspectos de la patogenia intestinal de C. perfringens teniendo en cuenta las toxinas con mayor importancia médica descritas hasta el presente.

Clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic gram-positive spore-forming bacillus. It is one of the pathogens with larger distribution in the environment; it can be isolated from soil and water samples, which also belongs to the intestinal flora of animals and humans. However, on some occasions it can act as an opportunistic pathogen, causing diseases such as gas gangrene, enterotoxemia in sheep and goats and lamb dysentery, among others. In human beings, it is associated to diseases such as food poisoning, necrotic enterocolitis of the infant and necrotic enteritis or pigbel in Papua-New Guinea tribes. The renewed interest existing nowadays in the study of C. perfringens as a veterinarian and human pathogen, together with the advance of molecular biology, had enabled science to have deeper knowledge of the biology and pathology of these bacteria. In this review, we discuss and update the principal aspects of C. perfringens intestinal pathology, in terms of the toxins with major medical relevance at present.

Experimental induction of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens by clostridium perfringens isolates from the outbreaks in Iran

To establish an stable challenge system for induction of necrotic enteritis [NE] in broiler chickens, different potential factors and predisposing conditions were imposed in 6 separate different experiments using 525 day-old chicks in total. Despite the presence of some predisposing factors and using 4 isolates of Clostridium perfringens [CP] from acute and severe NE outbreaks as challenge bacteria, the disease was not successfully reproduced in the first 4 experiments. In the 5th and 6th experiments, the predisposing conditions were changed and each bird was challenged with 3 ml [3_10[8] CFU/ml] of CP live culture via oral route and also the feed mixed with CP suspension 2 times per day and for 5 consecutive days. Clinical signs and mortalities, and lesions associated with NE were observed in the later two experiments. This study showed that by stressful nutritional and management procedures such as increased stocking density and high levels of wheat and fish meal; induction of relative immunosuppression; using sufficient CP concentration and appropriate ways of its multiplication; and applying challenge bacteria isolated from acute outbreaks, NE may be experimentally induced in broiler chickens

Dos casos de enteritis con bacteriemia por Campylobacter jejuni / Two cases of enteritis with bacteremia due to Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter es un importante agente causante de enfermedad en el ser humano en nuestro medio. Los casos de bacteriemia ocurren principalmente en pacientes inmunosuprimidos y sondebidos frecuentemente a C. fetus. Sin embargo la bacteriemia es un episodio que también se ha observado enpacientes con enteritis por C. jejuni. Referimos dos pacientes con enteritis grave y bacteriemia, ambos con enfermedades concomitantes compatibles con inmunodepresión: uno con síndrome nefrótico de larga data y otro con hepatopatía crónica con cirrosis. Destacamos que los dos casos presentaron hematemesis y uno de ellos,enterorragia. Sugerimos prestar atención a la coloración de Gram durante el subcultivo de los caldos conhemocultivos, en busca de formas características de esta especie, y en ese caso emplear medios de cultivo enmicroaerofilia a 37 y 42 °C

Campylobacter is an importantagent of illness in human beings. Bacteremia occurs principally in the immunocompromissed host and is frequently due to C. fetus. Nevertheless bacteremia also has been observed in patients with enteritis due to C. jejuni. We refer two cases of patients with severe enteritis and bacteremia, both of them with immunosupressive concomitant diseases such as nephrotic syndrome and chronic cirrotic hepatopathy. Both patients presented hemathemesis

Vibrio cholerae resistant to 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine (O/129) isolated from patients with enteritis in Ceará, Brazil.

This paper reports the characterization of clinical Vibrio cholerae resistant to vibriostatic agent O/129, using classical and plasmid analysis. In a study conducted during December 1991-September 1993, two of 7,058 V. cholerae strains, obtained from patients suspected to have cholera in the State of Ceará, northeast Brazil, were resistant to 150 micrograms of the vibriostatic agent O/129 (2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine). One strain was identified as V. cholerae O1 El Tor Inaba and the other one as serogroup O22. Only one O1 strain harboured a plasmid of 147 kb transferable to Escherichia coli K12, and five strains of V. cholerae O1 and non-O1 were sensitive to O/129 and plasmid-negative at a frequency between 8 x 10(-2) and 3.6 x 10(-5). Additionally, O/129-resistant strains of V. cholerae O1 and O22 were resistant to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates in paediatric diarrhoea.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) are known to cause infantile enteritis. We studied the prevalence of EPEC in paediatric patients with acute and persistent diarrhoea. A total of 56 stool samples from paediatric patients were studied. There were 28 significant bacterial isolates. Of these 21 were untypable E. coli, 5 were typable E. coli, four of which belonged to members considered to be enteropathogenic. Non E. coli isolates grown in pure culture were one each of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Citrobacter freundi. The study reveals the definitive role of EPEC in childhood diarrhoea at all age groups and emphasizes the need for characterisation of all significant E. coli isolates in this age group.

Adhesive properties of an outer structure of Clostridium perfrigens type A isolated from piglets with catarrhal enteritis

One strain (S32) of Clostridium perfringens type A was isolated from a case of catarrhal enteritis of piglets. This strain was able to adhere to HeLa cells showing an adherence index (AI) of 25.15ñ1.26(mean ñ 1 standard error of the mean). Treatment of the bacterial cells with trypsin (025mg/ml) decreased in 70 (per cent)-80 (per cent) the AI and metaperiodate (10mg/ml) abolished completely the adherence, suggesting that the structure responsible for this phenomenon was probably a glycoprotein. Heating of bacterial suspensions (100§C/5 min) before carrying out the adhesion test decreased the AI rendering it equal to the negative controls. Rabbit homologous S32 antiserum inhibited the adherence up to dilutions of 1:640, at least. The piglet ileal loop assay carried out with strains S32 and Jab-1 (negative control) demonstrated that the strain S32 was able to adhere to the intestinal epithelial cells when examined after Gram staining. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that S32 strain displayed a loose fibrillar material not seen with Jab-1. Stabilization of the bacterial cells with homologous antiserum of strain S32, followed by staining with rhutenium red, revealed loose long fibrillar material on the outer surface of the cells, that sometimes could be seen spreading out from the cells and linking bacterial cells. The question whether this structure might be an adhesin for this strain of Cl. perfringes type A, perhaps playing a role in the pathogenesis of the catarrhal enteritis of piglets, is dependent on further studies.

Salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae bacteremia in an infant with enteritis: a case report

The septicemia caused by the Arizona group organism is rare and usually observed in adults with underlying diseases. In Korea, Salmonella infection is common, but a report of Arizona infection is unknown. We isolated S. entercia subsp. diarizonae from blood of a 6-month-old infant. The serovar was determined as 28:z10:-, a rare one in America. The isolate was susceptible to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole and others. The patient rapidly recovered with ampicillin and gentamicin therapy. Clinical laboratories should consider that the infection exists in Korea and should attempt to isolate and identify Arizona organism in certain patients.

Enterite aguda por Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni / Acute enteritis caused by Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni

Analisou-se a frequência de isolamento do Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni em 90 lactentes, com quadro diarréico agudo, e em 45 lactentes assintomáticos. Os resultados obtidos mostraram näo serem significativas as diferenças observadas, quanto ao isolamento da bactéria, nos dois grupos estudados. O achado do Campylobacter fetus ss jejuni em lactentes assintomáticos dificulta o estabelecimento do verdadeiro papel etiopatogênico desempenhado por esta bactéria

Estudio sobre la presencia de Campylobacter jejuni en niños de Medellín / Study of the presence of Campylobacter jejuni in children of Medellín

Se analizaron 107 casos de enteritis aguda en niños de diferentes centros de salud de la ciudad de Medellín. En las muestras de materia fecal de estos pacientes se buscó la presencia de Campylobacter jejuni. Cada muestra se cultivó en un medio selectivo para Campylobacter y luego se tipificó, obteniendo como resultado, dos casos positivos para Campylobacter fetus subespecie jejuni. Aunque hemos observado que C. jejuni se presenta en nuestro medio, parece que su incidencia es baja en relación con lo informado en algunos países industrializados

Rotavírus e bactérias associados a enterite aguda em crianças de Porto Alegre: comentários sobre prevalência, estacionalidade e faixa etária / Rotavirus and bacteria associated with acute enteritis in children of Porto Alegre: comments about prevalence, stationality and age

Analisa-se o material fecal de 388 crianças com idade entre 0-60 meses, através de enzima imunoensaio (EIE), microscopia eletrônica direta (MED) e coprocultura para detecçäo de agentes diarreiogênicos associados a enterite aguda (EA). O material foi coletado do Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia, em Porto Alegre. Foi encontrado rotavírus em 41,8% dos casos. A sua maior freqüência ocorreu no mês de janeiro (78,1%). As bactérias diarreiogênicas E. coli, Shigella e Salmonella foram detectadas em 43,0% dos 388 casos analisados. A maior freqüência de bactérias ocorreu no mês de dezembro (66,7%). Näo foi possível a caracterizaçäo estacional bacteriana, quando comparadas, entre sí, suas freqüencias mensais. A infecçäo mista foi registrada em 18,8% dos casos. A faixa etária mais atingida pela EA foi a de 0-12 meses (89,9%). Neste grupo, as crianças com 4-6 meses mostraram as maiores freqüências rotaviral (43,8%) e bacteriana (47,3%)

La enteritis por campylobacter fetus / Enteritis by Campylobacter fetus

El Campylobacter jejuni ha sido reconocido recientemente como un patógeno importante en los humanos, y si se utilizan los medios de cultivo apropiados, probablemente se recobra de pacientes con diarreas agudas con la misma frecuencia que se recobran Salmonella o Shigella. Este organismo es responsable no sólo de cuadros de enteritis y diarreas agudas, sino que ha sido asociado a eritema nodoso, endocarditis, meningitis, abortos y proctitis entre otras enfermedades. Usualmente, el curso es autolimitado, recuperándose el paciente en menos de una semana. Sin embargo, en aquellos pacientes con diarreas prolongadas o cuadros de enteritis recurrentes, se recomienda tratamiento con eritromicina por vía oral. Los medios de cultivos simplificados y prácticos nos permiten hacer el diagnóstico de enteritis por campylobacter, por lo que debemos considerar este organismo y ordenarlo en las muestras de rutina en el paciente que se presenta con diarreas agudas

Diagnóstico presuntivo rápido de enteritis asociada a campylobacter / Speed presumptive diagnosis of Campylobacter enteritis

Between january 1983 and march 1984, stool specimens from 380 children under 2 years old with complicated acute diarrhea and 20 normal children were studied. Stool specimens were obtained with rectal swabs and transported in Cary and Blair medium. Flooded slides one to 2 minutes with a mixture of equal parts Hucker's crystal violet solution and 1 percent sodium bicarbonate (VB), were prepared from each specimen and looked for seagul rods. Culture of the stool specimens were made for Campylobacter sp. isolation. In the present work the flooded slides were thought as a presumptive diagnosis and we obtained a positive sensitivity of 80 percent and a positive predictibility of 5,7 percent