Captive wild birds as reservoirs of enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and Shiga-toxin producing E. coli (STEC)

ABSTRACT Psittacine birds have been identified as reservoirs of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli, a subset of pathogens associated with mortality of children in tropical countries. The role of other orders of birds as source of infection is unclear. The aim of this study was to perform the molecular diagnosis of infection with diarrheagenic E. coli in 10 different orders of captive wild birds in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Fecal samples were analyzed from 516 birds belonging to 10 orders: Accipitriformes, Anseriformes, Columbiformes, Falconiformes, Galliformes, Passeriformes, Pelecaniformes, Piciformes, Psittaciformes and Strigiformes. After isolation, 401 E. coli strains were subjected to multiplex PCR system with amplification of genes eae and bfp (EPEC), stx1 and stx2 for STEC. The results of these tests revealed 23/401 (5.74%) positive strains for eae gene, 16/401 positive strains for the bfp gene (3.99%) and 3/401 positive for stx2 gene (0.75%) distributed among the orders of Psittaciformes, Strigiformes and Columbiformes. None of strains were positive for stx1 gene. These data reveal the infection by STEC, typical and atypical EPEC in captive birds. The frequency of these pathotypes is low and restricted to few orders, but the data suggest the potential public health risk that these birds represent as reservoirs of diarrheagenic E. coli.

Escherichia coli verotoxigénica: modelo cuantitativo de exposición y escenarios de riesgos en canales bovinas en Argentina / Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli: quantitative model of exposure and risk scenarios in cattle carcasses in Argentina

OBJETIVOS: Cuantificar la contaminación por Escherichia coli verotoxigénica asociada con el síndrome urémico hemolítico (ECvt-SUH) en las canales de ganado bovino y generar estimaciones de exposición en tres escenarios probables. MÉTODOS: Se modeló la frecuencia y la magnitud de la contaminación por ECvt-SUH desde la producción primaria hasta la salida de las canales del frigorífico, a partir de la información científica publicada y datos epidemiológicos y de expertos locales. Las distribuciones de la probabilidad que mejor describieron cada paso del proceso y los escenarios se incorporaron en el programa @Risk®, con simulaciones múltiples mediante el análisis Monte Carlo. Para el análisis de sensibilidad se aplicó la prueba de correlación de Pearson. RESULTADOS: La frecuencia estimada de canales con ECvt-SUH fue 0,37 (IC95 por ciento: 0,26 a 0,58) y la carga final de ECvt-SUH fue 0,47 log ufc/canal (IC95 por ciento: -2,46 a 3,62). Las variables más fuertemente relacionadas fueron: el sistema de engorde (r = -0,681) y la concentración teórica de ECvt-SUH en la piel de los bovinos (r = 0,702). La vacunación de los animales redujo en 54,1 por ciento la frecuencia de ECvt-SUH en las canales, aunque la carga final de ECvt-SUH no sufrió cambios significativos. El duchado de las canales redujo la carga final en 0,42 log ufc/canal con respecto al modelo basal, sin modificar la frecuencia. Un incremento en la proporción de animales engordados en corrales hasta 50-60 por ciento aumentaría un 15-23 por ciento la frecuencia de canales contaminadas con ECvt-SUH. CONCLUSIONES: La vacunación de los animales resultó el escenario más eficaz para reducir el ingreso de la bacteria en la cadena agroindustrial de la carne bovina. La intensificación de la producción ganadera incrementará el riesgo a la salud pública por una mayor exposición a ECvt-SUH.

OBJECTIVES: Quantify contamination by verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli associated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (VTEC-HUS) in cattle carcasses and generate estimates of exposure in three likely scenarios. METHODS: A model was constructed of the frequency and magnitude of VTEC-HUS contamination from primary production to the removal of the carcasses from cold storage, based on the published scientific information, epidemiological data, and information from local experts. The probability distributions that best described each step in the process and scenarios were input to the @Risk® program with multiple simulations using Monte Carlo analysis. Pearson´s correlation test was used for the sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: The estimated frequency of carcasses with VTEC-HUS was 0.37 (95 percent CI: 0.26 to 0.58) and the final load of VTEC-HUS was 0.47 log CFU/carcass (95 percent CI: -2.46 to 3.62). The most closely related variables were the fattening system (r = -0.681) and the theoretical concentration of VTEC-HUS on the cattle's skin (r = 0.702). Vaccinating the animals reduced the frequency of VTEC-HUS in the carcasses by 54.1 percent, although there were no significant changes in the final VTEC-HUS load. Washing the carcasses reduced the final load by 0.42 log CFU/carcass compared with the baseline model, without any change in the frequency. A 50 percent-60 percent increase in the percentage of animals fattened in pens would increase the frequency of carcasses contaminated with VTEC-HUS by 15 percent-23 percent. CONCLUSIONS: Vaccinating the animals was the most effective scenario for reducing introduction of the bacteria in the beef production chain. Intensifying livestock production will increase the public health risk due to greater exposure to VTEC-HUS.

Biochemical properties, enterohaemolysin production and plasmid carriage of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli strains

Thirty-eight strains of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) were characterised in terms of biochemical properties, enterohaemolysin production and plasmid carriage. A wide variation in the biochemical properties was observed among the STEC, with 14 distinct biotypes identified. Biotype 1 was the most common, found in 29 percent of the strains. Enterohaemolysin production was detected in 29 percent of the strains. Most of the bacterial strains (95 percent) carried one or more plasmids and considerable heterogeneity in size and combinations was observed. Seven distinct plasmid profiles were identified. The most common profile, characterised by the presence of a single plasmid of ~90 kb, was found in 50 percent of these strains. These data indicate extensive diversity among STEC strains. No correlation was found among biotype, serotype, enterohaemolysin production and plasmid profile.