Hemorragia intracraniana en un feto con trisomia 21 y rabdomiomas cardiacos: diagnostico diferencial de esclerosis tuberosa: estudio antenatal a propósito de un caso / Intracranian hemorrhage in a fetus with trisomy 21 and cardiac rhabdomyomas: differential diagnosis of tuberous sclerosis: antenatal study regarding a case

INTRODUCCIÓN: El Síndrome de Down (SD) es una de las aneuploidías más frecuentes. En Chile, la incidencia es de 2.2 por 1000 nv. La esclerosis tuberosa (ET) es una enfermedad genética autosómica dominante con una prevalencia de 1:600 a 1:10.000 nacidos vivos (nv) que se sospecha prenatalmente por la presencia de rabdomiomas cardiacos. Los tumores cardiacos fetales tienen una prevalencia de 1:10000 nv, los más prevalentes son los Rabdomiomas. El hallazgo de tumores intracraneanos son infrecuentes, dentro del diagnóstico diferencial es necesario descartar la Hemorragia Intraventricular (HIV). CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 29 años, M2, Derivada a nuestro centro a las 27+4 semanas para evaluación ecográfica. Entre los hallazgos se encuentran tumores intracardiacos en ventrículo derecho y marcadores blandos para alto riesgo de aneuploidía, por lo que se realiza cariotipo (amniocentesis genética: 47, XX+21). A las 32+0 semanas en una nueva evaluación presenta imagen hiperecogénica sugerente de tumor intracerebral. Se solicita resonancia magnética fetal que informa hemorragia intraventricular (HIV). El parto ocurre con un recién nacido de término, fenotipo concordante con Trisomía 21, ecocardiograma confirma dos tumores intracardiacos (Rabdomiomas) y ecografía cerebral confirma el diagnóstico de HIV Grado III derecho. Ante el diagnóstico diferencial de ET, se realiza ANGIO-TAC que resulta negativo para ET. DISCUSIÓN: En la evaluación ecográfica antenatal, la presencia de tumores intracardiacos asociados a tumor cerebral hace plantear el diagnóstico de una ET. El diagnóstico antenatal de tumores cerebrales vs HIV por ultrasonido es difícil. La resonancia es un examen complementario de gran ayuda, permitiendo un diagnóstico de certeza. La HIV fetal es un diagnóstico poco frecuente de diagnostico prenatal asociado a feto con trisomia 21.

INTRODUCTION: Down Syndrome (DS) is one of the most frequent aneuploidies. In our country its incidence is 2.2 every 1000 newborns. Tuberous sclerosis (TS) is a dominant autosomal genetic disease with a prevalence of 1:6000 to 1:10.000 newborns, this disease is suspected by the finding of cardiac rhabdomyomas. Rhabdomyomas are the most prevalent fetal heart tumors. Intracranial tumors are a rare prenatal finding in ultrasound the main differential diagnosis is Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH). The Objective of this paper is present a case report of a fetus with trisomy 21 plus rhabdomyomas and cranial tumors. CASE REPORT: 29 years old patient, referred for ultrasound at 27+4 week. Cardiac tumors and aneuploidy soft markers are found. Genetic amniocentesis is performed (Result: 47, XX+21). At 32+0 weeks ultrasound finding of intracranial tumor. Fetal MRI was performed which reports suspected IVH. Confirmed postnatally. Baby was delivered at term. Neonatal findings: Trisomy 21 phenotype, Echocardiogram with two cardiac tumors (Rhabdomyomas), neonatal brain ultrasound confirms Grade III - IVH. To rule out TS, an Angio-CT is performed which is negative for the disease. DISCUSSION: Cardiac Tumors associated to brain tumors in antenatal period make TS a possible diagnosis. Differentiate brain tumors and IVH by ultrasound is very difficult. MRI is a very helpful tool for an accurate diagnostic. IVH is a rare antenatal diagnosis. Not reported before in a baby with trisomy 21.

Diagnóstico prenatal de rabdomioma fetal asociado a esclerosis tuberosa: a propósito de un caso / Prenatal diagnosis of fetal rhabdomyoma associated with tuberous sclerosis

Los rabdomiomas son los tumores benignos cardíacos más frecuentes encontrados en vida fetal y postnatal, asociándose frecuentemente a esclerosis tuberosa. A propósito de un caso manejado en nuestra maternidad el año 2014 se revisó la literatura existente sobre su diagnóstico, manejo, implicancias pronósticas. Se trata de una embarazada de 23 años que fue referida a las 25 semanas a nuestro servicio, el estudio ecográfico revela tres imágenes cardiacas concordantes con rabdomiomas en las paredes ventriculares y el septum. No se detectan otras anormalidades y se controla en forma seriada con ultrasonido. Se realiza a las 33 semanas resonancia nuclear magnética fetal con el objetivo de evidenciar signos de esclerosis tuberosa los cuales se evidencian en el examen y se confirman en exámenes postnatales. Se comenta el diagnóstico diferencial con otros neoplasias benignas cardiacas como teratomas, fibromas y hemangiomas. Las posibles complicaciones de los rabdomiomas dependerán de su ubicación y tamaño, produciendo alteraciones en flujo o bien menos frecuentemente arritmias. La asociación más importante de esta patología es con esclerosis tuberosa de manera que se debe realizar una cuidadosa anamnesis familiar, estudios de imágenes que deben abarcar el SNC, corazón y riñones. Finalmente en ese contexto realizar la mejor consejería a los padres.

Rhabdomyomas are the most common benign cardiac tumors found in fetal and postnatal life, frequently being associated with tuberous sclerosis. In relation to a case handled in our maternity unit in 2014, existing literature on cardiac rhabdomyomas diagnosis, management and prognostic implications, was revised. The case concerned a 25 week pregnant 23 year old patient, who was referred to our facility; ultrasound examination reveals three cardiac images consistent with rhabdomyomas in the ventricular walls and the septum. No other abnormalities are detected and the patient is monitored with a series of ultrasound. At 33 weeks a fetal magnetic resonance imaging is performed in order to show signs of tuberous sclerosis which are noted in the examination and confirmed in post natal tests. Differential diagnosis with other benign cardiac neoplasms such as teratomas, fibromas and hemangiomas is discussed. Possible complications of the rhabdomyomas will depend on its location and size, producing changes in flow or less frequent arrhythmias. The most important association of this pathology is with tuberous sclerosis, therefore the family medical history must be carefully evaluated, and imaging controls that should include the CNS, heart and kidneys. Finally in this context give the best counseling to the parents.

Onychogryphosis in tuberous sclerosis complex: an unusual feature

Abstract Onychogryphosis is an acquired nail plate change. It often affects the toenail and is characterized by an opaque, yellow-brownish nail plate that is distorted, grossly thickened, elongated, and partly curved resembling a ram's horn. Tuberous sclerosis complex is a multisystem disorder associated with high rates of mental retardation, autism, cognitive impairment, behavioral problems, or seizures. Nail disease can also be associated, which is a concern to patients due to pain and nail distortion. We reported a typical tuberous sclerosis complex patient with distinctive clinical features of a ram's horn nails, which presented a great challenge to surgical treatment and nail restoration.

Esclerosis tuberosa, diagnóstico fetal y materno / Tuberous sclerosis, fetal and maternal diagnosis

La esclerosis tuberosa (ET) es una enfermedad genética, autosómica dominante que tiene expresividad variable y que se caracteriza por la presencia de hamartomas en múltiples órganos de diferentes sistemas (piel, cerebro y corazón). Es causada por mutaciones en los genes TSC1 locus 9q34 y TSC2 locus 16p13. Tiene una prevalencia de 1 en cada 5000 a 10000 recién nacidos vivos. Se reporta el caso de una gestante y su feto con diagnóstico de ET. Se observaron masas en corazón y cerebro en el feto. El examen físico exhaustivo de la embarazada mostró criterios mayores de la enfermedad. Los hallazgos del diagnóstico prenatal fueron confirmados en el recién nacido. Se contribuye a la construcción de datos epidemiológicos latinoamericanos, y se aporta un plan de manejo a fetos, embarazadas y recién nacidos con ET.

Tuberous Sclerosis (TS) is a genetic disorder, exhibits an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with variable expression, characterized by the presence of hamartomas in multiple organs of various systems (skin, brain and hearth). It is caused by mutations in genes TSC1 loci 9q34 and TSC2 loci 16p13. It has a prevalence of 1 in every 5000 to 10000 live births. We report a case of a pregnant and her fetus with diagnosis of TS. Masses in heart and brain in the fetus were observed, the thorough physical examination of pregnant also showed major criteria of the disease. Prenatal diagnosis findings were confirmed in the newborn. The objective is contribute to the construction of Latin American epidemiological data, a management plan for fetuses, pregnant women and infants with TS is provided.

Analysis of twenty pediatric cases of tuberous sclerosis complex: Are we doing enough.

Background: Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a neuro-cutaneous disease characterized by hamartoma formation in various organs particularly the skin, brain, eye, kidney, heart and lungs. Patients usually have multisystem involvement and thus present to different medical specialties with varied complaints while the true nature of the disease and the hidden manifestations may remain unattended. A im: To assess the frequency and characteristics of various cutaneous and systemic manifestations in TSC and the total impact on different system in a cohort of pediatric patients. Methods: The study included 20 patients fulfilling the diagnostic criteria for TSC from dermatology, pediatrics, and neurology department. Detailed history, examination, and investigations such as chest X-ray, electrocardiography (ECG), ultrasonography (USG) abdomen, echocardiography, fundoscopy, computed tomography (CT) scan of brain and abdomen were done. Results: Dermatological manifestations included ash leaf macules, angiofibromas, shagreen patch, and fibrous plaque. Systemic findings observed were subependymal calcified nodules, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, cortical tubers, renal cysts, angiomyolipomas, lung cyst, retinal hamartomas, mental deficits and epilepsy. Limitation: Wechsler's Intelligence Scale for Children would have been more appropriate for assessing the intelligence. Dental check-up was not done in our group of patients. Conclusion: Our study highlights the wide variety of cutaneous and systemic manifestations of TSC. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive multidisciplinary treatment and periodic follow-up which are necessary for appropriate management of this multisystem disorder. Counseling regarding education and rehabilitation of the patients and genetic counseling of parents are important.

[Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis association]

The Lymphangioleiomyomatosis is a rare lung disease encountered almost exclusively in women of childbearing age. The combination with tuberous sclerosis is even more rare. Lung affection is characterized by thin walled multiple pulmonary cysts, recurrent pneumothorax, an obstructive ventilatory trouble, and an evolation to chronic respiratory failure within an average of 10 years. A patient aged 51 years old with a history of generalized seizures, hospitalized in the department for exertional dyspnea of NYHA stage III of gradual onset since 5 years, combined with a dry cough and some episodes of minimal hemoptysis leading to weakness of the general condition. Clinical examination found diffuse bilateral crepitational rale. The chest radiograph showed diffuse bilateral interstitial syndrome. The cardiovascular examination with ECG and echocardiography showed a mild PAH of 42 mmHg. The chest CT revealed multiple diffuse thin-walled cystic formations highly suggestive of lymphangioléimyomatose. Abdominal and kidney ultrasound showed no appearance of renal angiomyolipoma or uterine fibroids. Furthermore, cerebral CT showed encephalic calcifications objectified for a Tuberous sclerosis of Bourneville. Plethysmography showed a mixed ventilatory disorder predominantly obstructive. The diagnosis of pulmonary Lymphangioleiomyomatosis associated with Tuberous sclerosis of Bourneville has been retained. The patient was put on a long term oxygen therapy with good evolution. The combination Lymphangioleiomyomatosis and tuberous sclerosis of Bourneville is rare, interesting almost exclusively young women. International diagnostic criteria have been proposed for the diagnosis of these disorders. The prognosis remains reserved

Presentación de caso radiológico: Esclerosis tuberosa / Radiologic case presentation. Tuberous sclerosis

Se presenta un caso de una mujer de 27 años, quien acude al Cuerpo de Guardia con dolor abdominal moderado de reciente comienzo. Al examen físico, se constata una masa abdominal que ocupaba ambos flancos. Luego de los estudios clínicos e imagenológicos, se comprobó la presencia de angiomiolipomas renales bilaterales, nódulos subependimarios y lesiones en piel por lo que se diagnosticó esclerosis tuberosa. La esclerosis tuberosa es una enfermedad neurocutánea caracterizada por cambios hamartomatosos en los pulmones, cerebro, riñones, piel, corazón y otros órganos. Para el diagnóstico se aplican criterios basados en el hallazgo de manifestaciones mayores y menores. En esto, la Imagenología tiene un importante papel(AU)

A 27 year old woman was given to the emergency department with mild, acute onset of right side abdominal pain. Clinical examination revealed firm masses bilaterally occupying almost the entire abdomen. Because the presence of bilateral angiomyolipomas, subependymal tuberous and adenoma sebaceum of the skin the patient was diagnosed as having a case of tuberous sclerosis . TS is a neurocutaneous disease characterized by hamartomatous changes in the lungs, brain, kidneys, skin, heart and others organs. The diagnostic criteria consisted of a set of major and minor diagnostic features. The imagenology plays a very important role(AU)