Descripción de la rehabilitación física en terapias intensivas de Argentina, práctica habitual y durante la pandemia COVID-19. Encuesta tipo online / Description of physical rehabilitation in intensive care units in Argentina: usual practice and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online survey

RESUMEN Objetivo: Describir la práctica habitual de asistencia kinésica motora en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de adultos, tanto en pacientes con y sin COVID-19. Métodos: Estudio observacional transversal de tipo encuesta online. Se incluyeron kinesiólogos que trabajan en unidades de cuidados intensivos de adultos en Argentina. Se realizaron 16 preguntas de respuesta múltiple o simple agrupadas en 3 apartados. El primero caracterizado por datos personales, profesionales o del ámbito laboral. El segundo, destinado a conocer el accionar habitual y un tercero enfocado en las prácticas bajo la pandemia COVID-19. Resultados: Sobre 351 kinesiólogos, el 76.1% reportó que la movilización de los pacientes estaba a cargo exclusivamente de ellos. El objetivo máximo a alcanzar desde el aspecto motor fue variable según cuatro escenarios: Pacientes en ventilación mecánica, desvinculados de la ventilación mecánica, los que nunca estuvieron asociados a la ventilación mecánica y con COVID-19 en ventilación mecánica. En el primer y último escenario el objetivo máximo fue optimizar valores de fuerza muscular. En los restantes fue realizar actividades de la vida diaria. Por último, la mayor limitante en el abordaje de pacientes con COVID-19 fue el aislamiento respiratorio y/o de contacto. Conclusión: Los kinesiólogos en Argentina reportaron encargarse de la movilización de los pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Los objetivos máximos desde el aspecto motor para cuatro escenarios clásicos en el área cerrada podrían estar determinado por la asociación con la ventilación mecánica. La mayor limitación a la hora de movilizar a pacientes con COVID-19 fue el aislamiento respiratorio y de contacto.

Abstract Objective: To describe the usual practice of mobility therapy in the adult intensive care unit for patients with and without COVID-19. Methods: Online survey in which physical therapists working in an adult intensive care unit in Argentina participated. Sixteen multiple-choice or single-response questions grouped into three sections were asked. The first section addressed personal, professional and work environment data. The second section presented questions regarding usual care, and the third focused on practices under COVID-19 pandemic conditions. Results: Of 351 physical therapists, 76.1% answer that they were exclusively responsible for patient mobility. The highest motor-based goal varied according to four patient scenarios: Mechanically ventilated patients, patients weaned from mechanical ventilation, patients who had never required mechanical ventilation, and patients with COVID-19 under mechanical ventilation. In the first and last scenarios, the highest goal was to optimize muscle strength, while for the other two, it was to perform activities of daily living. Finally, the greatest limitation in working with patients with COVID-19 was respiratory and/or contact isolation. Conclusion: Physical therapists in Argentina reported being responsible for the mobility of patients in the intensive care unit. The highest motor-based therapeutic goals for four classic scenarios in the closed area were limited by the need for mechanical ventilation. The greatest limitation when mobilizing patients with COVID-19 was respiratory and contact isolation.

Acute effect of passive cycle-ergometry and functional electrical stimulation on nitrosative stress and inflammatory cytokines in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: a randomized controlled trial

Early mobilization is beneficial for critically ill patients because it reduces muscle weakness acquired in intensive care units. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of functional electrical stimulation (FES) and passive cycle ergometry (PCE) on the nitrous stress and inflammatory cytometry in critically ill patients. This was a controlled, randomized, open clinical trial carried out in a 16-bed intensive care unit. The patients were randomized into four groups: Control group (n=10), did not undergo any therapeutic intervention during the study; PCE group (n=9), lower-limb PCE for 30 cycles/min for 20 min; FES group (n=9), electrical stimulation of quadriceps muscle for 20 min; and FES with PCE group (n=7), patients underwent PCE and FES, with their order determined randomly. The serum levels of nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukins 6 and 10 were analyzed before and after the intervention. There were no differences in clinical or demographic characteristics between the groups. The results revealed reduced nitric oxide concentrations one hour after using PCE (P<0.001) and FES (P<0.05), thereby indicating that these therapies may reduce cellular nitrosative stress when applied separately. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were reduced after the PCE intervention (P=0.049). PCE and FES reduced nitric oxide levels, demonstrating beneficial effects on the reduction of nitrosative stress. PCE was the only treatment that reduced the tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration.

Predictores de éxito después de la decanulación en pacientes adultos críticamente enfermos: un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo / Success predictors after decannulation in critically ill adult patients: a retrospective cohort study

Introducción: la traqueostomía es una práctica frecuente dentro de las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI). El proceso de decanulación y el tiempo utilizado en ella resultan de interés clínico, mientras que los factores asociados al proceso y la dificultad en dicho proceso han sido poco estudiados. Objetivos: describir características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la población en estudio y su evolución desde el momento del ingreso en la UCI hasta el alta hospitalaria. Informar la incidencia de fallo de decanulación y analizar los factores de riesgo independientes asociados a la imposibilidad de esta. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectivo de pacientes internados en la UCI del Hospital Italiano de San Justo Agustín Rocca que requirieron traqueostomía durante su estadía. Utilizando la historia clínica informatizada se registraron variables epidemiológicas previas al ingreso en la UCI y datos evolutivos durante la internación. El período analizado fue desde el 5 de enero de 2016 hasta el 17 de diciembre de 2017. Se utilizaron modelos de regresión logística para la evaluación de potenciales predictores. Resultados: se reclutaron 50 pacientes, y todos fueron incluidos en el presente análisis. La edad promedio fue de 66 años (desvío estándar [DE] ± 15,5) y el 66% fueron hombres. El 42% fue decanulado durante el seguimiento. La incidencia en el fallo de decanulación fue del 4,77% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95% 0,85-22,67). La mediana de tiempo hasta la decanulación desde la desvinculación de la asistencia ventilatoria fue de 17 días. En el análisis univariado hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en tipo de diagnóstico de ingreso en UCI y en el alta vivo hospitalaria al comparar pacientes decanulados versus no decanulados. En el análisis multivariado de regresión logística se halló el tipo de diagnóstico de ingreso en UCI como predictor independiente de imposibilidad de decanulación. Conclusiones: el motivo de ingreso clínico en UCI fue un factor predictor independiente asociado al fracaso de la decanulación y esto, posiblemente, está relacionado con la condición clínica y el estado general al ingreso, en comparación con los pacientes que ingresaron por causas quirúrgicas. No se hallaron comorbilidades ni antecedentes que se relacionen con el fracaso de la decanulación. (AU)

Introduction: the tracheostomy remains a very common surgical procedure done in the intensive care unit (ICU). The process of decannulation is of scientific interest with its associated factors not being sufficiently studied. Objectives: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the population and their relationship to effective decanulation. To report the cumulative incidence of decannulation failure and success. To analyze independent risk factors associated with decannulation failure. Materials and methods: the present was a retrospective cohort of adult patients in the ICU at Hospital Italiano de San Justo who required tracheostomy during their in-hospital stay. Epidemiological variables were recorded before ICU admission and during their hospital stay using data from the electronic medical record. The inclusion period was 2 years long. We used descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to compare the proportion of patients who could be decannulated versus those who could not. Results: 50 patients were enrolled in the present study. Their mean age was 66 (±15.5) years and 66% of patients were male. 21 patients (42%) achieved to be decannulated. The cumulative incidence of decannulation failure was 4.77% (95% CI: 0.85-22.87). Median time from weaning to decannulation was 17 days. In univariate analysis, statistically significant differences were found in ICU admission diagnosis (p<0.001) and hospital discharge alive (p<0.001) when comparing decannulated versus not decannulated patients. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, ICU admission diagnosis was found to be an independent predictor of decannulation failure (p<0.01). Conclusions: clinical ICU admission diagnosis was an independent predictor associated with decannulation failure. This could be related to differences in baseline morbidity and clinical condition of these patients compared with surgical patients. However, no individual morbidities or clinical conditions were found to be associated in decannulation failure. (AU)

Movilización temprana en pacientes conectados a corazón artificial (Berlin Heart Excor®) internados en UCI CCV pediátrica a la espera de trasplante cardíaco. Rehabilitación cardíaca en 6301 días de asistencia ventricular. Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, años 2006-2016 / Early mobilization in patients with an artificial heart (Berlin Heart EXCOR®) admitted to the CV ICU while waiting for a heart transplantation. Cardiac rehabilitation during 6301 days of ventricular assistance. Hospital de Pediatría Garrahan, 2006-2016

Objetivo: Describir la ejecución de un algoritmo de movilización temprana (AMT) en pacientes con corazón artificial (Berlin Heart EXCOR®) internados en la UCI CCV del hospital Garrahan y la evolución posterior de los mismos en 6301 días de asistencia. Mé- todos: Diseño del estudio: descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se tomaron datos de registros de historias clínicas. Criterios de inclusión y exclusión: se incluyeron todos los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca terminal, portadores de BH desde marzo de 2006 a diciembre del 2016. Se excluyeron aquellos atendidos entre 2006 y 2008 del análisis de cumplimiento de objetivos de tratamiento kinésico en el gimnasio. Resultados: Fueron asistidos 43 pacientes con BH en el periodo marzo de 2006 a diciembre de 2016. En total cumplieron 6301 días de asistencia. Fueron ingresados a tratamiento kinésico 41 pacientes. Dos fallecieron en el implante del BH en el quirófano. Del total de los pacientes estudiados, el 30% tuvo ARM previa al implante del BH, el 30% VNI y el 40% sin soporte ventilatorio previo. La mediana de ARM pos implante del BH fue de 2 días (0 ­ 52). El 44% fueron evaluados en UCI pre BH, el 44% no tuvo evaluación previa y el 12% tuvo evaluación respiratoria y motriz en forma ambulatoria en el gimnasio previo al implante de BH. Los diez primeros pacientes (2006-2008) no tuvieron la oportunidad de asistir al gimnasio. Dentro de los pacientes que no llegaron a cumplir los objetivos en la UCI figuran los que fallecieron en el pos quirúrgico inmediato o que lograron concurrir al gimnasio y luego fallecieron sin lograr el 100% de las actividades. En este grupo se encuentran ocho pacientes (19,5%) que evolucionaron con comorbilidad neurológica post ACV y fueron tratados kinésicamente en UCI cuando su estabilidad hemodinámica lo permitió. El 74% (23/31) cumplió todos los objetivos de tratamiento kinésico en el gimnasio. Del total de niños trasplantados, el 60% (15/25) completaron la rehabilitación cardiaca post trasplante y el 12% (3/25) tuvo distintos grados de secuelas neurológicas post ACV. No hubo ningún evento adverso relacionado con la terapéutica kinésica en UCI ni en el gimnasio. Conclusiones: El AMT y la rehabilitación cardiaca infantil llevada a cabo por profesionales entrenados ofrece múltiples beneficios a pacientes hospitalizados con BH tales como mejorar la capacidad funcional, revertir el desacondicionamiento físico y preparar a los pacientes para el trasplante cardiaco. El desarrollo de este plan de tratamiento demostró ser seguro en nuestra población ya que no se observó ningún evento adverso relacionado con el tratamiento kinésico impartido. Este plan es inclusivo y socializador a la vez que se promueven hábitos saludables y una total inserción de los pacientes en la sociedad con la mínima secuela posible. (AU)

Objective: To describe the use of an algorithm for early mobilization (AEM) in patients with an artificial heart (Berlin Heart EXCOR®) (BH) admitted to the cardiovascular ICU of Garrahan Hosptial and their subsequent outcomes over 6301 days of care. Methods: Study design: descriptive and retrospective. Data were collected from the clinical charts of the patients. Inclusion and exclusion criteria: All patients with end-stage heart failure implanted with a BH between March 2006 and December 2016 were included. Patients seen between 2006 and 2008 were excluded from the analysis of meeting the aims of physical therapy at the gym. Results: 43 patients with a BH were seen between March 2006 and December 2016. Overall, they received 6301 days of care. Of these patients, 41 received physical therapy. Two patients died during BH implantation in the surgery room. Of all patients, 30% was on assisted mechanical ventilation (AMV) prior to BH implantation, 30% received non-invasive ventilation, and 40% did not receive previous ventilation support. Median time on AMV post-implant was 2 days (0 ­ 52). Prior to BH implantation, 44% of the patients were evaluated in the ICU, 44% were not previously evaluated, and 12% were evaluated as outpatients regarding respiratory and motor function at the gym. The first 10 patients (2006-2008) did not have the opportunity of going to the gym. Among the patients who failed to achieve the goal in the ICU were those who died in the immediate postoperative period and those who died without achieving 100% of the activities. This group consisted of eight patients (19.5%) who had neurological comorbidities after a stroke and received physical therapy in the ICU as soon as they were hemodynamically stable. Overall, 74% (23/31) of the patients achieved the goals of physical therapy in the gym. Of the patients who received a heart transplantation, 60% (15/25) completed rehabilitation and 12% (3/25) had different degrees of post-stroke neurological sequelae. No physical therapyrelated adverse events were observed either in the ICU or in the gym. Conclusions: AEM and cardiac rehabilitation in children by trained professionals provide multiple benefits for patients in hospital with a BH, such as improvement of functional capacity, reversal of loss of physical condition, and preparation of the patient for heart transplantation. The development of this treatment plan showed to be safe in our population, as no physical therapy-related adverse events were observed. The plan promotes inclusion and socialization, as well as healthy behaviors, with the aim to include the patients in the society with the fewest sequelae possible. (AU)

Validez y confiabilidad de las escalas de evaluación funcional en pacientes críticamente enfermos. Revisión sistemática / Validity of scales for the functional assessment of critically ill patients

The decrease in mortality in critical patient units led to an increase in intensive care unit acquired weakness (ICUAW), which significantly affects the functional performance and quality of life of patients. There are several scales that measure functionality in critical patients. The aim of this systematic review is to determine the criterion validity and reliability of the scales that evaluate functionality in critically ill adult patients. We considered studies in critically ill adult subjects of both genders that determined the psychometric properties of the scales that evaluate functionality. Six minutes' walk test (6MWT), timed up and go (TUG), the Medical Research Council sum score (MRC-SS), grip strength, discharge destination and need for rehabilitation at discharge were considered as gold standards. Three scales were identified: PFIT-s, Perme MS, and DEMMI. PFIT-s has a positive correlation with 6MWT, MRC-SS and grip strength, and a negative correlation with TUG. It also predicts the need for rehabilitation at discharge and discharge to the home. DEMMI has a positive correlation with MRC-SS. the interobserver reliability was evaluated in three articles, demonstrating an almost perfect association. The intraobserver agreement was considered good in one report. With this information, it is not possible to determine which is the instrument with better measurement properties.

Evolução funcional de pacientes graves submetidos a um protocolo de reabilitação precoce / Functional evolution of critically ill patients undergoing an early rehabilitation protocol

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução funcional dos pacientes submetidos a um protocolo de reabilitação precoce do paciente grave da admissão até a alta da unidade de terapia intensiva. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo transversal retrospectivo, incluindo 463 pacientes adultos com diagnóstico clínico e/ou cirúrgico, submetidos a um protocolo de reabilitação precoce. A força muscular global foi avaliada na admissão da unidade de terapia intensiva por meio da escala Medical Research Council. De acordo com a pontuação da Medical Research Council os pacientes foram alocados em um dos quatro planos de intervenção, de acordo com a adequação ou não desses parâmetros, com a escala crescente do plano significando melhor status funcional. Os pacientes não colaborativos foram alocados nos planos de intervenção, conforme seu status funcional. A força muscular global e/ou o status funcional foram reavaliados na alta da unidade de terapia. Por meio do comparativo entre o plano de Intervenção na admissão (Planoinicial) e na alta (Planofinal). Os pacientes foram categorizados em três grupos, de acordo com a melhora ou não do status funcional: respondedores 1 (Planofinal > Planoinicial), respondedores 2 (Planofinal = Planoinicial) e não respondedores (Planofinal < Planoinicial). Resultados: Dos 463 pacientes submetidos ao protocolo, 432 (93,3%) pacientes responderam positivamente à estratégia de intervenção, apresentando manutenção e/ou melhora do status funcional inicial. Os pacientes clínicos classificados como não respondedores apresentaram idade superior (74,3 ± 15,1 anos; p = 0,03) e maior tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva (11,6 ± 14,2 dias; p = 0,047) e no hospital (34,5 ± 34,1 dias; p = 0,002). Conclusão: A manutenção e/ou melhora do status funcional admissional esteve associada com menor tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e hospitalar. Os resultados sugerem que o tipo de diagnóstico, clínico ou cirúrgico, ...

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluation of the functional outcomes of patients undergoing an early rehabilitation protocol for critically ill patients from admission to discharge from the intensive care unit. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted that included 463 adult patients with clinical and/or surgical diagnosis undergoing an early rehabilitation protocol. The overall muscle strength was evaluated at admission to the intensive care unit using the Medical Research Council scale. Patients were allocated to one of four intervention plans according to the Medical Research Council score, the suitability of the plan’s parameters, and the increasing scale of the plan expressing improved functional status. Uncooperative patients were allocated to intervention plans based on their functional status. The overall muscle strength and/or functional status were reevaluated upon discharge from the intensive care unit by comparison between the Intervention Plans upon admission (Planinitial) and discharge (Planfinal). Patients were classified into three groups according to the improvement of their functional status or not: responsive 1 (Planfinal > Planinitial), responsive 2 (Planfinal = Planinitial) and unresponsive (Planfinal < Planinitial). Results: In total, 432 (93.3%) of 463 patients undergoing the protocol responded positively to the intervention strategy, showing maintenance and/or improvement of the initial functional status. Clinical patients classified as unresponsive were older (74.3 ± 15.1 years of age; p = 0.03) and had longer lengths of intensive care unit (11.6 ± 14.2 days; p = 0.047) and hospital (34.5 ± 34.1 days; p = 0.002) stays. Conclusion: The maintenance and/or improvement of the admission functional status were associated with shorter lengths of intensive care unit and hospital stays. The results suggest that the type of diagnosis, clinical or surgical, fails to define the positive response to an ...

Low pressure support changes the rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) in critically ill patients on mechanical ventilation / Baixos níveis de pressão de suporte alteram o índice de respiração rápida e superficial (IRRS) em pacientes graves sob ventilação mecânica

BACKGROUND: The rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) is the most widely used index within intensive care units as a predictor of the outcome of weaning, but differences in measurement techniques have generated doubts about its predictive value. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of low levels of pressure support (PS) on the RSBI value of ill patients. METHOD: Prospective study including 30 patients on mechanical ventilation (MV) for 72 hours or more, ready for extubation. Prior to extubation, the RSBI was measured with the patient connected to the ventilator (DragerTM Evita XL) and receiving pressure support ventilation (PSV) and 5 cmH2O of positive end expiratory pressure or PEEP (RSBI_MIN) and then disconnected from the VM and connected to a Wright spirometer in which respiratory rate and exhaled tidal volume were recorded for 1 min (RSBI_ESP). Patients were divided into groups according to the outcome: successful extubation group (SG) and failed extubation group (FG). RESULTS: Of the 30 patients, 11 (37%) failed the extubation process. In the within-group comparison (RSBI_MIN versus RSBI_ESP), the values for RSBI_MIN were lower in both groups: SG (34.79±4.67 and 60.95±24.64) and FG (38.64±12.31 and 80.09±20.71; p<0.05). In the between-group comparison, there was no difference in RSBI_MIN (34.79±14.67 and 38.64±12.31), however RSBI_ESP was higher in patients with extubation failure: SG (60.95±24.64) and FG (80.09±20.71; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients on MV for more than 72h, low levels of PS overestimate the RSBI, and the index needs to be measured with the patient breathing spontaneously without the aid of pressure support.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: O índice de respiração rápida e superficial (IRRS) tem sido o mais utilizado dentro das unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) como preditor do resultado do desmame, porém diferenças no método de obtenção têm gerado dúvidas quanto a seu valor preditivo. OBJETIVO: Verificar a influência de baixos níveis de pressão de suporte (PS) no valor do IRRS em pacientes graves. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo, incluindo 30 pacientes sob ventilação mecânica (VM) por 72 horas ou mais, prontos para extubação. Anteriormente à extubação, o IRRS foi obtido com o paciente conectado ao ventilador Evita-XL da DragerTM recebendo pressão de suporte ventilatório (PSV) e PEEP=5 cmH2O (IRRS_MIN) e, logo após, desconectado da VM e conectado a um ventilômetro de WrightTM, onde sua frequência respiratória e o volume corrente exalado eram registrados durante 1 minuto (IRRS_ESP). Os pacientes foram divididos de acordo com o desfecho em grupo sucesso extubação (GS) e grupo insucesso extubação (GI). RESULTADOS: Dos 30 pacientes, 11 (37%) falharam no processo de extubação. Na comparação intragrupos (IRRS_MIN x IRRS_ESP), os valores foram menores para o IRRS_MIN em ambos os grupos: GS (34,79±4,67 e 60,95±24,64) e GI (38,64±12,31 e 80,09±20,71) (p<0,05). Na comparação intergrupos não houve diferença entre IRRS_MIN (34,79±14,67 e 38,64±12,31), por outro lado, IRRS_ESP foi maior nos pacientes com falha na extubação: GS (60,95±24,64) e GI (80,09±20,71) (p<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Em pacientes graves e sob VM acima de 72 horas, níveis mínimos de PS superestimam o IRRS, sendo necessária sua obtenção com o paciente respirando de forma espontânea sem o auxílio de PS.

Levosimendan: uma nova alternativa no menejo da insuficiência cardíaca em terapia intensiva / Levosimedan: a new alternative for managing cardiac insufficiency in intensive care

Introdução: O usuo de levosimendan em pacientes criticamente enfermos e, principalmente, nos que se apresentam com pressão arterial média inferior a 60mmHG, ainda não teve a sua eficácia e a sua segurança estabelecidas.Objetivos: avaliar a resposta do levosimendan em cardiopatas graves já em uso de dobutamina e noradrenalina.Métodos: foram avaliados de forma propspectiva 37 pacientes internados em ambiente de terapia intensiva geral e cardiológica, sendo 51,3 por cento (n=19) do sexo masculino e 48,7 por cento (n=18) do sexo feminino. A média de idade doi de 65,3 anos, variando entre 49 e 84 anos, todos em classe funcional IV, segundo a classificação da NYHA, e dependentes da infusão venosa contínua de dobutamina com doses Superiores a 5ug/kg/min, sendo que 15 deles (40,5 por cento) estavam dependentes também de noradrenalina (dose acima de 0,05ug/kg/min)...