2-Bromoethylamine protects vascular endothelium by inhibiting SSAO activity in diabetic rats / 生理学报

The purpose of this study was to investigate the change of aortic semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) activity in diabetic rats and examine the effect of 2-bromoethylamine (2-BEA) on SSAO activity and vascular endothelium in diabetic rats. SSAO was prepared from rat aorta. For assessment of the inhibitory effect, the enzymes were preincubated in the presence of different concentrations of 2-BEA before the addition of benzylamine in vitro. Type 1 diabetic rat model was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal control group (NC), diabetic model group (DM), 2-BEA 5 mg/kg group, 2-BEA 20 mg/kg group (n = 10 in each group). 2-BEA was administered daily via intraperitoneal injection for 8 weeks. At the end of 8 weeks, blood sample was collected from the abdominal aorta. Plasma nitric oxide (NO) was determined by nitrate reductase method. Plasma endothelin-1 (ET-1) was determined by radioimmunoassay. Aorta SSAO was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. The aorta was prepared to observe morphological changes and ultramicroscopic structures. The results were as follows: Compared with NC group, aortic SSAO activity and the plasma ET-1 were significantly increased (P < 0.01), and plasma NO was significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in DM group. 2-BEA decreased plasma ET-1 and elevated plasma NO by inhibiting aortic SSAO activity in diabetic rats (P < 0.01), and 2-BEA 20 mg/kg group was more significant than 2-BEA 5 mg/kg group (P < 0.05). Endothelial injury of 2-BEA group rats was less serious than DM group. These results suggest that 2-BEA protect aortic endothelium by inhibiting aortic SSAO activity.

Atypical Patterns of Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery: Clinical Implication of Preoperative CT Angiography

PURPOSE: The free deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEP) flap is a popular option for autologous breast reconstruction. However, the anatomy of the deep inferior epigastric artery(DIEA) may vary from one individual to another. Unexpected vascular anomaly can confuse the surgeon and affects on the safety of the free DIEP flap. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty five consecutive patients who underwent free DIEP/TRAM flap for immediate breast reconstruction between Mar. 2010 and Oct. 2010 were enrolled in this study. Computed tomography angiography (CT angiography) of abdomen was evaluated part of our standard preoperative assessment: atypical patterns of DIEA/DIEP were evaluated by preoperative CT angiography and compared with intraoperative finding. RESULTS: Atypical patterns of DIEA/DIEP which may affect preoperative planning were noted as the following: Circummusclar/subfascial DIEA (n=1), DIEA running underneath rectus muscle (n=8), septocutaneous perforator (n=3), peritoneo-cutaneous perforator (n=1), a large branch going into peritoneum (n=1), and very early division and muscle penetration of DIEA (n=1). CONCLUSION: Atypical DIEA/DIEP that might change the operation plan is not rare, so the individualized planning based on the preoperative CT angiography is recommended. Preoperative CT angiography could help to select reliable and easy-to-dissect perforator in free DIEP/TRAM breast reconstruction.

Optimal combination of 3-component photoinitiation system to increase the degree of conversion of resin monomers / 대한치과보존학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the optimal combination of 3-component photoinitiation system, consisting of CQ, p-octyloxy-phenyl-phenyl iodonium hexafluoroantimonate (OPPI), and 2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) to increase the degree of conversion of resin monomers, and analyze the effect of the ratio of the photoinitiator to the co-initiator. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Each photoinitiators (CQ and OPP) and co-initiator (DMAEMA) were mixed in three levels with 0.2 wt.% (low concentration, L), 1.0 wt.% (medium concentration, M), and 2.0 wt.% (high concentration, H). A total of nine groups using the Taguchi method were tested according to the following proportion of components in the photoinitiator system: LLL, LMM, LHH, MLM, MMH, MHL, HLH, HML, HHM. Each monomer was polymerized using a quartz-tungsten-halogen curing unit (Demetron 400, USA) for 5, 20, 40, 60, 300 sec and the degree of conversion (DC) was determined at each exposure time using FTIR. RESULTS: Significant differences were found for DC values in groups. MMH group and HHM group exhibited greater initial DC than the others. No significant difference was found with the ratio of the photoinitiators (CQ, OPPI) to the co-initiator (DMAEMA). The concentrations of CQ didn't affect the DC values, but those of OPPI did strongly. CONCLUSIONS: MMH and HHM groups seem to be best ones to get increased DC. MMH group is indicated for bright, translucent color and HHM group is good for dark, opaque colored-resin.

The Anatomical Variations of DIEA (Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery) in Microsurgical Breast Reconstruction: Clinical Report

Autologous breast reconstruction after mastectomy in breast cancer patient is now increasing. The deep inferior epigastric artery (DIEA) free flap is well known as an ideal donor site for the microsurgical breast reconstruction. The branching pattern of the DIEA was well described in the literature. In that study, DIEA has three branching patterns near the arcuate line. We describe a case in which branching variation of the DIEA before entering the posterior surface of the rectus abdominis muscle. In three cases, DIEA originated from the external iliac artery ascended as a double trunk at 1cm, 2cm, and 4cm above the originating point, respectively. In one case, DIEA ascended as a single trunk along the linea alba toward to the umbilicus until it supply overlying subcutaneous tissue. Preoperative 3D computed tomographic angiography to identify the anomaly is recommended and meticulous dissection to the originating point of DIEA is needed.

Breast reconstruction using deep inferior epigastric artery perforator flap

Breast reconstruction with autologous tissue has been generally accepted as a reliable procedure, the preferred donor site being lower abdominal tissue. To sacrifice the minimal amount of muscle tissue and to reduce donor site morbidity, the concept of a perforator flap was applied to the fields of breast reconstruction, such as the deep inferior epigastric artery perforator (DIEAp) flap. The DIEAp flap provides essentially the same soft tissue components as the transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap while significantly reducing harvesting of the rectus muscle from the abdominal wall, thereby minimizing donor site morbidity; which includes abdominal weakness, hernia, and postoperative pain, with decreased recovery time. However, there are some concerns about the tedious and risky dissection of intramuscular perforators, and the variable vascularity of the flap supplied by tiny perforators. According to our novel flap harvesting techniques, using bipolar electrocauterization for intramuscular dissection is useful in preventing injury to the tiny perforators. Including some fibers of rectus muscle and soft tissue without full isolation and skeletonization around the pedicles is also useful for prevention of vascular injury and intraoperative vessel spasms. Moreover, the flap must include 2 to 3 reliable perforators, regardless of lateral or medial rows, for prevention of postoperative fat necrosis. The superficial inferior epigastric vein can provide additional venous drainage. These surgical tips can aid in overcoming the pitfalls of the DIEA perforator flap in breast reconstruction. The DIEAp flap is an excellent choice for breast reconstruction. According to our experience, it has been shown to be a safe and reliable method for providing good results and patient satisfaction with minimal donor morbidity in breast reconstruction.

The Serotonin-6 Receptor as a Novel Therapeutic Target

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter that is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. 5-HT mediates its diverse physiological responses through 7 different 5-HT receptor families: 5-HT1, 5-HT2, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors. Among them, the 5-HT6 receptor (5-HT6R) is the most recently cloned serotonin receptor and plays important roles in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the etiology of neurological diseases. Compared to other 5-HT receptors, the 5-HT6R has been considered as an attractive CNS therapeutic target because it is expressed exclusively in the CNS and has no known isoforms. This review evaluates in detail the role of the 5-HT6R in the physiology and pathophysiology of the CNS and the potential usefulness of 5-HT6R ligands in the development of therapeutic strategies for the treatment of CNS disorders. Preclinical studies provide support for the use of 5-HT6R ligands as promising medications to treat the cognitive dysfunction associated with Alzheimer's disease, obesity, depression, and anxiety.

Microscopic trends in methanol/water and acetonitrile/water systems

The most practical measure of therapeutic equivalence between two commercially available and generic formulation of a certain drug is to determine their in vivo bioavailability. However, for the oral dosage from that is not intended to be absorbed [e.g. orlistat], in vivo bioavailability studies are irrelevant to the achievement of the product's intended purposes. However, specific requirements for these drug products may be set in a way that they should meet acceptable in vitro standards. For this purpose, a comparative enzymatic inhibition assay of the target enzyme, pancreatic lipase, was developed to demonstrate orlistat products' pharmaceutical and potency equivalence. In this study we compared the pancreatic lipase inhibition that is achieved by two orlistat formulations: a generic product manufactured by local company [Jordan Sweden Medical Company, JOSWE] and the reference one Xenical [Registered sign] manufactured by Roche. The inhibition was expressed by the concentration of product which inhibits 50% of the activity of the pancreatic lipase enzyme [1C[50]]. The results of these studies showed that both formulations have equivalent potency that was demonstrated by in vitro studies

Prolonged paradoxical air embolism during intraoperative intestinal endoscopy confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography: A case report- / 대한마취과학회지

Venous air embolism (VAE) during intestinal endoscopy is a rare complication. We report a case of cardiovascular collapse due to VAE confirmed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during intraoperative intestinal endoscopy. TEE detected air bubbles in the left ventricle up to 1 hour after the event. When a patient deteriorates during endoscopic procedures, VAE and possible paradoxical air embolism (PAE) should be suspected. This case demonstrates that TEE can play an important role in diagnosing and managing an air embolism in anesthetized patients. In addition, this case demonstrates that PAEs may occur longer than expected after recovery from VAE-induced cardiovascular collapse.

Anatomical Study for Vascular Distribution of the Perforator of Deep Inferior Epigastric Artery in Koreans

PURPOSE: The pedicle of transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous(TRAM) flap and deep inferior epigastric arterial perforator flap is deep inferior epigastic artery (DIEA) and accurate anatomic knowledge about perforator of DIEA is very important for the elevation of these flap. The authors investigated a detailed vascular network of perforator of DIEA in Koreans. METHODS: 24 fresh cadavers were studied. Among them, 15 were examined based on the plain X-ray examination for the distribution and location of perforator of DIEA. And 9 fresh cadavers were examined based on the 3-dimensional computed tomography(CT) study for the distance between ending point of perforator of DIEA and mother artery, the distance between most medial mother artery and midline, the distance between most lateral mother artery and midline, and the running type of perforators of DIEA. RESULTS: Based on the plain X-ray examination, suitable(external diameter> or =0.5mm) perforators of DIEA are located between the level of umbilicus and 8cm below it. Based on the 3D-CT study, average distance between the ending point of perforator of DIEA and the mother artery is 30.26mm on the left, 28.62mm on the right, respectively. The average distance between most medial mother artery and midline is 17.13mm on the left, 15.76mm on the right, respectively. The average distance between most lateral mother artery and midline is 56.31mm on the left, 50.90mm on the right, respectively. The main running course of suitable perforators of DIEA is type a, which is a direct musculocutaneous perforator vessel from main vascular axis passing outward to join the subdermal plexus, directly. CONCLUSION:3-dimensional computed tomography study as well as plain X-ray examination provided more accurate and detail informations about perforators of DIEA in Koreans. These informations will help us understand the detailed vascular anatomy and operation with ease and safe in the lower abdomen of Koreans.

Reactions of phthalimides with 1-methylethylamine: Analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of resulting carboxamides

The reaction of phthalimide derivatives [1a-c] with 1-methylethylamine in dimethylformamide [DMF] at room temperature afforded benzamido-N-prop-2-ynyl-2-[2-methylethyl]-carboxamide [3a], benzamido-N-cyclopentyl-2- [2-methylethyl]-car-boxamide [3b] and benzamido-N-benzyl-2-[2-methylethyl]-carboxamide [3c], respectively. In the carrageenan induced paw oedema test for anti-inflammatory activity, 3a [50 mg/kg] decreased the inflammatory response by 55% after 3 hrs while 3b and 3c exhibited significant reduction in the oedema level. The compounds 3a, 3b and 3c exhibited analgesic activities with 3b producing 76% inhibition. The activities were dose - dependent

Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation related to bromoethylamine-induced renal cytotoxicity

Background. The effect of bromoethylamine (BEA) administration on lipid peroxidation and on the activieties of antioxidant enzymes was studied. Methods. Adult rats received BEA at 1.2 mmol/kg, a dose that produces renal papillary necrosis. Lipid peroxidation assessed by maximal rate in MDA formation, the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and the levels of non-protein sulfhydryls (NPSH) were measured in renal cortex and papilla of control and BEA-treated animals. Results. After BEA treatment, an increment in lipid peroxidation in papilla and cortex was found after 1.5 and 24 hours of treatment. Catalase activity decreased in both regions, but earlier cortex. Conclusion. These data suggest some role of oxidative stress in the mechanism of BEAinduced papillary necrosis

Borate esters of hydroxy ethyl amine synthesis, structural elucidation and application as hydraulic fluid base

Two predominat types of brake fluid formulations DOTS and DOT4, based on the standard specifications and issued by the US Department of Transport, are used in Western Europe. Due to increased demands placed on brake fluids, particularly with regard to water absorption, much of the polyglycol has been replaced by borate esters, [1] which possess outstanding properties. These esters are highly effective for provididing synthetic base compositions which can meet the ever increasing stresses put on the brake fluids by the new and larger developments in automobiles. The synthetic borate ester base fluids offer a number of advantages over mineral oils as the lubricant components of hydraulic fluids. First, the clean-use characteristics result in less brake system fouling and lower levels of dirt build-up in the brake system. Second, due to their polar nature, esters are more efficient lubricant than mineral oils. Third, in cold region hydraulic fluid of low temperature performance is important. These esters with low pour point [down to - 56 degree] are very suitable. The incorporation of these esters in the fluid can also reduce the level of smoke emitted by engine. [1,2]. The demand for improved performance of automatic transmission hydraulic fluids spurs a continuing search for new bases for formulation of hydraulic fluids to achieve the desired goals. Hitherto, the main objective of this work is to describe the preparation, of some borate esters which may maintain suitable properties that may pave the way to a more general better acquaintance with potential industrial applications as hydraulic brake fluid bases. Borate esters could be considered individually as a base compound for hydraulic brake fluid, they still need the addition of other components to attain suitable specifications. The idea of the preparation of boric acid glycol esters of ethoxylated alkyl amine has emerged from the need of base fluids of suitable properties. The use of these esters in natural base hydraulic fluids permits obtaining limits of viscosity required at high and low temperatures with apparent advantages over conventional formulations