Violência no futebol: a percepção de torcedores dos grandes clubes de Curitiba-PR / Violence in football: the perception of fans of the big clubs of Curitiba-PR

O presente estudo objetivou analisar a percepção de violência por parte dos torcedores da capital paranaense. A metodologia desta pesquisa conta com análise qualitativa e quantitativa dos dados adquiridos a partir de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com torcedores do Club Athletico Paranaense, Coritiba Foot Ball Club e Paraná Clube e membros da Torcida Os Fanáticos (Athletico), Torcida Império Alviverde (Coritiba) e Torcida Fúria Independente (Paraná). A partir de referenciais teóricos específicos, foram fundamentadas questões referentes às torcidas organizadas, a violência e suas principais motivações. Para realizar a sistematização dos dados utilizou-se o software Nvivo 12. As entrevistas foram transcritas e inseridas no software. Posteriormente, foram estabelecidas categorias a partir das temáticas emergentes. A percepção dos torcedores acerca da temática manifestou-se de forma centralizada em questões referentes a agressões principalmente físicas e também verbais, além de apontar como fator motivador a rivalidade e o desrespeito através da intolerância. Ao tratarmos das formas de expressão da violência no futebol, novamente fica evidente a percepção reduzida a brigas, xingamentos e provocações. Tal perspectiva está diretamente r elacionada ao entendimento de violência de cada indivíduo, onde por vezes seu entendimento e as formas de manifestação se misturam e são utilizados como sinônimos. Com base nisto pode-se observar que a violência presente no esporte não pode ser analisada de maneira isolada, mas deve considerar variáveis importantes relacionadas a sociedade de forma geral e aos indivíduos nela inseridos. Fazem-se necessários mais estudos referentes à percepção de violência dos torcedores e as principais motivações para que se possa entender de forma mais concreta e clara tais questões, possibilitando a elaboração de estratégias para coibir a violência no futebol. (AU)

The present study aimed to analyze the perception of violence on the part of fans in the capital of Paraná. The methodology of this research relies on qualitative and quantitative analysis of the data acquired from semi-structured interviews conducted with fans of Club Athletico Paranaense, Coritiba Foot Ball Club and Paraná Clube and members of Torcida Os Fanaticos (Athletico), Torcida Império Alviverde (Coritiba) and Torcida Fúria Independente (Paraná). Based on specific theoretical references, questions were raised regarding organized fans, violence and its main motivations. To carry out the systematization of the data, the Nvivo 12 software was used. The interviews were transcribed and inserted in the software. Subsequently, categories were established based on emerging themes. The perception of the fans about the theme was manifested in a centralized way in issues related to mainly physical and also verbal aggressions, besides pointing out rivalry and disrespect through intolerance as a motivating factor. When dealing with the forms of expression of violence in football, the perception reduced to fights, curses and provocations is again evident. Such perspective is directly related to the understanding of violence of each individual, where sometimes their understanding and the forms of manifestation are mixed and are used as synonyms. Based on this, it can be observed that the violence present in sport cannot be analyzed in an isolated way, but must consider important variables related to society in general and to the individuals inserted in it. More studies are needed regarding fans' perception of violence and the main motivations so that these issues can be understood in a more concrete and clear way, enabling the development of strategies to curb violence in football. (AU)

CRISPR/Cas9 Edited sRAGE-MSCs Protect Neuronal Death in Parkinson's Disease Model

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a fatal and progressive degenerative disease of the nervous system. Until recently, its promising treatment and underlying mechanisms for neuronal death are poorly understood. This study was investigated to identify the molecular mechanism of neuronal death in the substantia nigra and corpus striatum of PD. METHODS: The soluble RAGE (sRAGE) secreting Umbilical Cord Blood—derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell (UCB-MSC) was generated by gene editing method using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). These cells were transplanted into Corpus Striatum of rotenone-induced PD animal models then behavioral test, morphological analysis, and immunohistochemical experiments were performed to determine the neuronal cell death and recovery of movement. RESULTS: The neuronal cell death in Corpus Striatum and Substantia Nigra was dramatically reduced and the movement was improved after sRAGE secreting UCB-MSC treatment in PD mice by inhibition of RAGE in neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that sRAGE secreting UCB-MSC based therapeutic approach could be a potential treatment strategy for neurodegenerative disease including PD.

Oncologic, Perioperative Outcomes of Female Radical Cystectomy: Results from a Multicenter Study in Korea / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: The lower incidence of bladder cancer among women has led to a lack of information on female radical cystectomy (RC). This study aimed to analyze the characteristics related with female RC in a cohort from multiple academic institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective review of 384 female patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer. Epidemiologic, perioperative variables including urologic referral periodwith consequent pathologic stage distributions were assessed. The changes in surgical techniques over time were illustrated. Also, we evaluated recurrence-free survival (RFS) at 2 and 5 years and overall survival (OS) at 5 years with stage-specific analyses using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The mean follow-up time was 35 months (interquartile rage [IQR], 9 to 55). The average time to urologic referral with initial symptoms was 5.5 (IQR, 1 to 6) months and over 20% of patients visited clinics after 6 months. In subsequent stage distributions according to referral period, T2 or higher stage distributions were abruptly increased after 1 year. Overall 2-year/5-year RFS rates were 0.72/0.57 and 5-year OS was 0.61. Notable surgical descriptions were as follows: 91% of patients underwent open RC; 80% of patients underwent an ileal conduit; and 83% of patients received anterior exenteration. However, the proportions of robotic surgery, orthotopic neobladder and organ sparing cystectomy have increased recently. CONCLUSION: We identified the general characteristics and changes in pattern of female RC. Our results also suggest that women are susceptible to delays in referral to an urologist and are at greater risk for worse prognosis.

Up-Regulation of MiR-1915 Inhibits Proliferation, Invasion, and Migration of Helicobacter pylori-Infected Gastric Cancer Cells via Targeting RAGE

PURPOSE: Helicobacter pylori (HP)-infected gastric cancer (GC) is known to be a fatal malignant tumor, but the molecular mechanisms underlying its proliferation, invasion, and migration remain far from being completely understood. Our aim in this study was to explore miR-1915 expression and its molecular mechanisms in regulating proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis were performed to determine miR-1915 and receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) expression in HP-infected GC tissues and gastritis tissues, as well as human gastric mucosal cell line GES-1 and human GC cell lines SGC-7901 and MKN45. CCK8 assay and transwell assay were performed to detect the proliferation, invasion, and migration capabilities. MiR-1915 mimics and miR-1915 inhibitor were transfected into GC cells to determine the target relationship between miR-1915 and RAGE. RESULTS: MiR-1915 was under-expressed, while RAGE was over-expressed in HP-infected GC tissues and GC cells. Over-expressed miR-1915 could attenuate cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration capacities. RAGE was confirmed to be the target gene of miR-1915 by bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay. Moreover, HP-infected GC cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration were inhibited after treatment with pcDNA-RAGE. CONCLUSION: MiR-1915 exerted tumor-suppressive effects on cellular proliferation, invasion, and migration of HP-infected GC cells via targeting RAGE, which provided an innovative target candidate for treatment of HP-infected GC.

Association between cadmium and anti-Mullerian hormone in premenopausal women at particular ages

BACKGROUND: Anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) in women is secreted by granulosa cells of antral follicles. AMH appears to be a very stable marker for ovarian function. It may be used to diagnosis cases of premature ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and ovarian tumors. It has been suggested that cadmium exposure can reduce female fecundity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether environmental exposure to cadmium was associated with alterations in AMH with regards to age. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, the data of premenopausal women living in Seoul, ranging from 30 to 45 of age was collected. The study included a total of 283 women who completed serum AMH and whole blood cadmium assessments. Linear regression analyses were used in order to examine the association between cadmium and AMH. Given that age was the strongest confounder in both cadmium and AMH concentrations, we stratified subjects by 5 years old and analyzed their data. RESULTS: Geometric mean concentrations of blood cadmium and AMH were 0.97 μg/L and 3.02 ng/ml, respectively. Total association between cadmium and AMH was statistically significant (adjusted coefficient = − 0.34 (0.15), p = 0.02). After stratification, the only age group with a negative association between cadmium and AMH were the women raging between 30 and 35 years (adjusted coefficient = − 0.43 (0.18), p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that environmental exposure to cadmium may alter the AMH level of premenopausal women, depending on their age group.

Ameliorative Effects of Nilotinib on CCl4 Induced Liver Fibrosis Via Attenuation of RAGE/HMGB1 Gene Expression and Oxidative Stress in Rat / 전남의대학술지

Nilotinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been recently used to improve the liver fibrosis process, but the exact mechanisms still require further clarification. In this study, we investigated the anti-fibrotic effects of Nilotinib via RAGE/HMGB1axis and antioxidant mechanisms. This experimental study was performed in the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from May 2015 to December 2016. Liver fibrosis was induced in Wistar male rats by CCL₄. Rats were gavaged daily with Nilotinib (10 mg/kg). RAGE, HMGB1, TNF-α and TGF-β mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. TNF-α protein levels were measured using the immunoassay method. Thiol groups, carbonyl groups, nitric oxide levels and glutathione peroxidase activity were measured by spectrophotometric methods.The results showed that Nilotinib decreased TNF-α, TGF-β, RAGE and HMGB1 mRNA expression (p<0.001) in the liver tissues of the fibrosis group. Nilotinib also decreased carbonyl groups and nitric oxide levels and increased thiol groups and glutathione peroxidase activity in the fibrosis groups. The histopathological changes were found to be attenuated by Nilotinib. In conclusion, Nilotinib can improve liver fibrosis and open new mechanisms of the anti-fibrotic properties of Nilotinib.

Ameliorative Effects of Nilotinib on CCl4 Induced Liver Fibrosis Via Attenuation of RAGE/HMGB1 Gene Expression and Oxidative Stress in Rat / 전남의대학술지

Nilotinib as a tyrosine kinase inhibitor has been recently used to improve the liver fibrosis process, but the exact mechanisms still require further clarification. In this study, we investigated the anti-fibrotic effects of Nilotinib via RAGE/HMGB1axis and antioxidant mechanisms. This experimental study was performed in the Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Iran, from May 2015 to December 2016. Liver fibrosis was induced in Wistar male rats by CCL₄. Rats were gavaged daily with Nilotinib (10 mg/kg). RAGE, HMGB1, TNF-α and TGF-β mRNA expression were evaluated by quantitative RT-PCR. TNF-α protein levels were measured using the immunoassay method. Thiol groups, carbonyl groups, nitric oxide levels and glutathione peroxidase activity were measured by spectrophotometric methods.The results showed that Nilotinib decreased TNF-α, TGF-β, RAGE and HMGB1 mRNA expression (p<0.001) in the liver tissues of the fibrosis group. Nilotinib also decreased carbonyl groups and nitric oxide levels and increased thiol groups and glutathione peroxidase activity in the fibrosis groups. The histopathological changes were found to be attenuated by Nilotinib. In conclusion, Nilotinib can improve liver fibrosis and open new mechanisms of the anti-fibrotic properties of Nilotinib.

A Case of Hypersomnolence with Subclinical Hypothyroidism Treated with Levothyroxine

We present a patient who complained of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), which started three years ago. She had no other medical, neurological, and psychiatric disorders. Nocturnal polysomnography did not indicate any sleep disorders, which might cause daytime EDS, such as obstructive sleep apnea. The following multiple sleep latency test was not compatible for narcolepsy. Her laboratory findings were remarkable for subclinical hypothyroidism, although free T4 and T3 were within reference rage, she had elevated thyroid stimulating hormone. After four weeks of levothyroxine treatment, her EDS resolved. The hypersomnolence, as a presenting symptom of subclinical hypothyroidism, was optimally treated after thyroid hormone replacement.

Up-Regulation of the Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products in the Skin Biopsy Specimens of Patients with Severe Diabetic Neuropathy

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) may contribute to the development of diabetic neuropathy. To assess its relevance in humans, this study examined the expression of RAGE in the skin biopsy samples of patients with diabetes mellitus, and investigated its correlation with intraepidermal nerve-fiber density (IENFD) and clinical measures of neuropathy severity. METHODS: Forty-four patients who either had type 2 diabetes or were prediabetes underwent clinical evaluation and a 3-mm skin punch biopsy. The clinical severity of their neuropathy was assessed using the Michigan Diabetic Neuropathy Score. IENFD was measured along with immunohistochemical staining for RAGE in 29 skin biopsy samples. The expression of RAGE was also quantified by real-time reverse-transcription PCR in the remaining 15 patients. RESULTS: RAGE was localized mostly in the dermal and subcutaneous vascular endothelia. The staining was more intense in patients with a lower IENFD (p=0.004). The quantity of RAGE mRNA was significantly higher in patients with severe neuropathy than in those with no or mild neuropathy (p=0.003). The up-regulation of RAGE was related to dyslipidemia and diabetic nephropathy. There was a trend toward decreased sural nerve action-potential amplitude and slowed peroneal motor-nerve conduction with increasing RAGE expression. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study demonstrate up-regulation of RAGE in skin biopsy samples from patients with diabetic neuropathy, supporting a pathogenic role of RAGE in the development of diabetic neuropathy.

Would medical students enter an exclusion zone in an infected district with a high mortality rate? An analysis of book reports on 28 (secondary publication) / 보건의료교육평가

This study aimed to ascertain whether medical students would enter a closed area where there was a raging epidemic of an infectious disease with a high fatality rate, and includes reasons for the students entering or refusing to enter. Participants included 50 second-year medical students. They were assigned to read a novel entitled 28, written by Youjeong Jeong, and discuss it in groups. Using their book reports, their decisions of whether or not to enter Hwayang, the city from the novel, and the reasons for their decisions were analyzed; we furthermore investigated the factors affecting their decisions. Among the 50 respondents, 18 students (36%) answered that they would enter, and the remaining 32 students (64%) answered that they would not enter the zone. The reasons given for entering were responsibility (44%), sense of ethics (33%), social duty (17%), and sense of guilt (6%). The reasons the students provided for not entering were inefficiency (44%), worry regarding family (28%), needlessness of sacrifice (19%), and safety not ensured (9%). Students who had four or fewer family members were more likely to enter Hwayang than were students who had five or more family members (odds ratio, 1.85). Students who had completed over 100 hours of volunteer work were more likely to enter Hwayang than were students who had volunteered less than 100 hours (odds ratio, 2.04). Owing to their "responsibility" as a doctor, 36% of medical students answered that they would enter an exclusion zone in an infected district with a high fatality rate. However, 64% answered they would not enter because of "inefficiency." For the medical students it is still a question 'To enter or not to enter?'

French version of the Rating Scale for aggressive behaviour in the Elderly (F-RAGE): psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy / Versão francesa da Escala de Avaliação do Comportamento Agressivo em Idosos: propriedades psicométricas e utilidade diagnóstica

Aggressive behaviour is the most disturbing and distressing behaviour displayed by elderly people. The prevalence of aggressive behaviour is around 50% among psychogeriatric patients. OBJECTIVE: This study sought to analyze the psychometric properties and diagnostic accuracy of the French version of the Rating Scale for Aggressive Behaviour in the Elderly (F-RAGE). METHODS: The F-RAGE was administered to 79 patients hospitalized in a geriatric psychiatry department. A psychiatrist, who was blind to the subjects' RAGE scores, performed the diagnosis for aggressivity based on global clinical impression. The F-RAGE and MMSE were applied by a trained researcher blind to subjects' clinical diagnoses while the Cohen-Mans Agitation Inventory and Neuropsychiatric Inventory were administered by medical and nursing staff. Internal consistency, reliability, cut-off points, sensitivity and specificity for F-RAGE were estimated. RESULTS: F-RAGE showed satisfactory validity and reliability measurements. Regarding reliability, Cronbach's ? coefficient was satisfactory with a value of 0.758. For diagnostic accuracy, a cut-off point of 8 points (sensitivity=74.19%; specificity=97.98%) and area under curve of 0.960 were estimated to distinguish between aggressive patients and control subjects. DISCUSSION: F-RAGE showed acceptable psychometric properties, supported by evidence of validity and reliability for its use in the diagnosis of aggressive behaviour in elderly.

O comportamento agressivo é o comportamento mais perturbador e angustiante que possa ser apresentado pelos idosos. A prevalência de comportamento agressivo é cerca de 50% entre os pacientes psicogeriátricos. OBJETIVO: Analisar as propriedades psicométricas e acurácia diagnóstica da versão francesa da Escala de Avaliação do Comportamento Agressivo em Idosos (F-RAGE). MÉTODOS: A F-RAGE foi administrada a 79 pacientes internados no departamento de psiquiatria geriátrica. Um psiquiatra que era cego às pontuações F-RAGE dos sujeitos realizou o diagnóstico de DSM-IV com base na impressão clínica global. O F-RAGE e MMSE foram realizados por um pesquisador treinado cego ao diagnóstico clínico dos sujeitos e o Inventário de agitação de Cohen-Mans e o Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico pela equipe médica e de enfermagem. Consistência interna, pontos de corte, sensibilidade e especificidade para F-RAGE foram estimados. RESULTADOS: F-RAGE mostrou validade satisfatória e medidas de confiabilidade. Em relação à confiabilidade, coeficiente ? de Cronbach foi satisfatória com um valor de 0,758. Para maior precisão de diagnóstico, um ponto de corte de 8 pontos (sensibilidade=74,2%, especificidade=98,0%) e área sob a curva de 0,960 foram estimados para distinguir entre os pacientes agressivos e controles.DISCUSSÃO: F-RAGE mostrou propriedades psicométricas aceitáveis, apoiados por evidências de validade e confiabilidade para sua utilização no diagnóstico do comportamento agressivo em idosos.

The characteristics of medical students' personality types and interpersonal needs / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: Medical students' personality types and interpersonal needs must be considered. The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of personality types and interpersonal needs. METHODS: A total of 171 students in Konyang University College of Medicine were examined using the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation-Behavior (FIRO-B). The data were analyzed by frequency analysis, t-test, and one-sample proportion test. RESULTS: The proportion of the 4 pairs of MBTI dimensions were Extroversion (E)-Introversion (I) (53.2% vs. 46.8%), Sensing (S)-Intuition (N) (63.2% vs. 36.8%), Thinking (T)-Feeling (F) (59.7% vs. 40.4%), and Judging (J)-Perceiving (P) (56.1% vs. 43.9%). The predominant personality types were ISTJ (16.4%), ESTJ (14.0%), and ESFJ (10.5%). The level of interpersonal needs were medium rage that was inclusion (mean=8.1), control (mean=8.8), affection (mean=8.1), expressed behavior (mean=12.1), wanted behavior (mean=12.9), and overall interpersonal needs (mean=25.0). Of the basic social needs, males and females differed significantly with regard to control needs (p=0.028). CONCLUSION: Educational programs that take into account personality types and characteristics of interpersonal needs are crucial in providing effective medical education. Our results suggest that the characteristics of personality types and interpersonal needs should be considered in developing an interpersonal relations improvement program for medical students.

Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Polymorphism on Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) exert various toxic effects through the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of AGE-RAGE. Recent studies have suggested that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) reduces the accumulation of AGEs in diabetes partly by increasing the production and secretion of sRAGE into the plasma. This report describes the relationship between sRAGE and ACE polymorphism in maintenance hemodialysis patients. METHODS: The levels of sRAGE and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ACE polymorphism was detected by PCR amplification. RESULTS: The distributions of ACE genotypes in 105 hemodialysis patients were as follows: II, 56 (35.9%); ID, 29 (18.6%); and DD, 20 (12.8%). According to the ACE genotypes, the study group consisted of II (n = 56) and ID + DD group (n = 49). sRAGE was correlated with age (r = -0.24; p = 0.013). There were significant differences in sRAGE, AOPP, age, duration of dialysis, C-reactive protein, or 24-h urine volume between two genotype groups. There were no significant differences in sRAGE levels, even though the effect of age was treated as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that sRAGE may be affected only by age, and not by ACE polymorphism in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Polymorphism on Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End-Products in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) exert various toxic effects through the receptor for AGEs (RAGE). Soluble RAGE (sRAGE) is a naturally occurring inhibitor of AGE-RAGE. Recent studies have suggested that inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) reduces the accumulation of AGEs in diabetes partly by increasing the production and secretion of sRAGE into the plasma. This report describes the relationship between sRAGE and ACE polymorphism in maintenance hemodialysis patients. METHODS: The levels of sRAGE and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and ACE polymorphism was detected by PCR amplification. RESULTS: The distributions of ACE genotypes in 105 hemodialysis patients were as follows: II, 56 (35.9%); ID, 29 (18.6%); and DD, 20 (12.8%). According to the ACE genotypes, the study group consisted of II (n = 56) and ID + DD group (n = 49). sRAGE was correlated with age (r = -0.24; p = 0.013). There were significant differences in sRAGE, AOPP, age, duration of dialysis, C-reactive protein, or 24-h urine volume between two genotype groups. There were no significant differences in sRAGE levels, even though the effect of age was treated as a covariate. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that sRAGE may be affected only by age, and not by ACE polymorphism in maintenance hemodialysis patients.

Receptor for Advanced Glycation Endproducts (RAGE), Its Ligands, and Soluble RAGE: Potential Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Therapeutic Targets for Human Renal Diseases

Receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is a multi-ligand receptor that is able to bind several different ligands, including advanced glycation endproducts, high-mobility group protein (B)1 (HMGB1), S-100 calcium-binding protein, amyloid-beta-protein, Mac-1, and phosphatidylserine. Its interaction is engaged in critical cellular processes, such as inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and migration, and dysregulation of RAGE and its ligands leads to the development of numerous human diseases. In this review, we summarize the signaling pathways regulated by RAGE and its ligands identified up to date and demonstrate the effects of hyper-activation of RAGE signals on human diseases, focused mainly on renal disorders. Finally, we propose that RAGE and its ligands are the potential targets for the diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment of numerous renal diseases.

Road rage and road traffic accidents among commercial vehicle drivers in Lahore, Pakistan

Road rage and road traffic accidents increase the burden of morbidity and mortality in a population. A cross-sectional survey with convenience sampling was conducted among commercial vehicle drivers in Lahore, Pakistan [N= 901] to record their behaviours/experiences regarding road rage and road traffic accidents. Respondents were asked about incidents of shouting/cursing/rude gestures or threats to physically hurt the person/vehicle, by others or themselves, in the previous 24 hours or 3 months, and their involvement in road traffic accidents in the previous 12 months. Auto-rickshaw drivers were significantly more likely to report various road rage experiences/ behaviours and involvement in accidents compared with bus and wagon drivers. A total of 112 respondents [12.4%] reported being involved in a road traffic accident in the previous 12 months but traffic police did not record the accident in 52.7% of cases. The results of this study underline the need to improve road safety in Pakistan

Birth statistics of high birth weight infants (macrosomia) in Korea / 소아과

PURPOSE: The authors analyzed the trend from the birth-related statistics of high birth weight infants (HBWIs) over 50 years in Korea from 1960 to 2010. METHODS: We used 2 data sources, namely, the hospital units (1960's to 1990's) and Statistics Korea (1993 to 2010). The analyses include the incidence of HBWIs, birth weight distribution, sex ratio, and the relationship of HBWI to maternal age. RESULTS: The hospital unit data indicated the incidence of HBWI as 3 to 7% in the 1960's and 1970's and 4 to 7% in the 1980's and 1990's. Data from Statistics Korea indicated the percentages of HBWIs among total live births decreased over the years: 6.7% (1993), 6.3% (1995), 5.1% (2000), 4.5% (2000), and 3.5% (2010). In HBWIs, the birth weight rages and percentage of incidence in infants' were 4.0 to 4.4 kg (90.3%), 4.5 to 4.9 kg (8.8%), 5.0 to 5.4 kg (0.8%), 5.5 to 5.9 kg (0.1%), and >6.0 kg (0.0%) in 2000 but were 92.2%, 7.2%, 0.6%, 0.0%, and 0.0% in 2009. The male to female ratio of HBWIs was 1.89 in 1993 and 1.84 in 2010. In 2010, the mother's age distribution correlated with low (4.9%), normal (91.0%), and high birth weights (3.6%): an increase in mother's age resulted in an increase in the frequency of low birth weight infants (LBWIs) and HBWIs. CONCLUSION: The incidence of HBWIs for the past 50 years has been dropping in Korea. The older the mother, the higher was the risk of a HBWI and LBWI. We hope that these findings would be utilized as basic data that will aid those managing HBWIs.

A influência da raiva e da empatia sobre a satisfação conjugal / The influence of anger and empathy on the marital satisfaction

O estudo avaliou a influência da raiva e da expressão de empatia no casamento sobre a satisfação conjugal. Participaram da pesquisa 120 pessoas casadas, com idades de 25 a 76 anos. Para avaliação foram utilizados três instrumentos de autoinforme: Questionário de Empatia Conjugal; Escala de Satisfação Conjugal e Inventário de Expressão de Raiva como Estado e Traço.Os resultados revelaram que houve correlação positiva entre empatia conjugal e satisfação conjugal (r = 0,48; p < 0,001), enquanto a raiva manteve correlação negativa com a satisfação conjugal (r = -0,30; p < 0,01). As análises de regressão múltipla indicaram que a expressão de empatia aumenta e a raiva disfuncional diminui a satisfação conjugal. Verificou-se também a influência das variáveis idade, sexo, tempo de casamento e número de filhos sobre a satisfação no casamento. Conforme os principais resultados, conclui-se que a empatia e a raiva são fatores que influenciam a satisfação conjugal

The study evaluated the influence of anger and expression of empathy in marriage on marital satisfaction. 120 married people participated (ages ranged from 25 to 76 years old). For evaluation, three self-report instruments were used: Marital Empathy Questionnaire, Marital Satisfaction Scale and State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory. The results revealed there was a positive correlation between marital empathy and marital satisfaction (r = 0.48, p <0.001), and a negative correlation between anger and marital satisfaction (r = -0.30, p <0.01). The multiple regression analyzes indicated that the expression of empathy increases the marital satisfaction and dysfunctional anger decreases it. Also, it was observed the influence of age, sex, duration of marriage and number of children on satisfaction in marriage. As the main results, we conclude that empathy and anger are factors that influence marital satisfaction

Heat Shock Protein as Molecular Targets for Breast Cancer Therapeutics / 한국유방암학회지

Recent advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the breast cancer development and progression have led to the identification of numerous novel molecular targets. Among these, heat shock proteins (HSPs) are being emerging molecular target due to its diverse function in cancer cells. HSPs are highly conserved molecular chaperone that are synthesized by cell in response to various stress conditions. Mammalian HSPs have been classified into several families according to their molecular weight: HSP100, HSP90, HSP72, and small molecular HSPs (including HSP27). They are essential proteins that play a key role in cell survival through the cytoprotective mechanisms. In addition, HSPs are often overexpressed in a rage of cancers including breast cancer, and its overexpression seems to be associated with poor clinical outcomes. Also, HSP90 play a role in facilitating transformation by stabilizing the mutated and overexpressed oncoproteins found in breast cancer cell. Pharmacological targeting of HSP is therefore indicated and in the case of HSP90, numerous inhibitory drugs are undergoing clinical trial for treatment of breast cancer and other cancers. In this review, we describe the roles of HSPs in cancer cell and introduce the HSPs inhibitor as molecular target in cancer therapy and its recent clinical trials in breast cancer.

Children and their parents' perceptions of symptom severity and treatment preference for Tourette syndrome

This study surveys children and their parents' perceptions, and their treatment preference of significant/bothersome symptoms in children with Tourette syndrome. Thirty five children and adolescents who referred to an out-patient clinic of a Child Psychiatry Clinic were selected as subjects for this study. The children and their parents were interviewed about their perception of significant/bothersome symptoms of motor tics, vocal tics, learning difficulties, attention deficit disorder, hyperactivity, obsessions, compulsions, and rage attacks. About two thirds of the subjects had symptom of rage. Inattentiveness and hyperactivity were observed in more than half of the children. There was a statistically significant difference between parents and their children in frequency of motor tics and rage attacks. Children reported the necessity for controlling and management of these symptoms less than their parents. The rates of motor, vocal tics and rage attacks in the Iranian sample are similar to other studies. Rage attack is one of the most common significant/bothersome symptoms reported that should be treated. While motor tics were not rated among the most common features that should be treated in a study in Canada, it was the most common significant/bothersome symptom in Iran. Parents perceive motor tics and rage attacks as more significant/bothersome symptoms compared to children