Fatores associados à perda de produtividade em pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito: um estudo prospectivo / Associated factors from loss productivity among people involved in road traffic accident: a prospective study

RESUMO: Objetivo: Estudar fatores associados à perda de produtividade em pessoas envolvidas em acidentes de trânsito (AT). Métodos: Realizou-se uma coorte prospectiva de base comunitária no município de Jequié, Bahia, Brasil, entre 2013 e 2015. Foi aplicado instrumento de coleta em forma de formulário em participantes que se envolviam em AT, seguido de entrevistas a cada quatro meses. Investigou-se, por meio da análise bivariada e multivariável, a associação entre perda de produtividade e variáveis sociodemográficas e ocupacionais, condições de saúde e gravidade das lesões. Resultados: Observaram-se incidência cumulativa de perda de produtividade de 61,1% e densidade de incidência geral de 7,45 casos/100 pessoas/mês. A análise multivariável demonstrou associação com perda de produtividade para quem utilizava o veículo como instrumento de trabalho (razão de densidade de incidência - RDI = 4,23; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%) = 2,90 - 6,17) e aqueles que apresentaram lesão corporal (RDI = 2,80; IC95% = 1,62 - 4,85). Conclusão: São necessárias políticas públicas que assegurem a segurança no trânsito a fim de minimizar os efeitos dos AT sobre a produtividade, além da realização de novos estudos na área para ampliar o conhecimento sobre o tema.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To study associated factors with loss productivity in people involved road traffic accidents (RTA). Methods: The population based cohort study was conducted in Jequié, Brazil between 2013 to 2015. The instrument for interview was used in people involved in RTA and interview in four months. Individuals, occupational, health conditions, injury and support variables were used for bivariate and multivariate analysis. Results: The cumulative incidence was loss productivity was 61.1% and density incidence of 7.45 cases/100 person-month. Multivariate analysis showed association for injury (IDR = 4.23; 95%CI = 2.90 - 6.17) and vehicle used with work instrument (IDR = 2.80; 95%CI = 1.62 - 4.85). Conclusion: Public policies are needed to ensure traffic safety in order to minimize the effects of RTA about productivity and to carry news studies to expand knowledge about loss productivity.

Carga de enfermedad por lesiones de causa externa en Casanare, Colombia, 2008-2012 / Burden of disease by external causes of injury in Casanare-Colombia, 2008-2012

RESUMEN Objetivo Estimar la carga de enfermedad por lesiones de causa externa (LCE) en el departamento de Casanare durante 2008-2012. Métodos Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo desde los registros de la notificación al Sivigila de los eventos agrupados como LCE y los eventos reportados al Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Lesiones de Causa Externa (SIVELCE). Análisis de variables en tiempo-lugar-persona mediante estadística descriptiva, con plantillas disponibles vía OMS en Microsoft Office® Excel 2013 y Epi-Info® 7.1.3. Resultados Entre 2008-2012 fueron notificados al Sistema de Salud Pública (SIVI-GILA) 5 829 casos agrupados como LCE: accidente ofídico 751(12,9%), agresiones por rabia 3 774(64,7%), intoxicaciones 1 231(21,1%), lesiones por pólvora 32(0,5%) y violencia 41(0,7%), razón hombre/mujer 1:1, edad promedio 25±19,3(r=0,01-92) años, años de vida ajustados por discapacidad (AVAD) 821(2,5 años por 1 000 habitantes); y, al SIVELCE 15 539 reportes: lesiones intencionales 12 834(82,6%) y lesiones no intencionales 2 704(17,4%), razón hombre/mujer 1:1, edad promedio 28±14,1(r=0,03-90) años, relación entre morir por lesiones intencionales vs lesiones no intencionales tuvo una razón de disparidad OR=0,12 (X2=1 060,56 1 g.l, valor-p=0,0), AVAD 18 179(55,8/1 000). Conclusiones Las LCE afectan por igual a hombres y mujeres, los AVAD ocurren a expensas de la morbilidad. Todas las LCE son prevenibles, por tanto, es necesario fortalecer las respectivas acciones de vigilancia, prevención y control.(AU)

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the burden of disease for external causes of injury in the department of Casanare during the 2008-2012 period. Materials and Methods Retrospective descriptive study on the records of the events grouped as external causes of injury notified to SIVIGILA and the events reported to the Epidemiological Surveillance System of External Causes (SIVELCE). Analysis of time, place, and person variables through descriptive statistics, using templates available via WHO in Microsoft Office® Excel 2013 and Epi-Info® 7.1.3. Results Between 2008 and 2012, 5 829 cases grouped as external causes of injury were notified to SIVIGILA: 751 ophidic accidents (12.9%), 3 774 rabies attacks (64.7%), 1 231 poisoning cases (21.1%), 32 gunpowder injuries (0.5%), and 41 cases of violence (0.7%), with a male/female ratio of 1:1, average age of 25±19,3 (r=0.01-92), and 821 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) (2. 5 years per 1 000 inhabitants). In turn, SIVELCE received 15 539 reports: 12 834 intentional injuries (82.6%) and 2 704 unintentional injuries (17.4%), with a male/female ratio of 1:1, average age of 28±14.1 (r=0.03-90), correlation between dying by intentional injuries vs. unintentional injuries with an odds ratio of OR=0.12 (X2=1 060.56 1 g.l; p value=0.0), and DALY of 18 179 (55.8/1 000). Conclusions The external causes of injury affect men and women equally; DALYs occur at the expense of morbidity. All external causes of injury are preventable; therefore, it is necessary to strengthen surveillance, prevention and control actions.(AU)

A new low-cost negative-pressure wound therapy versus a commercially available therapy device widely used to treat complex traumatic injuries: a prospective, randomized, non-inferiority trial

OBJECTIVES: Negative-pressure wound therapy has been widely adopted to reduce the complexity of treating a broad range of acute and chronic wounds. However, its cost is high. The objective of this study was to evaluate the following two different methods of negative-pressure wound therapy in terms of healing time: a low-cost method of negative-pressure wound therapy (a pressure stabilizer device connected to a hospital wall-vacuum system with a gauze-sealed dressing, USP) and the standard of care (vacuum-assisted closure, VAC). METHODS: This is a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority, unblinded trial. Patients admitted with complex injuries to a trauma center in a public referral hospital who were indicated for orthopedic surgery were randomized to a USP or VAC group. The primary outcome was the time required to achieve a "ready for surgery condition", which was defined as a wound bed with healthy granulation tissue and without necrosis or purulent secretion. Wound bed area contraction, granulation tissue growth and the direct costs of the dressings were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Variation in area and granulation tissue growth were essentially the same between the systems, and healing time was equal between the groups (p=0.379). In both systems, serial debridement increased wound area (p=0.934), and granulation tissue was also increased (p=0.408). The mean treatment cost was US$ 15.15 in the USP group and US$ 872.59 in the VAC group. CONCLUSIONS: For treating complex traumatic injuries, USP was non-inferior to and less expensive than VAC.

Costos directos de atención médica de accidentes de tránsito en Bogotá D. C / Direct costs involved in providing medical attention associated with traffic accidents in Bogotá

Objetivo Determinar los costos de atención médica generados por la accidentalidad vial en Bogotá. Metodología Estudio observacional prospectivo con datos de pacientes mayores de edad atendidos en la central de urgencias de 6 instituciones hospitalarias. Resultados El promedio del costo totalde atención por paciente fue de $1'112.000 El costo promedio día de paciente hospitalizado fue de $1'200.000. Pacientes con atención ambulatoria tuvieron un costo promedio de $247.400. El costo promedio por accidente se calculó en $2'333.700. Los costos médicos por accidentes en el periodo de análisis en Bogotá fueron aproximadamente $2.301'028.200. Cifras en pesos de 2011. Conclusiones Los costos de la atención médica de los accidentes de tránsito constituyen una carga económica considerable.

Objective To determine the cost of medical attention associated with traffic accidents in Bogotá, Colombia. Methods Prospective observational study with data from adult patients attended to in the emergency centers of 6 hospitals. Results Average total cost per patient was $1'112.000 COP. Average daily cost of hospitalized patients was $1'200.000 COP. Average cost of ambulatory treated patients ascended to $247.400 COP. Cost per accident calculated was $2'333.700 COP. In the whole city during study period, total medical costs were around $2.301'028.200 COP. All data was expressed in 2011 Colombian pesos. Conclusion The medical cost of transit accidents is a significant economic burden.

El estado de las lesiones causadas por el tránsito en México: evidencias para fortalecer la estrategia mexicana de seguridad vial / Road traffic injuries in Mexico: evidences to strengthen the Mexican road safety strategy / Lesões por acidentes de trânsito no México: evidências para fortalecer a estratégia de segurança rodoviária mexicana

Mediante la revisión de información secundaria oficial, publicaciones científicas y el análisis de la ENSANut-2012, este trabajo busca proveer una visión integral de la magnitud actual de las lesiones causadas por el tránsito (LCT) en México y analizar críticamente la respuesta social organizada. Las altas tasas de choques, lesiones, muertes y discapacidad atribuidas a este problema de salud pública, representan un elevado costo para la sociedad mexicana, en especial para los hogares. Se discute cómo la respuesta mexicana se ha enfocado a los automovilistas, dejando fuera a usuarios vulnerables de la vía pública y se ha privilegiado la implementación de estrategias poco efectivas. A pesar de que se dispone de legislación para los principales factores de riesgo, se ha descuidado su correcta aplicación. La estrategia mexicana podría fortalecerse implementando estrategias de movilidad seguras, equitativas, saludables y sostenibles para los diferentes actores de la vía pública. A pesar de los avances que se han dado en términos de prevención de LCT, existen aún retos y oportunidades para el país.

Based on a review of secondary data and the scientific literature and an analysis of the ENSANut-2012 database, the current study provides a comprehensive overview of the current burden of road traffic injuries (RTI) in Mexico and analyzes the country’s social response to RTI. The high collision, injury, mortality, and disability rates associated with this public health problem represent a high cost for Mexican society, especially for families. The paper argues that the Mexican response has focused on vehicle occupants while overlooking vulnerable road users and has prioritized strategies with limited effectiveness. Although the country’s existing legislation addresses the main risk factors, enforcement has been limited. Finally, the paper makes some recommendations for strengthening the Mexican strategy to prevent RTI, such as safe, equitable, healthy, and sustainable mobility for all types of road users. Despite some strides in RTI prevention, there are still challenges and opportunities to be addressed in the future.

Por meio da revisão oficial de informações secundárias, publicações científicas e da análise da ENSANut 2012, este trabalho visa a proporcionar uma visão abrangente da magnitude atual das lesões causadas pelo trânsito no México e analisar criticamente a resposta social organizada. Os altos índices de acidentes, lesões, mortes e invalidez atribuídos a esse problema de saúde pública representam um alto custo para a sociedade mexicana, especialmente para as famílias. Discutimos neste estudo como a resposta mexicana tem focado em motoristas, deixando de fora os usuários vulneráveis das vias, e tem favorecido a implementação de estratégias pouco efetivas. Embora exista legislação que abrange os principais fatores de risco, tem sido negligenciada a sua correta aplicação. A estratégia mexicana poderia ser fortalecida por meio da implementação de estratégias de mobilidade segura, equitativa, saudável e sustentável para os diferentes atores da vias. Apesar dos grandes avanços que foram feitos em termos de prevenção das lesões causadas pelo trânsito, ainda existem desafios e oportunidades para o país.

New regulations on compensation for injury and death in drug trials.

In 2005, the government amended Schedule Y of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and Rules, 1945, to liberalise the conduct of global drug trials in India. Proponents of this policy had asserted that we needed less, and not more, regulation, in order to expand the business of drug trials. Many from the medical profession, the bioethics community and civil society groups have been critical of this policy.

Collaborative multicenter trials in Latin America: challenges and opportunities in orthopedic and trauma surgery / Estudos colaborativos na America Latina: desafios e oportunidades em cirurgia ortopedica e traumatologica

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Orthopedic research agendas should be considered from a worldwide perspective. Efforts should be planned as the means for obtaining evidence that is valid for health promotion with global outreach. DESIGN AND SETTING Exploratory study conducted at Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brazil, and McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada. METHODS We identified and analyzed collaborative and multicenter research in Latin America, taking into account American and Canadian efforts as the reference points. We explored aspects of the data available from official sources and used data from traffic accidents as a model for discussing collaborative research in these countries. RESULTS The evaluation showed that the proportion of collaborative and multicenter studies in our setting is small. A brief analysis showed that the death rate due to traffic accidents is very high. Thus, it seems clear to us that initiatives involving collaborative studies are important for defining and better understanding the patterns of injuries resulting from orthopedic trauma and the forms of treatment. Orthopedic research may be an important tool for bringing together orthopedic surgeons, researchers and medical societies for joint action. CONCLUSIONS We have indicated some practical guidelines for initiatives in collaborative research and have proposed some solutions with a summarized plan of action for conducting evidence-based research involving orthopedic trauma. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS A programação de pesquisa em ortopedia deve ser considerada do ponto de vista global. Esforços devem ser planejados como forma de se obter evidência que seja válida para promoção da saúde de alcance mundial. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL Estudo exploratório conduzido na Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), São Paulo, Brasil e na McMaster University, Hamilton, Canadá. MÉTODOS Identificamos e analisamos pesquisas multicênticas/colaborativas realizadas na América Latina, considerando os esforços nos Estados Unidos e Canadá como referência. Para tal, exploramos os aspectos dos dados disponíveis em fontes oficiais e utilizamos os dados provenientes de acidentes de trânsito como modelo de discussão de pesquisas colaborativas nestes países. RESULTADOS A avaliação demonstra uma pequena proporção de estudos colaborativos/multicêntricos em nosso meio. Análise breve demonstrou que existe enorme proporção de mortes devidas a traumas provenientes dos acidentes de trânsito. Dessa forma, parece-nos claro que iniciativas envolvendo estudos colaborativos são importantes para a definição e melhor entendimento do padrão das lesões provenientes de trauma ortopédico e as formas de tratamento. A pesquisa ortopédica pode ser importante ferramenta para aglutinar cirurgiões ortopédicos, pesquisadores e sociedades médicas para uma ação em conjunto. CONCLUSÕES Apontamos algumas diretrizes práticas para iniciativas em pequisas colaborativas e propusemos algumas soluções com um plano de ação resumido para a realização de pesquisa baseada em evidências envolvendo trauma ortopédico. .

Calidad de vida de persona con heridas complejas en Cartagena, Colombia / The quality of life for people suffering from complex wounds in Cartagena, Colombia

Objetivo Estimar la Calidad de Vida Relacionada con Salud-CVRS- de personas con heridas complejas que reciben cuidados en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud Extramural en Cartagena, durante mayo-junio de 2010. Materiales y métodos Estudio cuantitativo, descriptivo, cuya población y muestra fueron 93 personas adultas que reciben cuidados en el programa de heridas complejas de una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud Extramural de la ciudad de Cartagena. Se aplicó un cuestionario sobre características socio demográfico, una guía de observación sobre las características de las heridas y el "Índice Multicultural de Calidad de Vida". Para el análisis estadístico se empleó el software SPSS 12. Resultados El promedio de edad fue de 59,3 años; predominó género femenino, 61,3 %; estado civil casado, 43,0 %; ocupación hogar, 38,7 %; escolaridad primaria, 38,7 %; y estratos socio-económicos 2 y 3, 68,8 %. El 93,5 % de los participantes tienen afiliación a la seguridad social en salud. Las heridas complejas se caracterizaron por presentar mayor porcentaje en la fase proliferativa de la cicatrización, 80,6 %; medir de seis a diez centímetros, 63,4 %; no reportar infecciones, 85 %; no presentar amputación, 90,3 %; ni dolor relacionado con la herida, 52,7 % y presentar limitación física relacionada con la herida, 66,7 %. Conclusiones Las personas perciben su CVRS como mala, resaltando con baja puntuación las dimensiones de plenitud personal, funcionamiento ocupacional y bienestar físico y psicológico.

Objective Estimating the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of people suffering complex wounds who were receiving care in an extramural health service provider institution in Cartagena during May-June 2010. Materials and methods This was a quantitative, descriptive study where the population/sample consisted of 93 adults receiving care in an extramural health service provider institution's complex wounds program in the city of Cartagena. A questionnaire regarding socio-demographic characteristics, an observational guide on the characteristics of injuries and the Multicultural Quality of Life Index were used. SPSS 12.0 software was used for the statistical analysis. Results Mean age was 59.3 years, females predominated (61.3 %), 43.0 % were married, 38.7 % were housewives, 38.7 % had finished primary education, 68.8 % came from socioeconomic levels 2 and 3 and 93.5 % of the participants had health social security affiliation. Complex wounds were characterised by a greater percentage being in the proliferative phase of healing (80.6 %), measuring six to ten inches (63.4 %) no infection being reported (85%), no amputation (90.3 %) or wound-related pain (52.7 %) and presenting physical limitations related to the wound (66.7 %). Conclusions People perceived their HRQOL as poor, their low scores highlighting low personal fulfillment, occupational functioning and physical and psychological wellbeing.

La enfermedad trauma / Trauma disease

Reports of the World Health Organization make known that the non-intentional lesions and the violence (intentional injuries) are a threatening possibility for the world's health and they represnt a 9 per cent of the whole mortality. Around 5,804,000 subjects die yearly due to lesions (16,000 subjects each day). Eight of the 15 causes of death, of the persons between 15 through 25 years old are related to violence or non-intentional injuries, whether they are produced by vehicular collisions, suicides, homicides, suffocation, burns, wars, poisoning or fallz. In Argentina, each year 8,000 subjects die due to vehicular collisions. According with the National Ministry of health, this number represents the 25 per cent of the deaths due to trauma. We think that it is interesing to present two aspects that require a conceptualization with a scientific support: The recognition of trauma as a disease (the disease trauma), and the necessity to not use the term accident to design the lesional mechanism described for non-intentional truama. The participation of institutions in the control of the disease trauma is considered by the authors.

Economic impact of fatal and nonfatal road traffic injuries in Belize in 2007 / Repercusiones económicas de los traumatismos mortales y no mortales por accidentes de tránsito en Belice en 2007

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the economic cost of road traffic injuries in Belize in 2007. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary cost data, assuming the health system and social perspectives. Epidemiologic information was obtained from the mortality database, the national hospital discharge database, and administrative records from police and the Ministry of Health. A health provider survey was carried out in order to estimate the postdischarge ambulatory utilization figures. Direct cost was estimated with the World Health Organization WHO-CHOICE (CHOosing Interventions that are Cost Effective) database. Prehospital costs were obtained from the Belize emergency response team. After estimating years of potential life lost using the Belize life expectancy for 2008 and methodology proposed by the Pan American Health Organization, the indirect cost associated with premature death was estimated with the human capital approach. Total estimation of road traffic injuries' economic costs used a decision tree model approach. Multiway sensitivity analysis was used to incorporate uncertainty in the estimations. RESULTS: Sixty-one people died due to road traffic injuries during 2007, 338 were hospitalized, and 565 people were estimated to be slightly injured. A total of 2 501 years of potential life were lost in Belize due to premature death, with a total economic cost of US$11-062-544. This figure represents 0.9 percent of the Belize gross domestic product. Direct cost was estimated at US$163-503, of which 2.4 percent was spent on fatalities, 46.7 percent on the severely injured, and 50.9 percent on the slightly injured. CONCLUSIONS: The economic cost estimations make clear the need to prevent road traffic injuries with a strategic and multisectoral approach that focuses on addressing the main problems identified.

OBJETIVO: Calcular el costo económico de los traumatismos por accidentes de tránsito registrados en Belice durante el año 2007. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio transversal a partir de datos secundarios sobre los costos, tanto desde la perspectiva social como desde la del sistema de salud. La información epidemiológica se obtuvo a partir de la base de datos de mortalidad, la base de datos nacional de egresos hospitalarios y los expedientes administrativos de la policía y el Ministerio de Salud. Se llevó a cabo una encuesta a los prestadores de servicios de salud para calcular las cifras correspondientes a la atención ambulatoria posterior al egreso. Para calcular los costos directos, se utilizó la base de datos del proyecto WHO-CHOICE (elección de intervenciones eficaces en función de los costos) de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. El equipo de respuesta a las urgencias médicas de Belice aportó los datos sobre los costos prehospitalarios. Después de calcular los años de vida potencial perdidos tomando como parámetro la esperanza de vida de Belice correspondiente al año 2008 y empleando el método propuesto por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud, se calculó el costo indirecto asociado a la muerte prematura desde el enfoque del capital humano. Se utilizó un modelo de árbol de decisiones para calcular el costo económico total derivado de los traumatismos causados por el tránsito y se hizo un análisis de sensibilidad multivariado y probabilístico para incorporar los parámetros de incertidumbre en las estimaciones. RESULTADOS: En Belice, durante el año 2007, los traumatismos causados por el tránsito provocaron la muerte de 61 personas, la hospitalización de 338 y, según se calcula, lesiones menores a 565. Se perdieron 2 501 años de vida potencial a causa de las muertes prematuras, lo que se tradujo en un costo económico total de US$11 062 544. Esta cifra representa 0,9 por ciento del producto interno bruto de Belice. Se calculó que el costo directo fue de US$ 163 503, del cual 2,4 por ciento fue ocasionado por las muertes, 46,7 por ciento por la atención de las personas que sufrieron traumatismos graves y 50,9 por ciento por la atención de quienes presentaron lesiones menores. CONCLUSIONES: El costo económico calculado en este estudio pone de manifiesto la necesidad de prevenir los traumatismos causados por el tránsito adoptando un método estratégico y multisectorial que se centre en abordar los principales problemas detectados.

Estudio retrospectivo de costos de tratamientos intensivos por paciente y día cama / Calculation of costs per inpatient day in an intensive care unit

Background: Intensive medicine is especially expensive and requires an efficient management. Aim: To measure the real costs of diseases treated in an intensive care unit and compare them with the costs assigned by the Chilean National Health Fund (FONASA) for 2008. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of 225 patients, representing 82 percent of discharges from an intensive care unit during 2008. Patients were classified according to their medical conditions as having sepsis, trauma, cardiovascular, respiratory or neurological diseases. Costs were calculated using the cost per activity system. Results: Trauma, sepsis and cardiovascular diseases had the greatest cost per inpatient day, corresponding to 294,779; 253,513 and 244,713 Chilean pesos, respectively. Seventy percent of costs correspond to human resources followed by complementary examinations, that represent up to 15 percent of costs. Patients with sepsis and cardiovascular diseases absorbed 28 and 26 percent of intensive care unit resources, respectively. Patients who died with these diseases absorbed 35 and 16 percent of resources, respectively. Conclusions: All diseases studied had significantly higher costs than those assigned by the National Health Fund.

Results of an exercise to estimate the costs of interpersonal violence in Jamaica / Resultados de un ejercicio para estimar el costo de la violencia interpersonal en Jamaica

This report describes the application of a draft version of the World Health Organization (WHO)/ United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Manual for estimating the economic costs of injuries due to interpersonal and self-directed violence to measure costs of injuries from interpersonal violence. METHODS: Fatal incidence data was obtained from the Jamaica Constabulary Force. The incidence of nonfatal violence-related injuries that required hospitalization was estimated using data obtained from patients treated at and/or admitted to three Type A government hospitals in 2006. RESULTS: During 2006, direct medical cost (J$2.1 billion) of injuries due to interpersonal violence accounted for about 12% of Jamaica's total health budget while productivity losses due to violence-related injuries accounted for approximately J$27.5 billion or 160% of Jamaica's total health expenditure and 4% of Jamaica's Gross Domestic Product. CONCLUSIONS: The availability of accurate and reliable data of the highest quality from health-related information systems is critical for providing useful data on the burden of violence and injury to decision-makers. As Ministries of Health take a leading role in violence and injury prevention, data collection and information systems must have a central role. This study describes the results of one approach to examining the economic burden of interpersonal violence in developing countries where the burden of violence is heaviest. The WHO-CDC manual also tested in Thailand and Brazil is a first step towards generating a reference point for resource allocation, priority setting and prevention advocacy.

Este reporte describe la aplicación de una versión preliminar del Manual de Centros de Estados Unidos para el control y prevención de enfermedades (CDC)/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), para estimar el costo económico de las heridas debidas a la violencia interpersonal y la violencia auto-dirigida, con el fin de evaluar los costos de las heridas por violencia interpersonal. MÉTODOS: Datos sobre las incidencias fatales fueron obtenidos de las Oficinas de la Policía de Jamaica. La incidencia de las heridas no fatales relacionadas con la violencia, pero que no obstante requirieron hospitalización, se calculó a partir de pacientes tratados o ingresados en hospitales gubernamentales del tipo A, en el año 2006. RESULTADOS: Durante el 2006, el costo médico directo (2.1 billones JMD) por heridas a causa de violencia interpersonal, representó alrededor del 12% del total del presupuesto para la salud en Jamaica, mientras que las pérdidas de productividad debido a heridas relacionadas con la violencia, representaron aproximadamente 37.5 billones JMD, o 160% del total de gastos de salud y el 4% del producto interno bruto de Jamaica. CONCLUSIONES: Disponer de datos confiables y exactos de la más alta calidad provenientes de los sistemas de información relacionados con la salud, resulta crucial a las hora de suministrar datos útiles sobre la carga de la violencia y las heridas para quienes tienen a su cargo las tomas de decisiones. Como que los Ministros de Salud desempeñan un papel dirigente en la prevención de las heridas y la violencia, la recogida de datos y los sistemas de información tienen que jugar un papel central. Este estudio describe los resultados de un enfoque para examinar la carga económica de la violencia interpersonal en los países en vías de desarrollo, en los cuales la carga de la violencia es más pesada. El manual CDC-OMS también probado en Tailandia y Brasil, es un primer paso hacia la generación de un punto de referencia para asignar recursos, establecer prioridades y defender la prevención.

Os custos da violência para o sistema público de saúde no Brasil: informações disponíveis e possibilidades de estimação / The cost of violence for the public health system in Brazil: available data and possibilities for estimation

O orçamento público em saúde era da ordem de 53 bilhões de Reais em 2003. Dentro desse orçamento, qual é a parcela referente ao tratamento de vítimas da violência? Devido às limitações dos dados disponíveis não é possível calcular diretamente essa parcela. Neste artigo propomos uma metodologia para estimar o custo da violência para o sistema público de saúde que utiliza informações do Sistema Único de Saúde, dos orçamentos estaduais e municipais e estimativas sobre a demanda por atendimento ambulatorial da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios. Segundo nossos resultados, em 2004 o tratamento de vítimas de causas externas, de agressões e de acidentes de transporte teria custado ao setor público R$ 2,2 bilhões, R$ 119 milhões e R$ 453 milhões, respectivamente. Esses valores são cerca de quatro vezes maiores que aqueles verificados em trabalhos que computaram apenas os custos com internações.

The Brazilian public budget for health was R$ 53 billion (approximately U$ 20 billion) in 2003. What share of this total was to treat victims of violence? It is impossible to estimate that proportion directly, due to limitations in the available data. This paper proposes a methodology to estimate the cost of violence for the public health system, using data from the Unified National Health System, the government budget, and the demand for public medical services (National Household Sample Survey). According to our estimates, in 2004 the costs of treatment for victims of external causes, aggressions, and traffic accidents were R$ 2.2 billion, R$ 119 million, and R$ 453 million, respectively. These findings were approximately four times higher than those observed in other studies.

Civil competence assessment of the mental disorders involved in compensation of personal injury / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To seek and ascertain indicators that can be used in the civil competence assessment of the mental disorders involved in compensation of personal injury.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was made on the data related to the interviewee's mental status assessed by forensic experts during the period from 2003 to 2005 in Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Justice, P.R.China. The 6 indicators, including awareness of situation, factual understanding of issues, appreciation of likely consequences, rational manipulation of information, functioning in one's own environment, and communication of choice, were graded and statistically analyzed using SPSS 11.5 software.@*RESULTS@#The 6 indicators correlated well with the assessment of forensic experts ,with the related coefficient between 0.632 and 0.876, and the inter-related coefficient among the 6 indicators between 0.575 and 0.911.@*CONCLUSION@#The 6 indicators could be used for the civil competence assessment and may also be taken as the basis for further standardization and quantification of civil competence.

La enfermedad trauma / The disease trauma

Reports of the World Health Organization make known that the non-intentional lesions and the violence (intentional injuries) are a threatening possibility for the world's health and they represent a 9% of the whole mortality. Around 5.840.000 subjects die yearly due to lesions (16.000 subjects each day). Eight of the 15 causes of death, of the persons between 15 trough 25 years old are related to violence or non-intentional injuries, whether they are produced by vehicular collisons, suicides, homicides, suffocation, burns, wars, poisoning or falls. In Argentina, each year 8.000 subjects die due to vehicular collisions. According with the National Ministery of Health, this number represents the 25% of the deaths due to trauma. We think that it is interesting to present two aspects that require a conceptualization with a scientific support: The recognition of trauma as a disease (the disease trauma), and the necessity to not use the term accident to design the lesional mechanism described for non-intentional trauma. The participation of Institutions in the control of the disease trauma is considered by the authors.

The Socioeconomic Cost of Injuries in South Korea / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to estimate the socioeconomic cost of injuries in South Korea. METHODS: We matched claims data from national health insurance, automobile insurance and industrial accident compensation insurance (IACI), and mortality data obtained from the national statistical office from 2001 to 2003 by patients' unique identifier. Socioeconomic cost included both direct cost and indirect cost: the direct cost was injury-related medical expenditure and the indirect cost included loss of productivity due to healthcare utilization and premature death. RESULTS: The socioeconomic cost of injuries in Korea was approximately 1.9% of the GDP from 2001 to 2003. That is, 12.1 trillion KRW (Korean Won) in 2001, 12.3 trillion KRW in 2002, and 13.7 trillion KRW in 2003. In 2003, direct medical costs were 24.6% (3.4 trillion KRW), the costs for loss of productivity by healthcare utilization were 13.0% (1.8 trillion KRW), and the costs for loss of productivity by premature death were 62.4% (8.6 trillion KRW). CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the socioeconomic cost of injuries in Korea between 2001 and 2003 was estimated by using not only health insurance claims data, but also automobile insurance, IACI claims and mortality data. We conclude that social efforts are required to reduce the socioeconomic cost of injuries in Korea, which represented approximately 1.9% of the GDP for the time period specified.

Economic burden of road traffic injuries: a micro-costing approach.

This study aimed to determine the economic burden incurred from road traffic injuries in Thailand. It was designed as a prevalence-based cost-of-illness analysis from a societal perspective, employing a micro-costing bottom-up approach. It covered direct medical cost, direct non-medical cost, and indirect cost or productivity loss. Productivity loss covers the costs of work absence or death due to road traffic injuries suffered by persons of working age. We collected data on road traffic injuries and resource utilization which occurred in the fiscal year 2004. A simple random sampling was used to select 200 patients for analysis. The average cost of road traffic injuries per patient was USD 2,596 at 2004 prices. This can be divided into direct cost (USD 102, or 4%) and indirect cost (USD 2,494, or 96%). From these results, we can see that the indirect cost far outweighed the direct cost. To base decisions regarding road safety campaigns on savings of direct costs, particularly direct medical costs, is inadequate. Therefore, data on the complete cost of illness should be taken into account in the planning and creation of a road safety policy.

Gastos do Sistema Único de Saúde com internações por causas externas em São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil / Unified National Health System costs in São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil, for hospital admissions due to external causes

O objetivo do estudo foi mensurar os gastos diretos do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) com internações por causas externas em São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram estudadas as internações por lesões decorrentes de causas externas, respectivamente capítulos XIX e XX da CID-10, no primeiro semestre de 2003, no Hospital Municipal Dr. José de Carvalho Florence. Foram analisados os valores pagos através do SUS, após a verificação da qualidade dos dados nos prontuários de 976 internações. Os maiores gastos totais foram por internações decorrentes de acidentes de transporte e quedas. O maior gasto médio de internação foi por acidentes de transporte (R$ 614,63), seguido das agressões (R$ 594,90). As lesões que representaram maior gasto médio foram as fraturas de pescoço (R$ 1.191,42) e traumatismo intracraniano (R$ 1.000,44). As internações com maior custo-dia foram fraturas do crânio e dos ossos da face (R$ 166,72) e traumatismo intra-abdominal (R$ 148,26). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram que os acidentes de transporte, as quedas e as agressões são importantes fontes de gastos com internações por causas externas no município.

The objective of this study was to identify direct expenditures for hospitalizations due to external causes in the Unified National Health System (SUS) in the city of São José dos Campos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Admissions to the Dr. José de Carvalho Florence Municipal Hospital resulting from external causes or injuries - ICD-10, chapters XIX and XX respectively - were analyzed for the first semester of 2003. 976 patient admission forms were analyzed, after data evaluation. Admissions with the highest total cost were those resulting from motor vehicle accidents and falls. The highest mean cost for hospitalization for injury was due to motor vehicle accidents (BRL 614.63), followed by assault (BRL 594.90). The highest mean cost for hospitalization due to injury was for cervical fractures (BRL 1,191.42) and head injuries (BRL 1,000.44). Hospitalizations with the highest daily cost were skull and facial fractures (BRL 166.72) and abdominal trauma (BRL 148.26). The study confirmed that motor vehicle accidents, falls, and assault are an important source of costs due to hospitalization for injuries.

Doenças do trabalho e benefícios previdenciários relacionados à saúde, Bahia, 2000 / Work-related diseases and health-related compensation claims, Northeastern Brazil, 2000 / Enfermedades del trabajo y beneficios de la previsión relacionados a la salud, Bahia (Brasil), 2000

OBJETIVO: Estimar a contribuição das doenças relacionadas ao trabalho nos afastamentos por problemas de saúde em geral e ocupacionais. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados dados sociodemográficos, ocupacionais e de saúde referentes a 29.658 registros dos benefícios por incapacidade temporária concedidos por agravos à saúde pelo Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social, no Estado da Bahia, em 2000. Foram considerados casos todos os diagnósticos clínicos constantes da CID-10, com exceção das causas externas e fatores que influenciam o contato com os serviços de saúde. A vinculação do diagnóstico com a ocupação baseou-se no código CID-10 e se a espécie do benefício era "acidentária". RESULTADOS: Dentre os benefícios, 3,1 por cento foram concedidos para doenças do trabalho: 70 por cento eram doenças do sistema osteomuscular e do tecido conjuntivo e 14,5 por cento do sistema nervoso. No geral, benefícios concedidos numa freqüência maior que o dobro da esperada foram: para tenossinovites na indústria da transformação (Razão de Proporção-RP=2,70), síndrome do túnel do carpo na intermediação financeira (RP=2,43) e transtornos do disco lombar no ramo de transporte, correio e telecomunicações (RP=2,17). Entretanto, não foi estabelecido nexo causal para estas doenças, nesses ramos de atividade, em percentual significativo de benefícios. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados sugerem a existência de possíveis fatores de risco ocupacionais para enfermidades nesses ramos de atividade, como também o sub-registro da vinculação das patologias com o trabalho, camuflando a responsabilidade das empresas e a perspectiva de prevenção pela reorganização do trabalho.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the contribution of work-related diseases to sick leaves due to general and occupational health problems. METHODS: Sociodemographic, occupational and health data from 29,658 records of temporary disability benefits, granted on account of health problems by the Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social (National Institute of Social Security) in the state of Bahia (Northeastern Brazil), were analyzed. All constant ICD-10 clinical diagnoses were taken into consideration, except for those referring to external causes and factors that influence contact with health services. The link between diagnosis and occupation was based on the ICD-10 code and whether the type of compensation was due to a "work-related accident/disease" or not. RESULTS: From all the benefits, 3.1 percent were granted due to work-related diseases: 70 percent were musculoskeletal system and connective tissue diseases, while 14.5 percent were related to the nervous system. In general, benefits granted at more than two times the expected frequency were as follows: tenosynovitis in the manufacturing sector (Proportion Ratio-PR=2.70), carpal tunnel syndrome in the financial intermediation sector (PR=2.43), and lumbar disc degeneration in the transportation, postal service and telecommunications sectors (PR=2.17). However, no causal connection could be established for these diseases, in these activity sectors, in a significant percentage of benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest the existence of possible occupational risk factors for diseases in these fields of activity, as well as the underreporting of the link between diseases and work, thus disguising the responsibility of companies and the perspective of prevention through work reorganization.

OBJETIVO: Estimar la contribución de las enfermedades relacionadas al trabajo en las licencias por problemas de salud en general y ocupacionales. MÉTODOS: Fueron analizados datos sociodemográficos, ocupacionales y de salud referentes a 29.658 registros de los beneficios por incapacidad temporal concedidos por agravamientos a la salud por el Instituto Nacional do Seguro Social, en el estado de Bahia (Nordeste de Brasil), en 2000. Fueron considerados como casos todos los diagnósticos clínicos constantes de CID-10, con excepción de las causas externas y factores que influencian el contacto con los servicios de salud. La vinculación del diagnóstico con la ocupación se baso en el código CID-10 y si la especie de beneficio era "accidentaria". RESULTADOS: De los beneficios, 3,1 por ciento fueron concedidos para enfermedades de trabajo: 70 por ciento eran enfermedades del sistema osteomuscular y del tejido conjuntivo y 14,5 por ciento del sistema nervioso. En general, beneficios concedidos en una frecuencia mas grande que el doble de lo esperado fueron: para tenossinovites en la industria de transformación (Razón de Proporción-RP=2,70), síndrome del túnel del carpo en la intermediación financiera (RP=2,43) y trastornos del disco lumbar en el ramo del transporte, correo y telecomunicaciones (RP=2,17). Sin embargo, no fue establecido nexo causal para estas enfermedades, en estos ramos de actividad, en porcentual significativo de beneficios. CONCLUSÕES: Los resultados sugieren la existencia de posibles factores de riesgo ocupacionales para enfermedades en estos ramos de actividad, como también el sub-registro de la vinculación de las patologías con el trabajo, camuflando la responsabilidad de las empresas y la perspectiva de premención por la reorganización del trabajo.