Adaptation and validation of the Caregiver Burden Inventory for use with caregivers of elderly individuals / Adaptação e validação do Inventário de Sobrecarga do Cuidador para uso em cuidadores de idosos / Adaptación y validación del Inventario de Sobrecarga del Cuidador para uso en cuidadores de ancianos

OBJECTIVE: to adapt and validate the Caregiver Burden Inventory for use with caregivers of older adults in Brazil. METHOD: methodological study involving initial translation, synthesis of translations, back translation, expert committee review, pre-testing, submission of the final version to the original authors, and assessment of the inventory's psychometric properties. The inventory assesses five dimensions of caregiver burden: time-dependence, developmental, physical, social and emotional dimensions. RESULTS: a total of 120 family caregivers took part in the study. All care-receivers were older adults dependent on assistance to perform activities of daily living, and lived in the central region of the city of Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Cronbach's alpha value for the inventory was 0.936, and the Pearson correlation coefficient for the relationship between the scores obtained on the Caregiver Burden Inventory and the Burden Interview was 0.814. The intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.941, and the value of Student's T-test comparing test and retest scores was 0.792. CONCLUSION: the instrument presented adequate reliability and the suitability of its items and factors was confirmed in this study. .

OBJETIVO: adaptar e validar o Inventário de Sobrecarga do Cuidador para uso em cuidadores de idosos no Brasil. MÉTODO: estudo metodológico envolvendo tradução inicial, síntese das traduções, retrotradução, revisão por comitê de especialistas, pré-teste, envio da versão final para apreciação dos autores da versão original, e avaliação de suas propriedades psicométricas. O inventário avalia cinco dimensões de sobrecarga do cuidador: tempo dependente, sobrecarga à vida pessoal, física, social e emocional. RESULTADOS: participaram do estudo 120 cuidadores familiares. Todos os indivíduos sob cuidado destes cuidadores eram idosos que dependiam de assistência para realizar atividades da vida diária e residiam na região central da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. O valor alfa de Cronbach encontrado para o inventário foi de 0,936 e o coeficiente de correlação Pearson para a relação entre os escores obtidos no Inventário de Sobrecarga do Cuidador e na escala Burden Interview foi de 0,814. O coeficiente de correlação intraclasse foi de 0,941 e o valor do teste t de Student que comparou os escores do teste e reteste foi de 0,792. CONCLUSÃO: o instrumento apresentou confiabilidade apropriada e a adequação de seus itens e domínios foi confirmada neste estudo. .

OBJETIVO: adaptar y validar el Inventario de Sobrecarga del Cuidador para uso en cuidadores de ancianos en Brasil. MÉTODO: estudio metodológico con traducción inicial, síntesis de las traducciones, retrotraducción, revisión por comité de especialistas, preprueba, envío de la traducción final para apreciación de los autores del instrumento original, y evaluación de sus propiedades psicométricas. El Inventario evalúa cinco dominios de sobrecarga del cuidador: tiempo dependiente, sobrecarga en la vida personal, física, social y emocional. RESULTADOS: participaron del estudio 120 cuidadores familiares. Todos los individuos bajo el cuidado de estos cuidadores eran ancianos que dependían de asistencia para realizar actividades de la vida diaria y residían en la región central de la ciudad de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. El valor Alfa de Cronbach encontrado para el Inventario fue 0,936 y el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson para la relación entre los puntajes obtenidos entre el Inventario de Sobrecarga del Cuidador y el Burden Interview fue 0,814. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase fue 0,941 y el valor de la prueba t de Student que comparó los puntajes de la prueba y reprueba fue de 0,792. CONCLUSIÓN: el instrumento presentó confiabilidad apropiada y la adecuación de sus ítems y dominios fue confirmada en este estudio. .

Cultural adaptation, content validity and inter-rater reliability of the "STAR Skin Tear Classification System" / Adaptação cultural, validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade interobservadores do "STAR Skin Tear Classification System" / Adaptación cultural, validez de contenido y confiabilidad interobservadores del "STAR Skin Tear Classification System"

AIMS: to perform the cultural adaptation of the STAR Skin Tear Classification System into the Portuguese language and to test the content validity and inter-rater reliability of the adapted version. METHODS: methodological study with a quantitative approach. The cultural adaptation was developed in three phases: translation, evaluation by a committee of judges and back-translation. The instrument was tested regarding content validity and inter-rater reliability. RESULTS: the adapted version obtained a regular level of concordance when it was applied by nurses using photographs of friction injuries. Regarding its application in clinical practice, the adapted version obtained a moderate and statistically significant level of concordance. CONCLUSION: the study tested the content validity and inter-rater reliability of the version adapted into the Portuguese language. Its inclusion in clinical practice will enable the correct identification of this type of injury, as well as the implementation of protocols for the prevention and treatment of friction injuries. .

OBJETIVOS: realizar a adaptação cultural do STAR Skin Tear Classification System, para a língua portuguesa e testar a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade interobservadores da versão adaptada. MÉTODOS: estudo metodológico com abordagem quantitativa. A adaptação cultural foi desenvolvida em três fases: tradução, avaliação por comitê de juízes e retrotradução. O instrumento foi testado quanto à validade de conteúdo e confiabilidade interobservadores. RESULTADOS: a versão adaptada obteve um nível regular de concordância quando aplicada por enfermeiros em fotografias de lesões por fricção. Quando aplicada na prática clínica, a versão adaptada obteve nível moderado e estatisticamente significativo de concordância. CONCLUSÃO: o estudo atestou a validade de conteúdo e a confiabilidade interobservadores da versão adaptada para a língua portuguesa. Sua inclusão na prática clínica possibilitará a correta identificação desse tipo de lesão, além da implementação de protocolos para a prevenção e tratamento das lesões por fricção. .

OBJETIVOS: realizar la adaptación cultural del STAR Skin Tear Classification System, para el idioma portugués y comprobar la validez de contenido y la confiabilidad interobservadores de la versión adaptada. MÉTODOS: estudio metodológico con abordaje cuantitativo. La adaptación cultural fue desarrollada en tres fases: traducción, evaluación por comité de jueces y retrotraducción. El instrumento fue comprobado en lo que se refiere a su validez de contenido y confiabilidad interobservadores. RESULTADOS: la versión adaptada obtuvo un nivel regular de concordancia cuando fue aplicada por enfermeros utilizando fotografías de lesiones por fricción. Cuando fue aplicado en la práctica clínica, la versión adaptada obtuvo un nivel moderado y estadísticamente significativo de concordancia. CONCLUSIÓN: el estudio comprobó la validez de contenido y la confiabilidad interobservadores de la versión adaptada para el idioma portugués. Su inclusión en la práctica clínica posibilitará la correcta identificación de ese tipo de lesión, además de la implementación de protocolos para la prevención y tratamiento de las lesiones por fricción. .

Changes in physiological and behavioral parameters of preterm infants undergoing body hygiene: a systematic review / Las variaciones de los parámetros fisiológicos y de comportamiento de los recién nacidos pretérminos sometidos a baño de inmersión: una revisión sistemática / Variações nos parâmetros fisiológicos e comportamentais de recém-nascidos pré-termo submetidos à higienização corporal: revisão sistemática

Objective To verify the effect of bathing on the body temperature of preterm infants (PTI). Method Systematic review conducted in the following bibliographic electronic sources: Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde/Lilacs (BVS), Cumulated Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed, SCOPUS and Web of Science, using a combination of search terms, keywords and free terms. The review question was adjusted to the PICO acronym (Patient/population, Intervention, Control/comparative intervention, Outcome). The selected publications were evaluated according to levels of evidence and grades of recommendation for efficacy/effectiveness studies, as established by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Results Eight hundred and twenty four (824) publications were identified and four studies met the inclusion criteria, of which three analyzed the effect of sponge baths and the effect of immersion baths. Conclusion Sponge baths showed a statistically significant drop in body temperature, while in immersion baths the body temperature remained stable, although they studied late preterm infants. .

Objetivo Determinar el efecto del baño en la temperatura corporal del recién nacido prematuro. Método Revisión sistemática realizada en las fuentes bibliográficas electrónicas BVS, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Las búsquedas fueron realizadas mediante combinación de descriptores, palabras clave y términos libres y se ajustó la cuestión de la revisión a la estrategia PICO. Las publicaciones seleccionadas se evaluaron de acuerdo con los niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación para los estudios de eficacia/efetividad establecidos por el Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados Se identificaron 824 publicaciones y cuatro atendieron a los criterios de inclusión, de los cuales, tres analizaron el efecto del baño de esponja y uno el efecto del baño de inmersión. Conclusión El baño de esponja mostró una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la temperatura corporal, en cuanto que el baño de inmersión, la temperatura corporal se mantuvo estable, aunque el estudio haya sido realizado con recién nacidos prematuros tardíos.

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Objetivo Verificar o efeito do banho na temperatura corporal de recém-nascidos pré-termo (RNPT). Método Revisão sistemática realizada nas fontes eletrônicas bibliográficas BVS/Lilacs, Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, PubMed, SCOPUS e Web of Science, utilizando a combinação de descritores, palavras-chave e termos livres. A pergunta da revisão foi ajustada ao acrônimo PICO (Paciente/população, Intervenção, Intervenção controle/comparativa, Desfecho analisado). As publicações selecionadas foram avaliadas de acordo com os níveis de evidência e graus de recomendação para estudos de eficácia/efetividade estabelecidos pelo Instituto Joanna Briggs. Resultados Foram identificadas 824 publicações e quatro estudos atenderam aos critérios de inclusão, dos quais três analisaram o efeito do banho de esponja e um o efeito do banho de imersão. Conclusão O banho de esponja mostrou queda da temperatura corporal estatisticamente significante, enquanto no banho de imersão a temperatura corporal permaneceu estável, embora tenham sido estudados RNPT tardios. .

Apoptosis as pathogenic mechanism of infection with vesicular stomatitis virus: evidence in primary bovine fibroblast cultures

To determine whether fibroblasts from Blanco Orejinegro cattle, exhibit any level of resistance to infection against vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) serotypes Indiana (VSV-I) or New Jersey (VSV-NJ), 30 fibroblast cultures were phenotyped to evaluate their resistance/susceptibility. Thirty three % of Blanco Orejinegro fibroblast cultures were classified as very resistant, 50% as resistant, and 17% as susceptible to VSV-I infection, whereas 20% were classified as very resistant, 50% as resistant and 30% as susceptible to VSV-NJ infection. Therefore, there appears to be a large variation in phenotypic polymorphism among the fibroblasts to infection by VSV. To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for this diversity, we searched for a possible relationship between resistance/ susceptibility and production of factors wi th antiviral activity; however fibroblasts did not secrete factors with antiviral activity. We examined also whether apoptosis where induced by infection and its correlation with the polymorphism of resistance/susceptibility to VSV. Using morphological analyses, hypoploidy measurements, and level of phosphatidyl serine expression, high levels of apoptosis were measured in VSV infected fibroblasts. However, no correlation exists between apoptosis and the category of resistance/susceptibility to infection, indicating that apoptosis is a pathogenic mechanism of VSV.

O-GlcNAc modification on IRS-1 and Akt2 by PUGNAc inhibits their phosphorylation and induces insulin resistance in rat primary adipocytes

It has been known that O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of proteins plays an important role in transcription, translation, nuclear transport and signal transduction. The increased flux of glucose through the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and increased O-GlcNAc modification of protein have been suggested as one of the causes in the development of insulin resistance. However, it is not clear at the molecular level, how O-GlcNAc protein modification results in substantial impairment of insulin signaling. To clarify the association of O-GlcNAc protein modification and insulin resistance in rat primary adipocytes, we treated the adipocytes with O-(2-acetamido-2deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino-N-phenylcarbamate (PUGNAc), a potent inhibitor of O-GlcNAcase that catalyzes removal of O-GlcNAc from proteins. Prolonged treatment of PUGNAc (100 micrometer for 12 h) increased O-GlcNAc modification on proteins in adipocytes. PUGNAc also drastically decreased insulin-stimulated 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake and GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes, indicating that PUGNAc developed impaired glucose utilization and insulin resistance in adipocytes. Interestingly, the O-GlcNAc modification of IRS-1 and Akt2 was increased by PUGNAc, accompanied by a partial reduction of insulin-stimulated phosphorylations of IRS-1 and Akt2. The PUGNAc treatment has no effect on the expression level of GLUT4, whereas O-GlcNAc modification of GLUT4 was increased. These results suggest that the increase of O-GlcNAc modification on insulin signal pathway intermediates, such as IRS-1 and Akt2, reduces the insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of IRS-1 and Akt2, subsequently leading to insulin resistance in rat primary adipocytes.

Cell volume changes affect gluconeogenesis in the perfused liver of the catfish Clarias batrachus.

In addition to lactate and pyruvate, some amino acids were found to serve as potential gluconeogenic substrates in the perfused liver of Clarias batrachus. Glutamate was found to be the most effective substrate, followed by lactate, pyruvate, serine, ornithine, proline, glutamine, glycine, and aspartate. Four gluconeogenic enzymes, namely phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), pyruvate carboxylase (PC), fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) could be detected mainly in liver and kidney, suggesting that the latter are the two major organs responsible for gluconeogenic activity in this fish. Hypo-osmotically induced cell swelling caused a significant decrease of gluconeogenic efflux accompanied with significant decrease of activities of PEPCK, FBPase and G6Pase enzymes in the perfused liver. Opposing effects were seen in response to hyperosmotically induced cell shrinkage. These changes were partly blocked in the presence of cycloheximide, suggesting that the aniso-osmotic regulations of gluconeogenesis possibly occurs through an inverse regulation of enzyme proteins and/or a regulatory protein synthesis in this catfish. In conclusion, gluconeogenesis appears to play a vital role in C. batrachus in maintaining glucose homeostasis, which is influenced by cell volume changes possibly for proper energy supply under osmotic stress.

Odontologic use of copper/aluminum alloys: mitochondrial respiration as sensitive parameter of biocompatibility

Copper/aluminum alloys are largely utilized in odontological restorations because they are less expensive than gold or platinum. However, tarnishing and important corrosion in intrabuccal prostheses made with copper/aluminum alloys after 28 days of use have been reported. Several kinds of food and beverage may attack and corrode these alloys. Copper is an essential component of several important enzymes directly involved in mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. Aluminum, in contrast, is very toxic and, when absorbed, plasma values as small as 1.65 to 21.55 µg/dl can cause severe lesions to the nervous system, kidneys, and bone marrow. Because mitochondria are extremely sensitive to minimal variation of cellular physiology, the direct relationship between the mitocondrial respiratory chain and cell lesions has been used as a sensitive parameter to evaluate cellular aggression by external agents. This work consisted in the polarographic study of mitochondrial respiratory metabolism of livers and kidneys of rabbits with femoral implants of titanium or copper/aluminum alloy screws. The experimental results obtained did not show physiological modifications of hepatic or renal mitochondria isolated from animals of the three experimental groups, which indicate good biocompatibility of copper/aluminum alloys and suggest their odontological use

Decreased phospholipase A2 activity in butyrate differentiated HT29 cells.

Our earlier work has shown that in butyrate differentiated colonic HT29 cells, there is an alteration in phospholipid composition as compared to control. To know more about these changes, butyrate treated and control cell homogenates were incubated in presence of calcium and phospholipids were analyzed. It was observed that incubation with calcium was associated with increase in lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) and free fatty acids and the increase was much higher in control as compared to butyrate treated cells. There was no alteration in lysoPC content. These products are formed by the action of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) which is activated by calcium and suggests that butyrate-induced differentiation is associated with decrease in PLA2 activity.

Functions of cytochrome c in regulation of electron transfer and protein folding.

Cytochrome c, a "mobile electron carrier" of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, also occurs in detectable amounts in the cytosol, and can receive electrons from cytochromes present in endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membranes as well as from superoxide and ascorbate. The pigment was found to dissociate from mitochondrial membranes in liver and kidney when rats were subjected to heat exposure and starvation, respectively. Treating cytochrome c with hydroxylamine gives a partially deaminated product with altered redox properties; decreased stimulation of respiration by deficient mitochondria, increased reduction by superoxide, and complete loss of reducibility by plasma membranes. Mitochondria isolated from brown adipose tissue of cold-exposed rats are found to be sub-saturated with cytochrome c. The ability of cytochrome c to reactivate reduced ribonuclease is now reinterpreted as a molecular chaperone role for the hemoprotein.

In vitro uptake of 18-hydroxycorticosterone by regions of the central nervous system

Estudiamos la unión específica de la 18-hidroxicorticosterona (18-OH-B) a fracciones nucleares y citoplasmáticas de células provenientes de bulbo, protuberancia, amígdala, pituitaria anterior, hipotálamo, hipocampo, área preóptica y pulmón de animales adrenalectomizados, después de incubar los tejidos con el ligando radiactivo. Encontramos que 18-OH-B tiene una mayor unión específica a núcleos obtenidos de bulbo y protuberancia; este perfil difiere de observaciones previas en las que otros corticosteroide íntimamente relacionados, como la corticosterona y la aldosterona, se encuentran principalmente concentrados en el sistema límbico

In vitro effect of human placental lactogen on steroidogenesis in human placental tissue from early pregnancy.

Studies were carried out with human placental lactogen (hPL) to elucidate its role in regulation of steroidogenesis (progesterone and estrogens) during early pregnancy in humans. Our in vitro studies with early pregnancy placenta under different doses of hPL demonstrated that this hormone could stimulate the synthesis of progesterone as well as estrogens (estrone and estradiol) from their respective precursors.