Incidencia de fracturas patológicas por metástasis en el fémur proximal en un hospital de concentración / Incidence of proximal femur pathologic fractures secondary to metastasis in a national reference orthopedic hospital

Resumen: Objetivo: Reportar la incidencia de fracturas en terreno patológico secundarias a metástasis que se presentaron en un hospital de referencia nacional en un período de cinco años. Métodos: Se registraron los ingresos totales a nuestro centro, así como los pacientes que satisficieran la condición de presentar una fractura de fémur proximal en terreno patológico. Con base en información oficial, se calculó el tamaño de población derechohabiente potencial de acuerdo al área de influencia. Con base en los datos se hizo el cálculo de la incidencia anual y de la densidad de incidencia. Resultados: Se identificaron 98 fracturas en 95 individuos. El cálculo de la densidad de incidencia fue de 0.70/100,000 personas durante el período de observación. Se incluyeron 54 sujetos femeninos y 41 masculinos con un promedio de edad de 65.3 años, aunque el rango fue muy variable (de 18 a 90 años). La mayor parte de las personas presentó metástasis por tumores sólidos. De los casos, 29% fue tratado de manera conservadora y el resto requirió tratamiento quirúrgico que incluyó desde osteosíntesis hasta artroplastía protésica. El promedio de estancia hospitalaria fue ligeramente mayor a una semana. Conclusiones: La incidencia reportada es relativamente baja. Encontramos una gran variedad de orígenes y localizaciones anatómicas. No se puede, al momento, generalizar tratamientos o predecir supervivencia.

Abstract: Objective: To report the incidence of pathological fractures secondary to metastasis at a national referral hospital during a 5-year period. Methods: Total admissions to our center were recorded, together with the patients who met the requirement of having a proximal femur fracture in a pathological area. The potential number of beneficiaries was estimated based on official figures and the hospital's area of influence. The annual incidence rate and the incidence density were calculated using the latter data. Results: 98 fractures were identified in 95 patients. The calculated incidence density was 0.70/100,000 population during the observation period. Fifty-four female patients and 41 male patients were included. Mean age was 65.3 years, with a very wide age range (18-90 years). Most patients had metastasis of solid tumors. Twenty-nine percent of patients were treated conservatively and the rest of them required surgery that included from osteosynthesis to prosthetic arthroplasty. The mean length of stay was over one week. Conclusions: The reported incidence of this type of fractures is relatively low. We found a wide variety of anatomical origins and locations. As of now, it is not possible to generalize the treatment or predict the survival.

Avaliação clínica da vertebroplastia percutânea transpedicular / Evaluación clinica de la vertebroplastia transpedicular percutánea / Clinic evaluation of transpedicular percutaneous vertebroplasty

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a eficácia do efeito analgésico da vertebroplastia com polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) e da estabilização vertebral obtida nos pacientes com fraturas vertebrais patológicas e realizar uma revisão detalhada da técnica da vertebroplastia percutânea, analisando suas indicações. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva de 64 procedimentos de vertebroplastia percutânea em 46 pacientes. Foram realizadas avaliações dos prontuários e das radiografias pré e pós-operatórias e em nova consulta de rotina, na qual foi aplicado o questionário de dor (escala analógica visual da dor). RESULTADOS: Entre os 46 pacientes analisados, 37 (80,4 por cento) eram do sexo feminino e 9 (19,6 por cento) do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 71 anos (desvio-padrão +/- 9,2), variando de 50 a 90 anos. Foram operados 64 níveis, com predomínio do segmento toracolombar, sendo realizadas 17 (26,6 por cento) vertebroplastias a maioria em pedículos de T12. Trinta e um pacientes (67,4 por cento) apresentaram apenas um nível fraturado, 12 (26,1 por cento) apresentaram 02 níveis operados e três pacientes (6,5 por cento) apresentaram 03 ou mais níveis operados. O diagnóstico de osteoporose foi o mais comum (33 casos, 71,7 por cento). Quanto ao alívio da dor no pós-operatório, houve um alto índice de satisfação de 90 a 100 por cento em 37 (80 por cento) pacientes. CONCLUSÃO: A vertebroplastia demonstra ser um procedimento eficaz no tratamento da dor por fratura patológica de coluna, sendo também utilizada em investigação diagnóstica (biópsia óssea). É um procedimento seguro com baixas taxas de complicações.

OBJECTIVE: This paper evaluates the analgesic effect and obtained vertebral stability of percutaneous vertebroplasty with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in patients with vertebral pathological fractures, and performs a detailed revision of this technique. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 64 percutaneous vertebroplasty procedures in 46 patients was performed. Patients were evaluated by medical records, pre and post-operative radiographs, and by pain status (visual analog pain scale). RESULTS: 37 (80.4 percent) patients were female and 9 (19.6 percent) male, with mean age of 71 years (standard deviation + / - 9.2), ranging from 50 to 90 years. Sixty-four levels were treated, with a predominance of thoracic-lumbar segment, the majority 17 (26.6 percent) of vertebroplaties at T12 pedicle. Thirty-one patients (67.4 percent) presented only one fractured level, 12 patients (26.1 percent) presented 02 levels and three (6.5 percent) presented 03 or more treated levels. Osteoporosis was the most common diagnosis (33 cases, 71.7 percent). A high satisfaction rate of 90 to 100 percent was observed to the majority of patients when considering relief of pain postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Vertebroplasty has proven to be an effective procedure to treat pain caused by pathological fracture, and it is also used for diagnostic investigation (bone biopsy). The technique is secure and has provided low complications rates.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la eficacia del efecto analgésico y estabilización vertebral de la vertebroplastia con polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA) en pacientes con fracturas patológicas de la columna vertebral, y realizar una revisión detallada de la técnica de vertebroplastia percutánea, analizando sus indicaciones. MÉTODOS: Evaluación retrospectiva de 64 fracturas tratadas en 46 pacientes sometidos a vertebroplastia percutánea en el período de enero de 2000 a diciembre de 2008. Los pacientes fueron evaluados por las historias clínicas, por las radiografías pre y postoperatorias y consultas de rutina en las cuales se realizaron encuestas de dolor (escala universal visual del dolor). RESULTADOS: 37 (80,4 por ciento) eran mujeres y 9 (19,6 por ciento) eran varones, con edad promedio de 71 años (desvío estándar de + / - 9,2), que oscila entre 50 y 90 años. 64 niveles fueron operados, con predominio de lo segmento torácico-lumbar, se realizaron 17 (26,6 por ciento) la mayoría en pedículos vertebroplastia de T12. Treinta y un pacientes (67,4 por ciento) tenían sólo un nivel de fractura, 12 pacientes (26,1 por ciento) tenían 02 niveles y 03 (6,5 por ciento) pacientes tenían 03 o más niveles de fractura. El diagnóstico de osteoporosis fue el más común (33 casos, el 71,7 por ciento). Cuanto al alivio del dolor postoperatorio, hubo un alto índice de satisfacción de 90 a 100 por ciento en 37 (80 por ciento) pacientes. CONCLUSIÓN: La vertebroplastia es un procedimiento que probó ser eficaz en el tratamiento del dolor por fractura patológica de la columna, y también se utiliza con fines de diagnóstico (biopsia de hueso). Es un procedimiento seguro y tiene bajas tasas de complicaciones.

Prevalência de fraturas vertebrais e fatores de risco em mulheres com mais de 60 anos de idade na cidade de Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil / Prevalence of vertebral fractures and risk factors in women over 60 years of age in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil

Fraturas são o principal agravo relacionado à fragilidade óssea na pós-menopausa, representando aumento de risco de novas fraturas, mortalidade e custos. Nosso objetivo foi verificar a ocorrência de fratura vertebral por fragilidade e relacioná-la com fatores demográficos, comportamentais e clínicos em uma população brasileira. Foi feito um estudo transversal com seleção por amostragem aleatória estratificada de mulheres idosas residentes em Chapecó, Santa Catarina, Brasil. A amostra foi constituída por 186 mulheres brancas com idade acima de 60 anos. Destas, 48,9 por cento tinham fraturas vertebrais assintomáticas, com maiores prevalências em T11-12 e L4-5. Na análise ajustada, observa-se que existe gradiente entre idade e fratura vertebral, chegando a ser 2,3 vezes maior a prevalência de fraturas entre as mulheres com idade superior a 80 anos. As sedentárias apresentaram prevalência de fratura 1,44 vez maior do que as não sedentárias. Devido à alta prevalência de fraturas vertebrais encontrada, sugerimos a realização de radiografia de coluna para mulheres idosas para rastreamento e prevenção de agravos.

Fractures are the main problems related to bone fragility in postmenopausal women and account for the increase in the risk of new fractures, mortality, and costs. This study's objective was to verify the occurrence of vertebral fragility fracture and correlate it with demographic, behavioral, and clinical factors in a Brazilian population. The cross-sectional study was based on a random sample of elderly women living in Chapecó, Santa Catarina State, Brazil. The sample consisted of 186 white women over 60 years of age. Of these, 48.9 percent had asymptomatic vertebral fractures, with higher prevalence in T11-12 and L4-5. Adjusted analysis showed a gradient between age and vertebral fracture, while fracture prevalence was 2.3 times higher in women over 80 years. Fracture prevalence was 1.44 times higher in sedentary as compared to non-sedentary women. Due to the high prevalence of asymptomatic vertebral fractures, the authors suggest the use of spinal x-rays in elderly women for fracture screening and prevention.

Estado del funcionamiento renal de pacientes con osteoporosis primaria (tipo 2) / Renal function status in patients with primary osteoporosis (type 2)

Introducción: Diversos estudios han corroborado la relación entre la insuficiencia renal crónica y la disminución de la densidad mineral ósea; sin embargo, no se ha determinado la misma en presencia de función renal levemente disminuida. El objetivo de esta investigación fue valuar el estado de la función renal en pacientes con osteoporosis primaria y su relación con la densidad mineral ósea. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal, descriptivo, en pacientes con osteoporosis primaria determinada mediante densitometría central (cadera y columna). Se calculó la función renal con la fórmula MRDR (modification of diet in renal disease) en base a la creatinina sérica. Los resultados se clasificaron utilizando las categorías recomendadas por The National Kidney Foundation. Se analizó la relación entre el grado de alteración del funcionamiento renal y la densidad mineral ósea. Resultados: 120 mujeres con edad promedio de 67.9 ± 6.56 años. Se encontró correlación entre valores menores de densidad mineral ósea de columna (T score) y afección moderada de la función renal (F = 4.860, p = 0.009). No hubo relación entre la densitometría de cadera con la función renal ni entre la función renal y el antecedente de fractura (p = 0.223). Conclusiones: Existe relación significativa entre la disminución de la densidad mineral ósea de columna y el deterioro de la función renal de las pacientes con osteoporosis primaria. No fue significativa la relación de la función renal con la incidencia de fracturas en esta población.

BACKGROUND: Several studies correlate renal function with lower bone mineral density (BMD); however, the relationship between early stages of renal dysfunction and BMD has not been clearly defined. Our objective was to determine renal function in patients with primary osteoporosis (type 2) and its relationship with BMD. METHODS: Patients with primary osteoporosis diagnosed using DEXA were evaluated in this cross-sectional analysis. Renal function was estimated according to the modification of diet in renal disease (MDRD) equation and classified according to the National Kidney Foundation for chronic kidney disease (CKD). The relationship between renal function and BMD was analyzed. RESULTS: Included in the study were 120 women with a mean age 67.9 + or - 6.56 years. There was a positive relationship between spine BMD and moderate affection of renal function (F = 4.860, p = 0.009). No relationship was found between hip BMD or fracture with renal function (p = 0.223). CONCLUSIONS: Although women with poor renal function have significantly lower spine BMD, no relationship between early stages of CKD and low BMD has been demonstrated.

Osteoporosis-an update.

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by decrease in bone mass per unit volume, compromised bone strength, which predisposes the affected bone to fracture. This is currently one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among elderly over the world. In general, osteoporosis is a silent and progressive disorder that is often brought to attention of the patients or physician only after a fracture. The aetiology of osteoporosis is multifactorial and is related to two main processes: acquisition of peak bone density that occurs at the end of the third decade and loss of bone at menopause, going on to old age. The cardinal features of osteoporosis are pain, fracture and deformity. Bone mineral density measurement is the most reliable diagnostic tool in the early stage of osteoporosis. Management of osteoporosis involves prevention and treatment. The best treatment for osteoporosis is prevention. The risk of osteoporosis can be reduced by increasing peak bone mass or by decreasing the bone loss. It needs to be emphasized that bone mineral density (BMD) peaks at about age 35 and then begins to slowly decline with significant acceleration after menopause.Therefore, the most logical and cost-effective preventive strategies are to encourage young women to stop smoking and avoid excessive use of alcohol. They should also be counseled to exercise regularly and consume adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D.