Outcomes of the Carlson Approach in the Treatment of Posterior Tibial Plateau Fractures / Resultados da abordagem de Carlson para o tratamento de fraturas no platô tibial posterior

Abstract Objectives To describe a series of cases of tibial fractures surgically treated using the posterior approach as described by Carlson, focusing on evaluating its functional results and complication rate. Methods Eleven patients with tibial plateau fractures, who underwent surgical treatment using the Carlson approach from July to December 2019, were followed-up. The minimum follow-up period was defined as 6 months. The American Knee Society Score (AKSS), American Knee Society Score/Function (AKSS/Function) and the Lysholm score were used to check treatment results at 6 months after the fracture. The patients underwent standard anteroposterior and lateral radiographs to assess fracture healing, and clinical healing was determined by the absence of pain during full weight-bearing. Results The mean follow-up period was 12 months (9-16 months). The primary mechanism of trauma was motorcycle accident, and the most prevalent side of fracture was the right side. Eight participants were male. The mean age of the patients was 28 years. All fractures healed, and none of the patients presented complications. The AKSS was excellent in 11 patients, with a mean AKSS/Function of 99.1±3, and Lysholm scores with a median of 95.0±5.6. Conclusions The Carlson approach for posterior fractures of the tibial plateau can be considered safe, presenting a low complication rate and satisfactory functional results.

Resumo Objetivos O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever uma série de casos de fraturas de tíbia submetidas ao tratamento cirúrgico pela via posterior de Carlson para avaliação de resultados funcionais e frequência de complicações. Métodos Onze pacientes com fraturas do platô tibial foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico pela via de Carlson de julho a dezembro de 2019 e acompanhados por um período mínimo de 6 meses. As pontuações American Knee Society Score (AKSS), American Knee Society Score/Function (AKSS/Função) e de Lysholm verificaram os resultados do tratamento 6 meses após a fratura. Os pacientes foram submetidos a radiografias comuns em incidência anteroposterior e de perfil para avaliação da consolidação da fratura e a cicatrização clínica foi determinada pela ausência de dor à descarga total de peso. Resultados O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 12 meses (9 a 16 meses). O principal mecanismo de trauma foi acidente motociclístico e a fratura foi mais prevalente no lado direito. Oito pacientes eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 28 anos. Todas as fraturas cicatrizaram e nenhum paciente apresentou complicações. A AKSS foi excelente em 11 pacientes, com AKSS/Função média de 99,1 ±3, e a mediana das pontuações de Lysholm foi de 95,0 ±5,6. Conclusões Nas fraturas posteriores do platô tibial, a abordagem de Carlson pode ser considerada segura, apresentando baixo índice de complicações e resultados funcionais satisfatórios.

Electric scooter injuries: Incidence and injury patterns at a level I trauma center / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Electric scooters (e-scooters) have become an increasingly popular mode of public transportation in recent years. As the incidence of related injuries rises, it is important to understand specific fracture patterns unique to e-scooters and electric bikes (e-bikes) to help guide management. The purpose of this study was to review the prevalence and describe specific fracture patterns of e-scooter and e-bike related injuries at the busiest level 1 trauma center in the borough of Manhattan.@*METHODS@#Chart review to determine mechanism of injury was performed on all patients for whom an orthopedic consult was requested from 1/1/2021 to 12/31/2021. All patients whose injuries were sustained due to an e-scooter or e-bike were further reviewed for demographics, injury characteristics including fracture pattern, and definitive injury management. Any patients who had an orthopedic consult placed for a reason other than an acute injury were excluded. Descriptive statistics are reported as frequency (percentage) for categorical variables and means for continuous variables.@*RESULTS@#Of the 1815 orthopedic consults requested, 1357 (74.8%) were for acute injury management. Of those with acute injuries, 119 (8.8%) sustained 136 e-scooter or e-bike related injuries. There were 92 (77.3%) males at an average age of (33.8 ± 15.7) years. Approximately one-fifth of all patients presented in June 2021 (26, 21.8%). There was a 9.2% rate of open fractures. The 136 injuries were evenly split between the upper and lower extremities, with 57 (47.9%) upper extremity, 57 (47.9%) lower extremity injuries, and 5 (4.2%) concomitant upper and lower extremity injuries. The most common fracture patterns were ankle fractures (16, 11.7%), followed by tibial shaft (14, 10.2%), tibial plateau (13, 9.5%), and radial head fractures (11, 8.0%). There was a 33.3% incidence of associated posterior malleolar fractures in the spiral tibial shaft fractures, 31.0% of posterior malleolar involvement and 18.8% of isolated vertical medial malleolar fractures in the ankle fractures, and 61.5% of posterior comminution in the tibial plateau fractures.@*CONCLUSION@#E-scooter and e-bike related injuries have a high incidence of tibial shaft fractures, ankle fractures, tibial plateau fractures, and radial head fractures. There should be a high index of suspicion for posterior and medial involvement in lower extremity fractures sustained due to e-scooter or e-bikes. Identifying specific fracture patterns seen in e-scooter and e-bike related mechanisms will help guide management of these injuries.

Augmenting locking plate with autologous bone graft for the treatment of nonunion of long bone fracture in the lower extremity with retaining of the original intramedullary nail / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effect of attaching locking plate with bone grafting based on retaining the original intramedullary nail in treating non-union after intramedullary nail fixation of long shaft fractures of lower limbs.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted on 20 patients treated with non-union fractures after intramedullary nailing of long shaft fractures of lower limbs from June 2015 to June 2020. All patients were treated with the original intramedullary nailing and bone grafting from the iliac bone, and were underwent open reduction plate internal fixation and bone grafting for old fractures. Among them, 14 were males and 6 were females, aged from 35 to 56 years old with an average of (42.2±9.6) years old. Nine patients were femoral shaft fracture and 11 patients were tibial shaft fracture. According to characteristics of fracture end nonunion, 6 patients were stable/atrophic, 9 patients were unstable/large, and 5 patients were unstable/atrophic. The nonunion time ranged from 8 to 12 months with an average of(9.8±2.0) months after the initial surgery. Visual analogue scale (VAS), knee range of motion, bone healing time, complications and fracture-end healing were recorded before and at the latest follow-up.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 18 to 48 months with an average of (36.3±10.5) months. The incision of all patients were healed at stageⅠwithout complications such as infection or internal fixation ruptur. Healing time of femur and tibia was (8.5±2.6) months and (9.5±2.2) months. Knee joint motion increased from preoperative (101.05±8.98) ° to postoperative (139.35±8.78) ° at the latest follow-up (t=-12.845, P<0.001). VAS decreased from preoperative (5.15±1.72) to postoperative (0.75±0.96) at the latest follow-up (t=11.186, P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#On the basis of retaining the original intramedullary nail, the addition of locking plate internal fixation and autogenous iliac bone grafting have advantages of simple operation, less trauma, fewer complications and high fracture healing rate. It is one of the effective surgical schemes for the treatment of nonunion after intramedullary nail fixation of long bone fracture of lower extremity.

Clinical study on the subchondral screw compression technique assisted reduction of residual or secondary collapse of lateral tibial plateau / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the reduction and support effect of the subchondral screw compression technique for residual or secondary collapse of the lateral tibial plateau during operation.@*METHODS@#Between January 2020 and June 2021, 11 patients with residual or secondary collapse of the lateral tibial plateau during operation were treated with the subchondral screw compression technique. There were 6 males and 5 females, aged 52.3 years old (range, 27-64 years). The fractures were caused by traffic accident in 10 cases and falling from height in 1 case and located at the left knee in 6 cases and the right knee in 5 cases. According to Schatzker classification, there were 5 cases of type Ⅱ fractures, 4 cases of type Ⅲ fractures, and 2 cases of type Ⅴfractures. According to the three columns classification, there were 5 cases of lateral column, 4 cases of lateral column and posterior column, and 2 cases of three columns. The time from injury to operation was 4.5 days (range, 3-7 days). During the follow-up, X-ray films were obtained and the Rasmussen standard was used to evaluate the quality of fracture reduction, meanwhile fracture healing was observed. The medial proximal tibial angle (mPTA), posterior tibial slope angle (pTSA), and articular surface collapse were measured at immediate and 12 months after operation. The knee joint range of motion was evaluated at last follow-up, and the knee joint function was evaluated using the Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) score.@*RESULTS@#All operations were successfully completed, with a mean operation time of 71.4 minutes (range, 55-120 minutes), and a mean hospital stay of 8.0 days (range, 5-13 days). The incisions all healed by first intention, without complications such as infection, flap necrosis, or vascular and nerve injury. All patients were followed up 16.5 months on average (range, 12-24 months). X-ray films showed that the fracture reduction score was 14-18 (mean, 16.7) according to Rasmussen score criteria; and 5 cases were rated as excellent and 6 as good. All fractures healed clinically with a mean clinical healing time of 14.9 weeks (range, 12-16 weeks), and there was no complications such as plate or screw loosening. At 12 months after operation, the mPTA and pTSA were (87.5±1.7)° and (6.2±3.1)°, respectively; there was no significant difference when compared to the values at immediate after operation [(87.6±1.8)° and (6.5±3.1)°] ( P>0.05). The articular surface of the tibial plateaus was effectively supported, and it collapsed again by 0-1.0 mm at 12 months, with an average of 0.4 mm. At last follow-up, the knee joint range of motion was 115°-135° (mean, 126.8°) and the HSS score for knee joint function was 87-98 (mean, 93.9). Five patients underwent secondary operation to remove the internal fixator at 12-18 months after operation.@*CONCLUSION@#The subchondral screw compression technique is helpful for the reduction of residual or secondary collapse of the lateral tibial plateau during operation, and can provide good support for osteochondral blocks.

Compresión-distracción en el tratamiento de pseudoartrosis de tibia distal utilizando el aparato de Ilizarov: reporte de casos / Compression-distraction in the treatment of distal tibial no union using the Ilizarov apparatus: case report / Compressão-distração no tratamento da pseudoartrose distal da tibia com Ilizarov: relato de caso

El método de Ilizarov, con sus diferentes variantes y mediante la utilización de su aparato, desarrollado en la década del 50, continúa vigente, sobre todo en el tratamiento de las complicaciones de fracturas, principalmente aquellas vinculadas a la infección y a las dificultades de la consolidación. Reportamos 2 pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de pseudoartrosis hipertrófica, rígida, con deformidad, sin infección activa y sin dismetría, tratados mediante el método de distracción y compresión realizado con el aparato de Ilizarov. En ambos casos se logró la alineación y consolidación del miembro con escasas complicaciones.

The Ilizarov method, with its different variants and using its apparatus, developed in the 1950s, is still valid, especially in the treatment of fracture complications, mainly those linked to infection and consolidation difficulties. We report 2 adult patients with a diagnosis of hypertrophic, rigid nonunion, with deformity, without active infection and without dysmetria, treated by the distraction and compression method performed with the Ilizarov device. In both cases, the alignment and consolidation of the limb was achieved with few complications.

O método de Ilizarov, com suas diferentes variantes e pelo uso de seu aparato, desenvolvido na década de 1950, ainda é válido, principalmente no tratamento de complicações de fraturas, principalmente aquelas ligadas à infecção e dificuldades de consolidação. Relatamos 2 pacientes adultos com diagnóstico de pseudoartrose hipertrófica, rígida, com deformidade, sem infecção ativa e sem dismetria, tratados pelo método de distração e compressão realizado com o dispositivo de Ilizarov. Em ambos os casos, o alinhamento e a consolidação do membro foram alcançados com poucas complicações.

Lesión traumática expuesta, compleja y grave de tibia, tratada con fijador externo Álvarez Cambras / Exposed, complex and severe traumatic injury of the tibia treated with Alvarez Cambra external fixation

RESUMEN Con el paulatino incremento de accidentes automovilísticos, de trabajo, y la violencia urbana, las fracturas expuestas y complejas constituyen traumatismos de creciente incidencia y de difícil solución, con largos períodos de convalecencia que ponen en peligro la vida o la conservación del miembro lesionado. Un gran número de ellas dejan secuelas invalidantes. Existen varios tratamientos, entre ellos la fijación externa, utilizando el sistema creado por el profesor Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras, con varias ventajas que proporcionan una mejor evolución. Se realizó este trabajo con el objetivo de mostrar la evolución y los resultados de un paciente ingresado y operado con el diagnóstico de lesión expuesta, compleja y grave de la extremidad inferior, específicamente de tibia. Este presentó varias complicaciones, por lo que se le colocó un aparato de osteosíntesis de fijación externa Álvarez Cambras en el Hospital Provincial Clínico Quirúrgico Docente José Ramón López Tabrane, de Matanzas (AU).

ABSTRACT With the gradual increase of automobile and work accidents as well as urban violence, exposed and complex fractures are traumas of increasing incidence and difficult solution, with long periods of convalescence that endanger the life or the conservation of the injured member. A large number of them leave invalidating sequels. There are several treatments, including external fixation using the system created by Professor Rodrigo Alvarez Cambra, with several advantages that provide a better evolution. The current work was carried out with the objective of showing the evolution and results of a patient who entered the Teaching Provincial Clinical-surgical Hospital Jose Ramon Lopez Tabrane, of Matanzas, and underwent a surgery with the diagnosis of exposed, complex and serious lesion in the lower limb, specifically of tibia. The patient had several complications and so he was put an Alvarez Cambra external fixation osteosynthesis devise (AU).

Utilización del método Ilizarov para el tratamiento de desejes y discrepancias postraumáticos de la tibia: Serie de casos / Use of the Ilizarov method for the treatment of post-traumatic deformities and discrepancies of the tibia. Case series

Introducción: Las secuelas postraumáticas de la tibia representan un problema común al que nos enfrentamos los ortopedistas día a día. El método Ilizarov, mediante una planificación minuciosa, ha dado grandes resultados. Objetivo: Valorar el resultado del tratamiento de desejes y discrepancias postraumáticas de la tibia mediante el fijador circular de tipo Ilizarov. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó a 13 pacientes mediante criterios clínicos y radiográficos durante un seguimiento mínimo de 24 meses. Los resultados fueron buenos y excelentes, y se logró la consolidación ósea en todos los pacientes. Conclusión: El método Ilizarov es útil y versátil para resolver cualquier tipo de secuela postraumática de la tibia, sin necesidad de injertos o sustitutos óseos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Post-traumatic sequelae of the tibia are a common problem faced by orthopedists every day. The Ilizarov method, through careful planning, has achieved great results. Objective: To assess the outcome of the treatment of post-traumatic deformities and discrepancies of the tibia treated with the Ilizarov circular fixator. Methods: Thirteen patients were evaluated by clinical and radiological criteria during a minimum follow-up of 24 months. The results were good and excellent in all cases, and bone consolidation was achieved in all patients. Conclusion: The Ilizarov method is useful and versatile to solve any type of post-traumatic sequelae of the tibia, without the need for grafts or bone substitutes. Level of Evidence: IV

Defectos óseos segmentarios infectados en huesos largos: tratamiento con técnica de Masquelet / Masquelet technique for the treatment of infected segmental long-bone defects

Introducción: Los defectos óseos segmentarios infectados son entidades de complejo tratamiento. La técnica de Masquelet representa una alternativa para estos casos. El objetivo de este estudio retrospectivo multicéntrico fue mostrar los resultados clínicos y radiográficos obtenidos con esta técnica de reconstrucción en defectos óseos segmentarios infectados de fémur y tibia, caracterizar los defectos tratados y describir los diferentes aspectos de la técnica quirúrgica. Materiales y Métodos: Analizamos a 24 pacientes (14 hombres y 10 mujeres; edad promedio 36.16 años [rango 18-67]) tratados con la técnica de Masquelet, operados entre 2011 y 2016. El seguimiento promedio fue de 16.5 meses (rango 12-27) desde el segundo tiempo quirúrgico. Se analizaron el hueso afectado, la longitud del defecto (en cm), el tiempo de consolidación y el control del proceso infeccioso. Resultados: La longitud del defecto óseo tratado fue, en promedio, de 5,7 cm (rango 3-12), fue superior a 4 cm en el 50% de los casos, el defecto óseo segmentario de mayor tamaño en la tibia fue de 12 cm y de 10 cm en el fémur. Se logró la consolidación ósea, en todos los casos, en 4.5 meses. Un paciente presentó una recidiva del proceso infeccioso a los 12 meses de la consolidación. Conclusiones: La técnica de Masquelet o de la membrana inducida ofrece una alternativa razonable y sencilla para un problema altamente desafiante como son los defectos óseos segmentarios infectados. La tasa de consolidación es superior al 90% aun en casos complejos. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Infected segmental bone defects are challenging conditions, which require a complex treatment. The Masquelet technique is an alternative for these cases. The aim of this retrospective, multicenter study was to show clinical and radiological outcomes achieved with the use of this reconstruction technique in infected femoral and tibial segmental defects in order to characterize the defects treated and describe different aspects of this surgical approach. Methods: We analyzed 24 patients (14 men and 10 women; average age 36.16 years [range 18-67]) treated with the Masquelet technique between 2011 and 2016. The average follow-up was 16.5 months (range 12-27) from the second surgical stage. We analyzed the affected bone, defect length (cm), consolidation time and infection control. Results: Average length of treated bone defect was 5.7 cm (range 3-12), exceeding 4 cm in 50% of the cases. The largest segmental bone defect was 12 cm at the tibia and 10 cm at the femur. Bone consolidation was achieved in all cases, on an average of 4.5 months. One patient presented a recurrent infection 12 months after the successful consolidation. Conclusions: The Masquelet technique, or induced membrane technique offers a reasonable and simple alternative to a highly challenging problem, such as infected segmental bone defects, achieving a consolidation rate greater than 90% even in complex cases. Level of Evidence: IV

Tétanos generalizado como complicación de fractura cerrada de tibia y peroné / Generalized tetanus as a complication of closed fracture of the tibia and the fibula

Introducción: El tétanos es una enfermedad infecciosa prevenible que puede causar la muerte. Las manifestaciones clínicas son debidas a una potente toxina secretada por el Clostridiumtetani, un bacilo Gram positivo que penetra a través de pérdidas de continuidad de la piel, independientemente del tamaño de la herida. Objetivo: Presentar la evolución clínica de una paciente residente en una zona rural en Latacunga, Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Desarrollo: Paciente sin antecedentes de inmunización previa que acudió a sala de emergencias por fractura cerrada de tibia y peroné en miembro inferior izquierdo como secuela de un accidente de tránsito. El diagnóstico clínico de tétanos generalizado se basó en la aparición al noveno día del trauma de disfagia, trismus, rigidez nucal y posteriormente contracturas generalizadas con opistóstono, parada cardiorrespiratoria y disfunción autonómica. Con una prolongada estadía hospitalaria de 82 días, recibió anestesia en críticas condiciones durante 15 ocasiones, sufrió complicaciones graves y amenazantes para la vida que requirió la permanencia durante 46 días en sala de cuidados intensivos. Conclusiones: Este caso enfatiza la amenaza permanente del tétanos en este entorno, así como la necesidad de implementar esquemas de inmunización de una forma más abarcadora y constante(AU)

Introduction: Tetanus is a preventable infectious disease that can cause death. The clinical manifestations are due to a powerful toxin secreted by Clostridiumtetani, a Gram-positive bacillus that penetrates through losses of skin continuity, regardless of the wound's size. Objective: To present the clinical evolution of a female patient living in a rural area in Latacunga, Cotopaxi, Ecuador. Development: Patient with no history of previous immunization who went to the emergency room due to a closed fracture of the tibia and the fibula in the left lower limb as a result of a traffic accident. The clinical diagnosis of generalized tetanus was based on the appearance on the ninth day of dysphagia´s trauma, trismus, nuchal rigidity, and later on: generalized contractures with opistho-tonus, cardiorespiratory arrest, and autonomic dysfunction. With a prolonged hospital stay of 82 days, she received anesthesia under critical conditions in 15 occasions, and suffered serious complications. She remained for 46 days in the intensive care unit. Conclusions: This case emphasizes the permanent threat of tetanus in this environment, as well as the need to implement immunization schemes in a more comprehensive and constant manner(AU)

Corrección de genu valgo postraumático con osteotomía de cierre en tibia proximal / High tibial osteotomy for posttraumatic genu valgus deformity correction

OBJETIVO: Presentar un caso de complicación de fractura de platillos tibiales Schatzker VI y su manejo quirúrgico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se presenta un caso de fractura de platillos tibial Schatzker VI que evoluciona con malalineamiento en valgo secundario a hundimiento del platillo tibial, junto a una revisión de la literatura y la descripción del manejo quirúrgico. RESULTADOS: Se realizó una osteotomía en cuña de cierre medial de tibia proximal y se estabilizó con placa bloqueada (TomoFix), con una corrección completa de la deformidad sin complicaciones. Discusión: La osteotomía en cuña de cierre medial en tibia proximal es una técnica descrita en el manejo de artrosis secundaria a malalineamiento en valgo de la rodilla. Mediante dos osteotomías iniciadas por la cortical medial hacia la lateral con un fulcro esa última, se retira una cuña de dimensiones conocidas y se mantiene la reducción con algún elemento de osteosíntesis. De esa forma, se permite la corrección angular de la deformidad, previamente planificada. Los resultados en distintas series son en general favorables. CONCLUSIÓN: El malalineamiento de la extremidad posterior a una fractura de platillos tibiales y la consecuente sobrecarga del compartimento afectado en la rodilla, asociado al daño articular, evoluciona con degeneración articular que termina en una artrosis unicompartimental secundaria, la cual puede ser prevenida con el uso de osteotomías correctoras de ejes como la osteotomía de tibia proximal, permitiendo normalizar la distribución de las cargas en los compartimentos mediante la corrección del eje mecánico alterado y así prolongar la sobrevida articular.

OBJECTIVE: To present a Schatzker VI tibial plateau fracture case complication and its surgical management METHODS: We present a case of tibial plateau fracture, type VI according to Schatzkeŕs classification, that developed limb malalignment secondary to tibial plateau depression resulting in a genu valgum deformity, along with a literature review and a brief description of the surgical technique. Results: High tibial medial closing wedge osteotomy, stabilized with locking plate (tomoFix) was performed, with a complete correction of the deformity without complications. DISCUSSION: High tibial medial closing wedge is a known procedure used in the management of valgus knee malalignment secondary osteoarthritis. By means of two osteotomies made from medial to lateral cortices, using the latter as a fulcrum, a wedge with known dimensions is subtracted and reduction is maintained with some osteosynthesis element. In this fashion, it allows the previously planned angular correction. Results in different reports are mostly favorable. CONCLUSION: The malalignment of the limb after a tibial plateau fracture and the consequent overload of the affected knee compartment; associated with joint damage, evolves in joint degeneration and eventually, in a secondary unicompartmental osteoarthritis. This can be avoided with the use of corrective osteotomies such as the proximal tibial osteotomy, which allows a proper distribution of loads in the compartments by correcting the altered mechanical axis and thus, prolonging joint survival.

Complicaciones en fracturas de platillos tibiales de alta energía / Complications in high energy tibial plateau fractures

El enfrentamiento y el manejo de las fracturas de platillos tibiales de alta energía representan un desafío para todo cirujano. El compromiso de partes blandas y la conminución articular secundaria a la energía involucrada determinan una mayor tasa de complicaciones y morbilidad. OBJETIVOS: Evaluar la tasa de complicaciones en fracturas de platillos tibiales de alta energía. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Estudio clínico imagenológico retrospectivo de fracturas de platillo tibial Schatzker V y VI con mecanismo de alta energía, tratadas con fijador externo y osteosíntesis diferida, entre 2007-2013. Análisis estadístico usando STATA 12.0. RESULTADOS: Cincuenta y dos fracturas se presentaron durante el periodo de estudio, 39 de ellas fueron seleccionadas considerando los criterios de inclusión. Promedio edad 42,4 años, seguimiento 41,8 meses. Complicaciones: neuropraxia 5%, infección Schatzker V (20%) 16,2%, VI (80%) 12,1% (p=0,759). Sin asociación entre infección y edad (p=0,6056), mecanismo involucrado (p=0,131), tiempo de prefijador externo (p=0,0556), ni tiempo en el uso de fijador externo (p=0,53). DISCUSIÓN: Las fracturas de platillos tibiales secundarias a traumatismos de alta energía se asocian a un importante compromiso de partes blandas. La reducción y osteosíntesis inmediata determina altas tasas de complicaciones; utilizar fijador externo transitorio las disminuiría. El abordaje anterior en línea media ha mostrado elevadas complicaciones, mientras que el uso de doble abordaje regularía esta situación. CONCLUSIÓN: Al afrontar el tratamiento de las fracturas de platillos tibiales de alta energía debemos considerar el uso de fijador externo transitorio para un adecuado control de la fractura y de las partes blandas para la cirugía definitiva.

The approach and management of high energy tibial plateau fractures is a challenge for every surgeon. Soft tissue injuries and joint comminution due to the energy involved are associated with a higher rate of complications and morbidity. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the rate of complications in high energy tibial plateau fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective imaging-clinical study of Schatzker type V and IV high-energy tibial plateau fractures, treated with an external fixation and delayed osteosynthesis, was conducted between 2007 and 2013. Statistical analysis was performed using STATA 12.0. RESULTS: A total of 52 fractures were treated during the study period, of which 39 met the criteria for selection. The mean age of the patients was 42.4 years, with a follow-up time of 41.8 months. The complications include, neuropraxia, 5%, Schatzker V infection (20%), 16.2%, and Vl (80%), 12.1% (P=.759). There was no relationship between infection and age (P=.6056), mechanism involved (P=.131), time between accidents and the installation of an external fixator (P=.0556), or the time used for external fixation (P=.53). DISCUSSION: High-energy tibial plateau fractures are associated with significant soft tissue injuries. Immediate reduction and osteosynthesis are determining factors for high rates of complications, while using transient external fixation should decrease them. A midline anterior approach has shown increased complications, while a double approach could improve this situation. CONCLUSION: The approach to high energy tibial plateau fractures must consider the use of a temporary external fixation for an adequate control of the fracture and the soft tissue for a definitive surgical treatment.

Comprendiendo las fracturas triplanares de la tibia distal / Understanding triplane distal tibia fractures

Abstract. Triplane fractures (TF) are a special type of fracture that typically occur in the distal tibia, in a specific age group, and require specific treatment. It should be diagnosed early to avoid complications and irreparable consequences. Imaging techniques play a fundamental role. A review of TF is performed, and cases are presented in order to understand how they occur, and thus diagnose them properly.

Resumen. Las fracturas triplanares (FT) son un tipo especial de fracturas que se producen clásicamente en la tibia distal, en un grupo etario acotado y que requieren un tratamiento específico. Su diagnóstico debe ser oportuno para evitar complicaciones y secuelas irreparables, por lo que las imágenes cumplen un rol fundamental. Se realiza una revisión sobre las FT y una muestra de casos para comprender cómo se generan y así realizar un adecuado diagnóstico de ellas.

Seudoaneurisma postraumático de arteria tibial anterior secundario a fractura diafisiaria de tibia. Reporte de caso / Post-traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the anterior tibial artery secondary to tibial shaft fracture. Case report

Resumen: El seudoaneurisma arterial en la extremidad inferior es una entidad poco frecuente, en particular en el segmento infrapoplíteo. Comúnmente se le asocia a reparaciones vasculares o secundario a una lesión arterial localizada, posterior a fractura o a un evento quirúrgico. En México poco se ha documentado sobre esta entidad que afecta la arteria tibial anterior secundaria a proceso traumático y osteosíntesis. El sangrado súbito debido a una ruptura del seudoaneurisma es un posible desenlace catastrófico para la viabilidad del segmento, por lo cual es de suma importancia detectarla y diagnosticarla a tiempo. Las indicaciones en cuanto al tratamiento siguen siendo controvertidas en las publicaciones internacionales. Las opciones resolutivas pueden ser quirúrgicas o endovasculares. Según reportes actuales, la mejor opción terapéutica es el injerto autólogo de vena safena que mantiene el flujo sanguíneo y minimiza el riesgo de isquemia periférica. El objetivo de este trabajo es exponer el caso de un paciente que presentó la complicación descrita previamente y de la misma forma, realizar una revisión de la bibliografía consultada. Es importante indagar más sobre este tema, que bien puede pasar inadvertido en un gran número de casos por su sintomatología silente.

Abstract: Arterial pseudoaneurysm of the lower limb is an infrequent entity, particularly in the infrapopliteal segment. It is commonly associated to vascular repairs or follows a localized arterial lesion, a fracture or a surgical procedure. There is little information in Mexico about this entity in cases involving the anterior tibial artery, and secondary to trauma and osteosynthesis. Given that sudden bleeding due to rupture of the pseudoaneurysm is a possible catastrophic outcome for the viability of the segment, it is important to timely detect and diagnose the pseudoaneurysm. Treatment indications contained in the international literature are controversial. Solution-oriented approaches may be either surgical or endovascular. Current reports show that the best treatment option is an autologous saphenous vein graft, which maintains blood flow and minimizes the risk of peripheral ischemia. The purpose of this paper is to report the case of a patient who sustained the above mentioned complication and provide a literature review. This topic should be further investigated, as this condition may go unnoticed in a large number of cases, given that its symptoms are silent.

Risk factors for surgical site infection of pilon fractures

OBJECTIVES: Pilon fracture is a complex injury that is often associated with severe soft tissue damage and high rates of surgical site infection. The goal of this study was to analyze and identify independent risk factors for surgical site infection among patients undergoing surgical fixation of a pilon fracture. METHODS: The medical records of all pilon fracture patients who underwent surgical fixation from January 2010 to October 2012 were reviewed to identify those who developed a surgical site infection. Then, we constructed univariate and multivariate logistic regressions to evaluate the independent associations of potential risk factors with surgical site infection in patients undergoing surgical fixation of a pilon fracture. RESULTS: A total of 519 patients were enrolled in the study from January 2010 to October 2012. A total of 12 of the 519 patients developed a surgical site infection, for an incidence of 2.3%. These patients were followed for 12 to 29 months, with an average follow-up period of 19.1 months. In the final regression model, open fracture, elevated postoperative glucose levels (≥125 mg/dL), and a surgery duration of more than 150 minutes were significant risk factors for surgical site infection following surgical fixation of a pilon fracture. CONCLUSIONS: Open fractures, elevated postoperative glucose levels (≥125 mg/dL), and a surgery duration of more than 150 minutes were related to an increased risk for surgical site infection following surgical fixation of a pilon fracture. Patients exhibiting the risk factors identified in this study should be counseled regarding the possible surgical site infection that may develop after surgical fixation. .

Management of Infected Non-Union by Implant Retainment and Papineau Open Bone Grafting – Report of Two Cases.

Introduction : Infection following implant surgery in orthopaedics is a disaster both for surgeon and patient. Management of infected non-union is a most challenging task an orthopaedic surgeon can ever face. Infection following implant surgery not only leads to repeated surgeries, long term antibiotic use, stiffness of neighbouring joints and long term hospital stay but also effects patients economic, social, psychological status. Cases : Here we present report of 2 cases infected non-union ulna which was managed by stabilisation of non-union site by altering position of existing plate followed by period of open dressing till healthy granulation tissue appears. Later open bone grafting procedure done. Both patients were followed up for 15 months. Results : At the end of 4 months both patients achieved bony union without recurrence of infection. So, we conclude management of infected nonunions by altering plate position and by following papineau method of open bone grafting leads to satisfactory results. Conclusion : This technique is simple, effective and done with minimal expenditure and could be best procedure of choice in patients where cost benefit analysis appears critical.

Pseudoartrosis de espina tibial en el adulto joven. Artrosis rápidamente evolutiva / Tibial spine nonunion. Rapidly destructive arthrosis

Se presenta un caso de fractura de espina tibial (Tipo IV) en un adulto joven que evolucionó con pseudoartrosis del foco de fractura, a pesar de un tratamiento quirúrgico, generando una enfermedad articular degenerativa de rápida evolución.

We present a case of a tibial spine fracture (type IV) in a young adult who developed nonunion of the fracture despite surgical treatment, generating rapidly evolving degenerative joint disease.

Pure Varus Injury to the Knee Joint

A 30-year-old male was involved in a car accident. Radiographs revealed a depressed marginal fracture of the medial tibial plateau and an avulsion fracture of the fibular head. Magnetic resonance imaging showed avulsion fracture of Gerdy's tubercle, injury to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), posterior horn of the medial meniscus, and the attachments of the lateral collateral ligament and the biceps femoris tendon. The depressed fracture of the medial tibial plateau was elevated and stabilized using a cannulated screw and washer. The injured lateral and posterolateral corner (PLC) structures were repaired and augmented by PLC reconstruction. However, the avulsion fracture of Gerdy's tubercle was not fixed because it was minimally displaced and the torn PCL was also not repaired or reconstructed. We present a unique case of pure varus injury to the knee joint. This case contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of knee injury and provides insight regarding appropriate treatment plans for this type of injury.

Rodilla flotante en adultos: 30 años de revisión / Floating knee in adults: a 30 years review

La rodilla flotante es la asociación simultánea de fracturas ipsilaterales del fémur y la tibia que incluye una combinación de fracturas diafisiarias, metafisiarias e intraarticulares. Su tratamiento representa un reto terapéutico. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, analítico, observacional de cohorte hospitalaria conducido en un centro de IV nivel. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes de ambos sexos con edad igual o mayor a 16 años, que ingresaron con diagnóstico de rodilla flotante, desde enero 1980 a diciembre 2010. Se incluyeron 314 pacientes. 71 % de sexo masculino y edad promedio de 28,22 años. El grupo etario de 16-25 años fue el más afectado. 66% fueron abiertas. Los accidents automovilísticos fueron la causa en 92% de los casos. 58% fueron tipo I de Fraser. La técnica quirúrgica que se relacionó con los mejores resultados clínicos y radiológicos al término del seguimiento fue el enclavado endomedular bloqueado tanto para el fémur como para la tibia. La tasa de infección fue 14% y mortalidad del 6%(AU)

A floating knee is the simultaneous ipsilateral association fractures of the femur and tibia which includes a combination of diaphyseal, metaphyseal and intraarticular fractures. lts an high-energy injury caused trauma and is associated with high risk of morbidity and mortality. Treatment of floating knee representa a therapeutic challenge. We performed a prospective, analytic cohort observational hospital conducted a level IV center. We included all patients of both sexes, aged greater than or equal to 16 years, admitted with the diagnosis of knee Floating Hospital Universitario de Los Andes, from January 1980 to December 2010. 314 patients were found. 71 % were male and mean age 28.22 years. The age group 16-25 years was the most affected. 66% were open. The cause was motor vehicle accidents in 92% of cases. 58% were type I Fraser. The surgical technique was associated with better clinical and radiological follow-up was at the end of the locked intramedullary nailing both the femur and tibia for. The infection rate was 14% and mortality of 6%(AU)

Role of percutaneous autologous bone marrow grafting in non-union tibia

To evaluate the efficacy of percutaneous autologous bone marrow grafting in patients with tibial diaphyseal non-union. Descriptive case series. Orthopaedic Surgery Unit, Mardan Medical Complex Teaching Hospital, Bache Khan Medical College Mardan, from March 2011 to October 2012. Fifteen patients [mean age 41.6 year] with tibial non-union were treated with a single percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection. The bone marrow was aspirated from the anterior iliac crest and injected at fracture site. The procedure was carried out under general or spinal anesthesia. The patients were followed up after every four weeks and the rate of healing was assessed clinically as well as radiologically. Union Scale Score was used to assess the progress of union. A score of six or more was considered as sound union. Majority [73.3%, n=11] of the patients achieved a solid union after an average period of 14 weeks [range 12-20 weeks]. Four [26.6%] patients however could not achieve union. The average time duration between the procedure and injury was 37 weeks [range 36-40 weeks]. The average pre injection Union Scale Score was 2 [0-3]. The mean Union Scale Score at the end of study was 5.8 [0-7] and in united cases it was 6.4 [6-7]. Percutaneous autologous bone marrow injection provided an effective safe and easy bone grafting in non-union tibia