Femoral fracture in the elderly: dependence on nursing care

Introduction: Due to the aging of the population, nursing processes have been adapted to these patients, who require a high level of care and guidance. Objective: Analyzing the degree of dependence on nursing care by elderly patients (65 years or older) with femur fractures. Materials and Methods: retrospective, with a quantitative approach, carried out in a private hospital from April 2021 to April 2022. The sample comprehends 41 patients, analyzed epidemiological data and degree of dependence Study of nursing care during hospitalization, environment of hospitalization and discharge, according to the SCP. Results: Composed of 41 patients, mean age of 84 years and female predominance (75.61%). With regard to fractures, there was a greater occurrence due to falls from standing height and predominance of neck fractures, with an average time until surgery of less than 16 hours. Systemic Arterial Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus were predominant. The average of the SCP estimates presented 24.26 in the 1st, 26.12 in the 2nd and 26.24 in the 3rd. The length of hospital stay was 7 days and no deaths were reported. Discussion: The findings on sociodemographic data, reasons for falls, location, comorbidities, degree of dependence and length of hospital stay are similar to those available in databases. They differ, in better quality, under time until surgery and clinical. Conclusions: The study presents specific knowledge to carry out the care of the intra-hospital nursing process, thus allowing the systematization of the team's assistance.

Fracture in Irradiated Rat Femur: A Description of an Experimental Model and Evaluation of its Effectiveness / Fratura em fêmur irradiado de rato: Descrição de um modelo experimental e avaliação de sua eficácia

Abstract Objective We aim to describe an experimental model for studying femoral fractures in rats after exposure to ionizing radiation, demonstrating a way to apply a substance for analysis, the method for patterning fracture and irradiation, and how to evaluate its effectiveness based on radiographic studies. Methods We used 24 rats divided into 2 groups of 12 animals each. The STUDY group was exposed to ionizing radiation and treated with saline solution, and the CONTROL group was not exposed to radiation and was treated with saline solution. All animals were subjected to standardized fracture of the right femur that was fixed with intramedullary wire. The efficiency of the bone union was assessed by radiographic exam. Results Fracture healing was more efficient in bones not exposed to ionizing radiation (p = 0.012). All fractures met the criteria of being simple, diaphyseal, transverse or short oblique. Conclusion The experimental model presented is an efficient alternative for the study of fractures in irradiated bones in rats.

Resumo Objetivo Nosso objetivo é descrever um modelo experimental para estudo de fraturas de fêmur em ratos após exposição a radiação ionizante, demonstrando uma forma de aplicação de uma substância para análise, o método de padronização de fratura e irradiação e a forma de avaliação de sua eficácia com base em estudos radiográficos. Métodos Utilizamos 24 ratos divididos em dois grupos de 12 animais cada. O grupo ESTUDO foi exposto à radiação ionizante e tratado com soro fisiológico, enquanto o grupo CONTROLE não foi exposto à radiação e foi tratado com soro fisiológico. Todos os animais foram submetidos à fratura padronizada do fêmur direito e sua fixação com fio intramedular. A eficácia da consolidação óssea foi determinada por exame radiográfico. Resultados A cicatrização de fraturas foi mais eficiente em ossos não expostos à radiação ionizante (p = 0,012). Todas as fraturas atenderam aos critérios de serem simples, diafisárias, transversas ou oblíquas curtas. Conclusão O modelo experimental apresentado é uma boa alternativa para o estudo de fraturas em ossos irradiados em ratos.

Recursos psicossociais do idoso para reabilitar marcha e dignidade do autocuidado após fratura de fêmur / Psychosocial resources of the elderly to rehabilitate gait and dignity of self-care after femur fracture

Objetivos: compreender a experiência do idoso no restabelecimento da marcha após cirurgia de fratura de fêmur por queda e elaborar modelo teórico que a represente. Método: pesquisa qualitativa na abordagem da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados, com saturação teórica, mediante a análise da transcrição da nona entrevista não diretiva audiogravada, com idosos que vivenciaram a experiência. CAAE 021.0.063.000-10. Resultados: emergiram três subprocessos: sentindo-se desafiado a recuperar a dignidade de desenvolver o autocuidado em situação de risco; perseverando em recursos psicossociais para reabilitar marcha ameaçada; resgatando a autoconfiança para deambular. Do realinhamento desses subprocessos, abstraiu-se a categoria central (processo), recursos psicossociais do idoso para reabilitar marcha e dignidade do autocuidado após fratura de fêmur. Conclusão: o modelo teórico emerso sinaliza a dignidade humana do autocuidado como preceito moral do idoso e ordenador no resgate da autoconfiança, perante as ameaças à reabilitação da marcha, apoiado em seus recursos psicossociais (família, religiosidade e reminiscência).(AU)

Objectives: to understand the experience of the elderly in reestablishing gait after surgery for a femur fracture due to a fall and to develop a theoretical model that represents it. Method: qualitative research in the Grounded Theory approach, with theoretical saturation, through the analysis of the transcription of the ninth audio-recorded non-directive interview, with elderly people who lived through the experience. CAAE 021.0.063.000-10. Results: three sub-processes emerged: feeling challenged to recover the dignity of developing self-care in a situation of risk; persevering in psychosocial resources to rehabilitate threatened gait; rescuing self-confidence to wander. From the realignment of these sub-processes, the central category (process), psychosocial resources of the elderly to rehabilitate gait and dignity of self-care after femur fracture was abstracted. Conclusion: the theoretical model emerged signals the human dignity of self-care as a moral precept of the elderly and ordering the recovery of self-confidence, in the face of threats to gait rehabilitation, supported by their psychosocial resources (family, religiosity and reminiscence).(AU)

Objetivos: comprender la vivencia de los ancianos en el restablecimiento de la marcha después de cirugía de fractura de fémur por caída y elaborar un modelo teórico que la represente. Método: investigación cualitativa en el abordaje de la Teoría Fundamentada, con saturación teórica, a través del análisis de la transcripción de la novena entrevista audio-grabada no directiva con ancianos que vivieron la experiencia. CAAE 021.0.063.000-10. Resultados: emergieron tres subprocesos: sentirse desafiado a recuperar la dignidad para desarrollar el autocuidado en una situación de riesgo; perseverar en los recursos psicosociales para rehabilitar la marcha amenazada; recuperar la confianza en sí mismo para deambular. A partir de la realineación de estos subprocesos, se abstrajo la categoría central (proceso), recursos psicosociales de los ancianos para rehabilitar la marcha y la dignidad del autocuidado después de la fractura de fémur. Conclusión: o modelo teórico emerso sinaliza a dignidade humana do autocuidado como preceito moral do idoso e ordenador no resgate da autoconfiança, perante as ameaças à reabilitação da marcha, apoiado em seus recursos psicossociais (família, religiosidade e reminiscência).(AU)

Factors Associated with Readmission within 30 Days after Discharge and In-Hospital Mortality after Proximal Femoral Fracture Surgery in the Elderly: Retrospective Cohort / Fatores associados à reinternação em até 30 dias após a alta e à mortalidade intra-hospitalar após cirurgia por fratura do fêmur proximal em idosos: coorte retrospectiva

Abstract Objective To evaluate the factors associated with readmission within 30 days after discharge (R30) and in-hospital mortality (IHM) in elderly patients undergoing proximal femur fracture surgery (PFF). Methods Retrospective cohort with data from 896 medical records of elderly (≥ 60 years) patients submitted to PFF surgery in a Brazilian hospital between November 2014 and December, 2019. The patients included were followed-up from the date of hospitalization for surgery up to 30 days after discharge. As independent variables, we evaluated gender, age, marital status, pre- and postoperative hemoglobin (Hb), international normalized ratio, time of hospitalization related to the surgery, door-surgery time, comorbidities, previous surgeries, use of medications, and the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score. Results The incidence of R30 was 10.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8.3-12.3%), and the incidence of IHM was 5.7% (95%CI: 4.3-7.4%). Regarding R30, hypertension (odds ratio [OR]: 1.71; 95%CI: 1.03-2.96), and regular use of psychotropic drugs (OR: 1.74; 95%CI: 1.12-2.72) were associated in the adjusted model. In the case of IHM, higher chances were associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD) (OR: 5.80; 95%CI: 2.64-12.31), longer hospitalization time (OR: 1.06; 95%CI: 1.01-1.10), and R30 (OR: 3.60; 95%CI: 1.54-7.96). Higher preoperative Hb values were associated with a lower chance of mortality (OR: 0.73; 95%CI: 0.61-0.87). Conclusion Findings suggest that the occurrence of these outcomes is associated with comorbidities, medications, and Hb.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados à reinternação em até 30 dias após a alta (R30) e à mortalidade intra-hospitalar (MIH) em idosos submetidos a cirurgia por fratura do fêmur proximal (FFP). Métodos Coorte retrospectiva com dados de 896 prontuários de idosos (≥ 60 anos) submetidos a cirurgia de FFP em hospital brasileiro, no período entre novembro de 2014 a dezembro de 2019. Os pacientes incluídos foram acompanhados desde a data de internação para a cirurgia até 30 dias após a alta. Como variáveis independentes, foram avaliados o sexo, idade, estado civil, hemoglobina (Hb) pré e pós-operatória, razão normalizada internacional, tempo da internação relacionada à cirurgia, tempo porta cirurgia, comorbidades, cirurgias prévias, uso de medicamentos e escore da American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). Resultados A incidência de R30 foi de 10,2% (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95%: 8,3-12,3%) e a de MIH foi 5,7% (IC95%: 4,3-7,4%). Referente a R30, no modelo ajustado, associaram-se ter hipertensão (odds ratio [OR]: 1,71; IC95%: 1,03-2,96), uso regular de medicamentos psicotrópicos (OR: 1,74; IC95%: 1,12-2,72). Tratando-se da MIH, maiores chances estiveram associadas à doença renal crônica (DRC) (OR: 5,80; IC95%: 2,64-12,31), maior tempo de internação (OR: 1,06; IC95%: 1,01-1,10) e R30 (OR: 3,60; IC95%: 1,54-7,96). Maiores valores de Hb pré-operatória associaram-se à menor chance de mortalidade (OR: 0,73; IC95%: 0,61-0,87). Conclusão Os achados sugerem que a ocorrência destes desfechos está associada à comorbidades, medicamentos e Hb.

Epidemiología y manejo de las fracturas de fémur por arma de fuego. Nuestra experiencia / Epidemiology and management of femoral gunshot fractures. Our experience

Introducción: Cada vez con más frecuencia, la población civil sufre lesiones por proyectil de arma de fuego. El 57% de los pacientes presenta compromiso óseo y la fractura de fémur es la más común. La elevada incidencia y la ausencia de un protocolo estandarizado para su tratamiento motivaron este estudio. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo. Entre 2019 y 2021, se incluyeron pacientes con fracturas de fémur causadas por arma de fuego. Se analizaron las siguientes variables: región anatómica involucrada, clasificación, tratamiento y complicaciones. Resultados: La muestra incluyó a 35 pacientes, 25 (71,43%) con fracturas completas y 10 (28,57%), con fracturas incompletas. Según la localización, el fémur distal fue la zona más afectada (48,57%). Veintiséis pacientes fueron tratados mediante reducción y osteosíntesis y 9, de forma incruenta. Conclusiones: Recurrimos a una clasificación sencilla que divide a las fracturas en completas o incompletas. Todas las fracturas completas se consideraron inestables independientemente de su localización; y las incompletas, estables, salvo las del tercio proximal, donde es conveniente realizar una fijación profiláctica. Las fracturas diafisarias incompletas pueden tratarse de forma incruenta y todas las fracturas completas se trataron con reducción y osteosíntesis. El clavo endomedular es el método de elección para las fracturas en las zonas I y II. En la zona III, se requiere un análisis individualizado para cada patrón. Creemos que el manejo inicial y la correcta selección del implante según la zona afectada son factores determinantes para lograr resultados satisfactorios. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Gunshot injuries affect the civilian population with increasing frequency. 57% of the patients present bone compro-mise, with femur fractures being the most common. The lack of a standardized protocol for its treatment prompted the development of this study. Materials and Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted. Patients with femur fractures caused by firearms between 2019 and 2021 were included. The anatomical region, classification, treatment, and complications were analyzed. Results: Of a total of 35 patients, 25 (71.43%) had complete fractures and 10 (28.57%) had incomplete fractures. The distal femur was the most affected area (48.57%), according to the location. Reduction and osteosynthesis were used to treat 26 patients, with 9 being treated noninvasively. Conclusions: We used a simple classification system to categorize fractures as complete or incomplete. All complete ones were deemed unstable regardless of location, and all incomplete ones were deemed stable, with the exception of those in the proximal third, for which prophylactic fixation is advised. Incomplete shaft fractures can be treated noninvasively, but complete shaft fractures require reduction and osteosynthesis. For zone I and II fractures, the intramedullary nail is the preferred treatment. In zone III, an individualized analysis is required for each pattern. We believe that the initial management and the correct selection of the implant according to the affected area are decisive factors in achieving satisfactory outcomes. Level of Evidence: IV

Experiencia en el manejo del trauma de guerra con un enfoque de control de daños en el hospital para pacientes con fracturas de fémur o tibia / Experience in managing war trauma with a damage control approach in the hospital for patients with femur or tibia fractures

Introducción: El Hospital Militar Central cuenta con un grupo especial para la atención de pacientes con trauma de guerra que incluye una evaluación inicial y manejo urgente de las lesiones que amenacen la vida, mediante un enfoque de control de daños que busca preservar la vida del paciente, salvar la extremidad y conservar su función. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal de pacientes de las fuerzas militares de Colombia, que sufrieron fracturas de fémur o tibia por trauma de guerra entre 2012 y 2020; y tratados mediante fijación externa en este Hospital. Objetivos: Describir las complicaciones del trauma de guerra tras un año de manejo de pacientes con fracturas de fémur o tibia utilizando un protocolo de control de daños en el Hospital Militar Central, centro de referencia para este tipo de trauma en el país. Resultados: Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de pacientes con fracturas femorales o tibiales por traumas de guerra entre 2012 y 2020, manejados con un protocolo de control de daños. Se seleccionaron 72 soldados, el 96% de las fracturas eran abiertas, el 91% (66 casos) sufrió alguna complicación, como lesión nerviosa, lesión vascular, defecto de cobertura, infección, falta de consolidación. Conclusiones: El trauma de guerra continúa representando una de las etiologías de politraumatismo en pacientes jóvenes de nuestro país que, a su vez, sigue teniendo grandes implicaciones clínicas y económicas. Las lesiones óseas de las extremidades requieren un manejo por etapas basado en la fijación externa según los principios de control de daños. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The Central Military Hospital of Bogotá, Colombia has a specialized team for treating war trauma patients. They conduct an initial assessment of patients and promptly manage potentially fatal injuries using a damage control approach that aims to save the patient's life, save the limb, and preserve its function. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on patients from the Colombian armed forces who, between 2012 and 2020, had femur or tibia fractures as a result of war trauma; these patients were treated using external fixation by the orthopedics and traumatology service of the Central Military Hospital in Bogotá, Colombia. Objectives: To describe the complications associated with war trauma following a year of treatment for femur and/or tibia fractures under a damage control protocol at the Central Military Hospital, the nation's reference facility for this kind of trauma. Results:A retrospective review of war trauma patients between 2012 and 2020 with femoral or tibial fractures treated with DCO was performed. Fisher's Exact tests were used for comparisons. Seventy-two soldiers were selected, 96% of fractures were open, 91% (66 cases) had some type of complication such as nerve injury, vascular injury, coverage defect, infection, and nonunion. Conclusions: In our country, war trauma persists as one of the causes of polytrauma in young patients, which has significant clinical and financial implications. Bone injuries of severely affected extremities require staged management based on external fixation according to damage control principles. Level of Evidence: IV

Sedative use and incidence of falls and hip fractures among older adults in an outpatient geriatric clinic / Perfil de uso de sedativos e ocorrência de quedas e fratura de fêmur entre idosos em um ambulatório de geriatria

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the use of sedatives by older adults attending a private outpatient geriatric clinic in Belo Horizonte (MG), Brazil, and its association with falls and hip fractures. METHODS: Using a longitudinal design, the prevalence of benzodiazepine and nonbenzodiazepine ("z-drugs") intake by older adults was described and their association with the incidence of falls and fractures (30 days after the initial visit) was evaluated through logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 7821 older adults were included in the study, most of them women (72.50%), with a mean age of 77.5 years and a mean Clinical-Functional Vulnerability Index (IVCF-20) score of 16.5. The overall prevalence of sedative use (any sedative) was 6.19%, with 4.48% benzodiazepines and 1.98% z-drugs. The most widely used sedatives were clonazepam (29.04%), zolpidem (28.65%), and alprazolam (23.44%). Falls were reported for 182 patients (2.33%), with a higher incidence among users of any sedatives (4.34; p = 0.002; OR = 1.94, adjusted for sex, age, and IVCF-20) and benzodiazepines (5.14%; p < 0.001; OR = 2.28) than among non-users (2.19%). Hip fractures occurred in 33 patients (0.42%), and again were more frequent among users of sedatives (1.03%; p = 0.032; OR = 2.57) and benzodiazepines (1.43%; p = 0.003; OR = 3.45) than among non-users (0.38%). CONCLUSIONS: The use of sedatives, especially benzodiazepines, is associated with an increased incidence of falls and hip fractures in older adults

OBJETIVO: Investigar a utilização de sedativos entre idosos atendidos em ambulatório privado de geriatria em Belo Horizonte (MG), bem como sua associação com quedas e fraturas de fêmur. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo longitudinal, no qual foi descrita a prevalência de uso de benzodiazepínicos e drogas Z entre idosos (60 anos ou mais) e avaliada sua associação com a incidência de queda e fratura (30 dias após consulta inicial) por meio de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos no estudo 7821 idosos, com maioria feminina (72,50%), idade média de 77,5 anos e Índice de Vulnerabilidade Clínico Funcional (IVCF-20) médio de 16,5 pontos. A prevalência de uso de sedativos em geral foi de 6,19%, sendo 4,48% de benzodiazepínicos e 1,98% de drogas Z. Os medicamentos sedativos mais utilizados foram clonazepam (29,04%), zolpidem (28,65%) e alprazolam (23,44%). Relatou-se queda para 182 idosos (2,33%), com incidência maior entre usuários de sedativos (4,34; p = 0,002; OR = 1,94 ajustada por sexo, idade e IVCF-20) e de benzodiazepínicos (5,14%; p < 0,001; OR = 2,28) do que entre não usuários (2,19%). Identificou-se fratura de fêmur em 33 idosos (0,42%), sendo mais frequente entre usuários de sedativos (1,03%; p = 0,032; OR = 2,57) e de benzodiazepínicos (1,43%; p = 0,003; OR = 3,45) do que entre não usuários (0,38%). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que a incidência de quedas e fraturas de fêmur em idosos possui associação com o uso de medicamentos sedativos, em especial os benzodiazepínicos

Peri-implant femoral fractures: Challenges, outcomes, and proposal of a treatment algorithm / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Non-prosthetic peri-implant fractures are challenging injuries. Multiple factors must be carefully evaluated for an adequate therapeutic strategy, such as the state of bone healing, the type of implant, the time and performed personnel of previous surgery, and the stability of fixation. The aim of this study is to propose a rationale for the treatment.@*METHODS@#The peri-implant femoral fractures (PIFFs) system, a therapeutic algorithm was developed for the management of all patients presenting a subtype A PIFF, based on the type of the original implant (extra- vs. intra-medullary), implant length and fracture location. The adequacy and reliability of the proposed algorithm and the fracture healing process were assessed at the last clinical follow-up using the Parker mobility score and radiological assessment, respectively. In addition, all complications were noticed. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation, or median and range according to their distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as frequency and percentages.@*RESULTS@#This is a retrospective case series of 33 PIFFs, and the mean post-operative Parker mobility score was (5.60 ± 2.54) points. Five patients (15.1%) achieved complete mobility without aids (9 points) and 1 (3.0%) patient was not able to walk. Two other patients (6.1%) were non-ambulatory prior to PPIF. The mean follow-up was (21.51 ± 9.12) months (range 6 - 48 months). There were 7 (21.2%) complications equally distributed between patients managed either with nailing or plating. There were no cases of nonunion or mechanical failure of the original implant.@*CONCLUSION@#The proposed treatment algorithm shows adequate, reliable and straightforward to assist the orthopaedic trauma surgeon on the difficult decision-making process regarding the management of PIFF occurring in previously healed fractures. In addition, it may become a useful tool to optimize the use of the classification, thus potentially improving the outcomes and minimizing complications.

Biomechanical effects of three internal fixation modes on femoral subtrochanteric spiral fractures in osteoporotic patients by finite element analysis / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#The biomechanical characteristics of three internal fixation modes for femoral subtrochanteric spiral fracture in osteoporotic patients were compared and analyzed by finite element technology, so as to provide the basis for the optimization of fixation methods for femoral subtrochanteric spiral fracture.@*METHODS@#Ten female patients with osteoporosis and femoral subtrochanteric spiral fractures caused by trauma, aged 65-75 years old, with a height of 160-170 cm and a body weight mass of 60-70 kg, were selected as the study subjects. The femur was scanned by spiral CT and a three-dimensional model of the femur was established by digital technology. The computer aided design models of proximal intramedullary nail (PFN), proximal femoral locking plate (PFLP), and the combination of the two (PFLP+PFN) were constructed under the condition of subtrochanteric fracture. Then the same load of 500 N was applied to the femoral head, and the stress distribution of the internal fixators, the stress distribution of the femur, and the displacement of femur after fracture fixation were compared and analyzed under the three finite element internal fixation modes, so as to evaluate the fixation effect.@*RESULTS@#In the PFLP fixation mode, the stress of the plate was mainly concentrated in the main screw channel, the stresses of the different part of the plate were not equal, and gradually decreased from the head to the tail. In the PFN fixation mode, the stress was concentrated in the upper part of the lateral middle segment. In the PFLP+PFN fixation mode, the maximum stress appeared between the first and the second screws in the lower segment, and the maximum stress appeared in the lateral part of the middle segment of the PFN. The maximum stress of PFLP+PFN fixation mode was significantly higher than that of PFLP fixation mode, but significantly lower than that of PFN fixation mode ( P<0.05). In PFLP and PFN fixation modes, the maximum stress of femur appeared in the medial and lateral cortical bone of the middle femur and the lower side of the lowest screw. In PFLP+PFN fixation mode, the stress of femur concentrated in the medial and lateral of the middle femur. There was no significant difference in the maximum stress of femur among the three finite element fixation modes ( P>0.05). The maximum displacement occurred at the femoral head after three finite element fixation modes were used to fix subtrochanteric femoral fractures. The maximum displacement of femur in PFLP fixation mode was the largest, followed by PFN, and PFLP+PFN was the minimum, with significant differences ( P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Under static loading conditions, the PFLP+PFN fixation mode produces the smallest maximum displacement when compared with the single PFN and PFLP fixation modes, but its maximum plate stress is greater than the single PFN and PFLP fixation mode, suggesting that the combination mode has higher stability, but the plate load is greater, and the possibility of fixation failure is higher.

A comparative analysis of distal locked and unlocked long proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA-II) in the fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Long proximal femoral nail anti-rotation (PFNA-II) is a preferred implant in recent years for fixation of pertrochanteric fractures, especially in osteoporotic patients. The purpose of this study is to prospectively investigate the effect of distal locking in long PFNA-II fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures.@*METHODS@#A total of 58 patients with isolated stable intertrochanteric fractures and treated in our hospital during the study period of 2017-2019 by distal locked or unlocked long PFNA-II fixation were included in this study. Patients who had multiple injuries or open fractures were excluded. There were 40 female and 18 male patients, with 33 affecting the left side and 25 the right side. Of them, 31 belonged to the distal locked group (group A) and 27 to the unlocked group (group B). Surgical procedures and implants used in both groups were similar except for the distal locking of the nails. General data (age, gender, fracture side, etc.) showed no significant difference between two groups (all p > 0.05). The intraoperative parameters like operative time, radiation exposure and follow-up parameters like functional and radiological outcomes were recorded and compared. Statistical tests like the independent samples t-test Fischer's exact and Chi-square test were used to analyze association.@*RESULTS@#The distribution of the fractures according to AO/OTA classification and 31A1.2 type of intertrochanteric fractures were most common in our study. All the included fractures united and the average functional outcome in both groups were good and comparable at the end of one year. The operative time (mL, 107.1 ± 12.6 vs. 77.0 ± 12.0, p < 0.001) and radiation exposure (s, 78.6 ± 11.0 vs. 40.3 ± 9.3, p < 0.001) were significantly less among the patients in group B. Fracture consolidation, three months after the operative procedures, was seen in a significantly greater proportion of patients in group B (92.6% vs. 67.7%, p = 0.025). Hardware irritation because of distal locking bolt was exclusively seen in group A, however this was not statistically significant (p = 0.241).@*CONCLUSION@#We conclude that, in fixation of stable intertrochanteric fractures by long PFNA-II nail, distal locking not only increases the operative time and radiation exposure but also delays the fracture consolidation and increases the chances of hardware irritation, and hence is not required.

Treatmen of distal femoral fracture of Müller type A with homeopathic bidirectional-traction reduction device unite with internal fixation / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of treatment of Müller A fracture of distal femur with small incision internal fixation assisted by homeopathic bidirectional-traction reduction device.@*METHODS@#From January 2018 to December 2019, 22 patients (14 males and 8 females) with Müller type A distal femoral fractures were treated with homeopathic bidirectional-traction assisted reduction and minimally invasive small incision locking plate internal fixation;The age ranged from 29 to 58 years old with an average of (41.23±7.03) years. The time from injury to operation was 1 to 7 days with an average of (3.41±1.71) days. According to Müller classification, there were 4 cases of type A1, 10 cases of type A2, and 8 cases of type A3. The postoperative knee joint function was evaluated by Schatzker Lambert fracture criterion of distal femur.@*RESULTS@#All the incisions healed in one stage without infection, osteomyelitis and other complications. All the fractures healed without malunion and nonunion. All of 22 patients were followed up for 12 to 18 months with an average of (14.50±2.02) months. The healing time was 3 to 6 months with an average of (4.64±1.14) months. According to Schatzker Lambert criteria for distal femoral fracture, 12 cases were excellent, 6 good, and 4 medium.@*CONCLUSION@#It is an ideal method to treat Müller type A fracture of distal femur with homeopathic bidirectional-traction assisted reduction device and minimally invasive small incision locking plate internal fixation.

Disastrous triad of femoral head:femoral neck fracture meeting fracture-dislocation of femoral head / 中国骨伤

Femoral head and ipsilateral femoral neck fractures are serious and complicated injuries, which usually yield unsatisfactory results using conventional hip-preserving surgery. The key point of the management and prognosis mainly lies in femoral neck fractures. An apparent and consecutive relationship exists between femoral neck fractures and femoral head fracture-hip dislocation in such injuries. It is believed that disastrous triad of femoral head (DTFH) could summarize these specific injuries, and reflect the injury mechanism and prognostic characteristics. Based on our clinical observation and literature review, DTFH could be divided into three subgroups:TypeⅠ, common DTFH, in which femoral neck fractures occur following femoral head fractures-hip dislocation due to the same trauma; TypeⅡ, iatrogenic DTFH, in which femoral neck fractures come out in the caring process of femoral head fractures-hip dislocation; Type Ⅲ, stressed DTFH, in which femoral neck fractures occur after the management of femoral head fractures-hip dislocation. In the scenario, the line of femoral neck fractures locates distally to the femoral head fractures. Herein, we will discuss clinical characteristics of these types of DTFH.

Surgical treatment for ipsilateral femoral neck and shaft fracture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To retrospectively analyze efficacy of single structure internal fixation and double structure internal fixation in the treatment of ipsilateral femoral shaft and neck fracture, and analyze their indications.@*METHODS@#From June 2015 to December 2020, 21 patients with ipsilateral femoral shaft and femoral neck fracture were treated, including 14 males and 7 females, aged 23 to 69 years old with an average of(38.1±12.9) years old. According to different femoral shaft fracture sites, some patients were fixed with cephalomedullary implant for both femoral neck and the femoral shaft(single structure, InterTan or PFNA Ⅱ), some patients were fixed with cannulated screws for the femoral neck and a retrograde locking nail for the femoral shaft (dual structure), and postoperative function and complications were recorded during follow-up. In 10 cases of single-structure fixation, the femoral necks were all basicervical fractures, and the femoral shaft fractures were located in the proximal isthmus;11 cases were double-structure fixation, 9 cases in 11 were basal type of femoral neck, 2 cases in 11 were neck type, and the femoral shaft fractures were located in the isthmus and the distal isthmus.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 12 to 27 months. No femoral head necrosis, deformity, delay or nonunion occurred in the patients with single-structure fixation, and no delayed union or nonunion occurred in femoral shaft fractures;At the final follow-up, Harris score of patients with single-structure fixation was 91.8±4.1, with 8 cases were excellent and 2 cases were good. The fractures of patients with dual-structure fixation achieved good union without femoral head necrosis, except 1 case of femoral shaft fracture had delayed union;At the final follow-up, Harris score of patients with dual-structure fixation was 92.4±5.9, 7 cases were excellent, 3 cases were good, and 1 case was fair.@*CONCLUSION@#Good reduction and fixation is the key to the treatment of such fractures. Both the single-structure fixation and the dual-structure fixation are good methods, and it should be selected according to the locations of femoral shaft and femoral neck fractures. Single-structure fixation is a good choice for femoral shaft fractures located at the proximal isthmus and basal femoral neck fractures. For isthmus and distal femoral shaft fractures combined with ipsilateral femoral neck fractures, dual-structure fixation is recommended.

Optimal entry point for antegrade and retrograde femoral intramedullary nails / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

Surgical management of femoral shaft fractures with intramedullary nails has become the standard of care, with multiple options for entry point described, including piriformis entry, trochanter entry and retrograde femoral nails. Our present review describes the surgical anatomy of the proximal and distal femur and its relation to different entry points for intramedullary femoral nails. In addition, we reviewed relative indications for each technique, difficulties associated and possible complications.

An unusual case of symmetric quadruple limb fractures / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

A 19-year-old man had an accidental fall from the 2nd floor and sustained multiple injuries. On radiological evaluation, the patient had symmetrical quadruple limb involvement with bilateral humerus shaft, bilateral olecranon, bilateral femur shaft, and bilateral patella fractures. The patient was actively managed using damage control orthopaedics, and a sequence of skeletal fixation was planned based on the hemodynamic stability and periodical serum lactate assessment. Symmetrical quadruple limb fractures are very rare, which could be associated with higher mortality. A meticulous clinical evaluation, periodical blood parameter assessment and strict adherence to the principles of damage control orthopaedics can be conducive to prevent life-endangering complications.

Discussion on internal fixation of Hoffa fractures / 中国骨伤

Hoffa fracture is an unstable intra-articular fracture with significant redisplacement tendency. It is easy to be missed diagnosis when accompanied by distal intercondylar or supracondylar fracture of femur. CT scan is the gold standard for the diagnosis of Hoffa fracture. The treatment principles are anatomic reduction of the articular surface, reliable internal fixation, and early functional activity. At present, the main treatment is arthroscopic screw fixation. During screw fixation, the tail cap of screw should be buried, resulting in non-healing iatrogenic injury of articular cartilage. In the early postoperative functional activity of knee joint, fracture block was repeatedly subjected to backward and upward shear force under the action of the tibial plateau, which is the main reason for the failure of internal fixation. Plate assisted screw fixation could increase local mechanical stability, but it still cannot avoid the defects of iatrogenic cartilage injury. At the same time, plate molding is required during the operation due to the absence of special anatomical plates, resulting in increased surgical trauma and time-consuming surgery. The ideal fixation method for Hoffa fracture should include:(1) Avoid iatrogenic injury of articular surface cartilage. (2) With the rear anti-shear barrier plate function.(3) The internal fixator is closer to the load interface, so as to obtain greater load and better fixed strength.

Augmenting locking plate with autologous bone graft for the treatment of nonunion of long bone fracture in the lower extremity with retaining of the original intramedullary nail / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To explore clinical effect of attaching locking plate with bone grafting based on retaining the original intramedullary nail in treating non-union after intramedullary nail fixation of long shaft fractures of lower limbs.@*METHODS@#A retrospective study was conducted on 20 patients treated with non-union fractures after intramedullary nailing of long shaft fractures of lower limbs from June 2015 to June 2020. All patients were treated with the original intramedullary nailing and bone grafting from the iliac bone, and were underwent open reduction plate internal fixation and bone grafting for old fractures. Among them, 14 were males and 6 were females, aged from 35 to 56 years old with an average of (42.2±9.6) years old. Nine patients were femoral shaft fracture and 11 patients were tibial shaft fracture. According to characteristics of fracture end nonunion, 6 patients were stable/atrophic, 9 patients were unstable/large, and 5 patients were unstable/atrophic. The nonunion time ranged from 8 to 12 months with an average of(9.8±2.0) months after the initial surgery. Visual analogue scale (VAS), knee range of motion, bone healing time, complications and fracture-end healing were recorded before and at the latest follow-up.@*RESULTS@#All patients were followed up for 18 to 48 months with an average of (36.3±10.5) months. The incision of all patients were healed at stageⅠwithout complications such as infection or internal fixation ruptur. Healing time of femur and tibia was (8.5±2.6) months and (9.5±2.2) months. Knee joint motion increased from preoperative (101.05±8.98) ° to postoperative (139.35±8.78) ° at the latest follow-up (t=-12.845, P<0.001). VAS decreased from preoperative (5.15±1.72) to postoperative (0.75±0.96) at the latest follow-up (t=11.186, P<0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#On the basis of retaining the original intramedullary nail, the addition of locking plate internal fixation and autogenous iliac bone grafting have advantages of simple operation, less trauma, fewer complications and high fracture healing rate. It is one of the effective surgical schemes for the treatment of nonunion after intramedullary nail fixation of long bone fracture of lower extremity.

Ultrasound-guided continuous fascia iliaca compartment block for perioperative pain management in elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To study the effect of ultrasound-guided fascia iliaca compartment block on perioperative analgesia and postoperative complications in geriatric patients with hip fractures.@*METHODS@#A total of 127 elderly patients undergoing hip fracture surgery from January 2021 to September 2021 were randomized to receive ultrasound-guided continuous fascia iliaca compartment block(group F) either intravenous analgesia control group(group C). There were 62 cases in group F, including 19 males and 43 females with an average age of (82.4±7.2) years old ranging from 66 to 95 years old, involving 25 femoral neck fractures and 37 femoral intertrochanteric fractures. There were 65 cases in control group, including 18 males and 47 females, with an average age of (81.4±8.7) years old ranging from 65 to 94 years old, involving 29 femoral neck fractures and 36 femoral intertrochanteric fractures. The visual analogue scale(VAS), minimental state examination (MMSE), observer's assessment of alertness/sedation(OAA/S) scale, modified Bromage score, postoperative complications and general conditions during hospitalization in two groups were observed.@*RESULTS@#The resting and exercise VAS at 30 min after block, anesthesia placement and 6, 24 and 48 h after surgery were lower than those in group C(P<0.05). In group F, MMSE scores at 12 h before surgery, and 1, 3 d after surgery and OAA/S scores at 3 d after surgery were higher than those in group C(P<0.05). The incidence of adverse effects and the number requiring additional analgesia were lower than those in group C(P<0.05). Group F had better perioperative analgesia satisfaction and hospital stay than group C(P<0.05). But there was no significant difference regarding Bromage score and 30-day mortality between two group(P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Ultrasound-guided continuous fascia iliacus space block was safe and effective for elderly patients with hip fracture, and could significantly reduce perioperative pain, improve postoperative cognitive function, and reduce postoperative complications, thereby shortening hospital stay and improving the quality of life during hospitalization.

Comparison of effectiveness of lower extremity axial distractor and traction table assisted closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation in femoral subtrochanteric fracture / 中国修复重建外科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To compare the effectiveness of lower extremity axial distractor (LEAD) and traction table assisted closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation in treatment of femoral subtrochanteric fracture.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 117 patients with subtrochanteric fracture of femur treated by closed reduction and intramedullary nail fixation between May 2012 and May 2022 who met the selection criteria were retrospectively analyzed. According to the auxiliary reduction tools used during operation, the patients were divided into LEAD group (62 cases with LEAD reduction) and traction table group (55 cases with traction table reduction). There was no significant difference in baseline data, such as gender, age, injured side, cause of injury, fracture Seinsheimer classification, time from injury to operation, and preoperative visual analogue scale (VAS) score, between the two groups ( P>0.05). Total incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, closed reduction rate, fracture reduction quality, fracture healing time, weight-bearing activity time, and incidence of complications, as well as hip flexion and extension range of motion (ROM), Harris score, and VAS score at 1 month and 6 months after operation and last follow-up were recorded and compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#There were 14 cases in the LEAD group from closed reduction to limited open reduction, and 43 cases in the traction table group. The incisions in the LEAD group healed by first intention, and no complication such as nerve and vascular injury occurred during operation. In the traction table group, 3 cases had perineal crush injury, which recovered spontaneously in 1 week. The total incision length, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fluoroscopy frequency, and closed reduction rate in the LEAD group were significantly better than those in the traction table group ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the quality of fracture reduction between the two groups ( P>0.05). Patients in both groups were followed up 12-44 months, with an average of 15.8 months. In the LEAD group, 1 patient had delayed fracture union at 6 months after operation, 1 patient had nonunion at 3 years after operation, and 1 patient had incision sinus pus flow at 10 months after operation. In the traction table group, there was 1 patient with fracture nonunion at 15 months after operation. X-ray films of the other patients in the two groups showed that the internal fixator was fixed firmly without loosening and the fractures healed. There was no significant difference in fracture healing time, weight bearing activity time, incidence of complications, and postoperative hip flexion and extension ROM, Harris score, and VAS score at different time points between the two groups ( P>0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#For femoral subtrochanteric fracture treated by close reduction and intramedullary nail fixation, compared with traction table, LEAD assisted fracture reduction can significantly shorten the operation time, reduce intraoperative blood loss and fluoroscopy frequency, reduce incision length, effectively improve the success rate of closed reduction, and avoid complications related to traction table reduction. It provides a new method for good reduction of femoral subtrochanteric fracture.