Analysis of Key Points of Technical Review of Traditional Chinese Medicine Fumigation Treatment Device / 中国医疗器械杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine fumigation device is the carrier of traditional Chinese medicine fumigation treatment. In recent years, with the rapid development of new technology and new materials, the development of fumigation device changes with each passing day, and a variety of new products continue to emerge. However, at present, the lack of corresponding evaluation norms, resulting in some difficulties in the registration, marketing, quality control, evaluation scale and other aspects of the product. Some products have many disadvantages in clinical use. From the perspective of technical review, this paper elaborates and analyzes the main concerns in technical review, such as product structure, main risks, performance requirements, clinical evaluation, etc., in order to provide a basis for the design, development, production, registration, use and post-marketing supervision of the devices.

Effect of sulfur fumigation on quality and safety of Lilii Bulbus / 中国中药杂志

Lilii Bulbus is a commonly used Chinese herbal medicine with both medicinal and edible values, while the market products usually has the problem of sulfur fumigation. Therefore, the quality and safety of Lilii Bulbus products deserve attention. In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-time of flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) was combined with principal component analysis(PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) to analyze the differential components of Lilii Bulbus before and after sulfur fumigation. We identified ten markers generated after sulfur fumigation, summarized their mass fragmentation and transformation patterns, and verified the structures of phenylacrylic acid markers of sulfur fumigation. At the same time, the cytotoxicity of the aqueous extracts of Lilii Bulbus before and after sulfur fumigation was evaluated. The results showed that in the concentration range of 0-800 mg·L~(-1), the aqueous extract of Lilii Bulbus after sulfur fumigation had no significant effect on the viability of human liver LO2 cells, human renal proximal tubular HK-2 cells, and rat adrenal pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells. Moreover, the viability of the cells exposed to the aqueous extract of Lilii Bulbus before and after sulfur fumigation showed no significant difference. This study identified phenylacrylic acid and furostanol saponins as markers of sulfur-fumigated Lilii Bulbus for the first time, and made clear that proper sulfur fumigation of Lilii Bulbus would not produce cytotoxicity, providing a theoretical basis for the rapid identification and quality and safety control of sulfur-fumigated Lilii Bulbus.

Modern research progress in external application of traditional Chinese medicine to acupoints / 中国中药杂志

Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) has a long history and abundant experience in external therapy, which marks human wisdom. In the early history of human, people found that fumigation, coating, and sticking of some tree branches and herb stems can help alleviate scabies and remove parasites in productive labor, which indicates the emergence of external therapy. Pathogen usually enters the body through the surface, so external therapy can be used to treat the disease. External therapy is among the major characteristic of surgery of TCM. As one of the external therapies in TCM, external application to acupoints smooths the zang-fu organs through meridians and collaterals, thereby harmonizing yin and yang. This therapy emerged in the early society, formed the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, improved in the Song and Ming dynasties, and matured in the Qing dynasty. With the efforts of experts in history, it has had a mature theory. According to modern research, it can avoid the first-pass effect of liver and the gastrointestinal irritation and improve the bioavailability of Chinese medicine. Based on the effect of Chinese medicine and the theory of meridian and collateral, it can stimulate the acupoints, exert regulatory effect on acupoints, and give full play to the efficacy of TCM and the interaction of the two. Thereby, it can regulate qi and blood and balance yin and yang, thus being widely used in the treatment of diseases. In this paper, the use of external application to acupoints, the effect on skin immunity, the regulation of neuro-inflammatory mechanism, the relationship between acupoint application and human circulation network, and the development of its dosage form were summarized through literature review. On this basis, this study is expected to lay a foundation for further research.

Development and characteristics of auricular fumigation moxibustion combined with heat-sensitive moxibustion device / 中国针灸

A moxibustion device with the functions of auricular fumigation moxibustion and heat-sensitive moxibustion is designed. The smoke of the ignited moxa stick is used for the fumigation moxibustion at the external auditory canal, while the heat generated works on Dazhui (GV 14) for heat-sensitive moxibustion. The device consists of five parts, i.e. combustion chamber, smoke pipe, smoke processing chamber, power module and connector. It solves the limitations such as unpleasant experience in treatment, unfavorable temperature control, easy scalding and excessive manual dependence induced by usual fumigation moxibustion and during heat-sensitive moxibustion. This moxibustion device may improve the safety and convenience when delivering the treatment with fumigation moxibustion and heat-sensitive moxibustion, as well as the work efficiency of medical staff.

Smoke of Capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repels nymphs of triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) / Humo de capsicum baccatum L. var. baccatum (Solanaceae) repele las ninfas de Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Control of the Chagas disease vector, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) with synthetic pesticides in Bolivia has become increasingly inefficient due to the development of resistance in the insects. In the Chaco region of Bolivia, guaraní populations have approached the problem by fumigating their houses with the smoke of native plants. Through interviews and field work with local guides, the main plant used by the guaraníes was collected and later identified as Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). In choice bioassays, filter papers exposed to the smoke of the plant repelled nymphs of T. infestans. Activity remained significant after storing the exposed filter papers for 9 days. Chemical analysis of smoke and literature data suggested that capsaicinoids present in the smoke were responsible for the repellent effect. The data presented provide a rationale for the use of C. baccatumvar. baccatumto control the Chagas vector bythe guaraní populations.

El control del vector de la enfermedad de Chagas, Triatoma infestans (Klug) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) con plaguicidas sintéticos en Bolivia se ha vuelto cada vez más ineficiente debido al desarrollo de resistencias en los insectos. En la región del Chaco de Bolivia, las poblaciones guaraníes han abordado el problema fumigando sus casas con el humo de las plantas nativas. A través de entrevistas y trabajo de campo con guías locales, se recogió la principal planta utilizada por los guaraníes y posteriormente se identificó como Capsicum baccatumL. var. baccatum (Solanaceae). En bioensayos selectos, los papeles de filtro expuestos al humo de la planta repelieron a las ninfas de T. infestans. La actividad siguió siendo significativa después de almacenar los papeles de filtro expuestos durante 9 días. El análisis químico del humo y los datos de la literatura sugieren que los capsaicinoides presentes en el humo eran responsables del efecto repelente. Los datos presentados proporcionan una justificación para el uso de C. baccatum var. baccatum para el control del vector Chagas por las poblaciones guaraníes.

Effects of chloropicrin fumigation on soil and growth and development of Panax notoginseng / 中国中药杂志

The continuous cropping obstacle of Panax notoginseng is serious, and effective control measures are lacking. Soil disinfection with chloropicrin(CP) has been proven to be effective in reducing the obstacles to continuous cropping of other crops. In order to ascertain the effect of CP in the continuous cropping of P. notoginseng, this paper explored the influences of CP at different treatment concentrations(0,30,40,50 kg/Mu, 1 Mu≈667 m~2) on soil macro-element nutrients, soil enzyme activity, growth and development of P. notoginseng, and the accumulation of medicinal components. The results showed that CP fumigation significantly increased the content of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the soil, but it had no significant effect on potassium content. The soil protease activity showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the prolonging of the treatment time. Both the soil urease and acid phosphatase activities showed a trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the prolonging of the treatment time. The higher the CP treatment concentration was, the lower the urease and acid phosphatase activities would be in the soil. The protease activity was relatively high after CP40 treatment, which was better than CP30 and CP50 treatments in promoting the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium accumulation in P. notoginseng. The seedling survival rates after CP0, CP30, CP40, and CP50 tratments in October were 0, 65.56%, 89.44%, and 83.33%, respectively. Compared with the CP30 and CP50 treatments, CP40 treatment significantly facilitated the growth and development of P. notoginseng, the increase in fresh and dry weights, and the accumulation of root saponins. In summary, CP40 treatment accelerates the increase in soil nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients and their accumulation in P. notoginseng, elevates the seedling survival rate of P. notoginseng, enhances the growth and development of P. notoginseng, and promotes the accumulation of medicinal components. CP40 treatment is therefore recommended in production.

Control y prevención de los accidentes causados por Tityus trivittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae) / Control and prevention of accidents caused by Tityus trivittatus (Scorpiones: Buthidae)

Resumen Las picaduras por alacranes pueden producir cuadros de intoxicación aguda y conducir a la muerte por falla cardíaca y distrés respiratorio, siendo la población pediátrica la de mayor riesgo, tanto en Argentina como en el resto del mundo. Muchasde las especies de escorpiones en el mundo son sinantrópicas, y en Argentina, las que se han relacionado con muertes, comoTityus trivittatus y Tityus confluens, poseen esas características. La sinantropía, aumenta la posibilidad de contacto humano -escorpión y por lo tanto la ocurrencia de accidentes, por lo que las medidas de prevención en este caso, deben tomarse no soloconductualmente sino ambientalmente para evitar ese contacto. Las características biológicas de los escorpiones del géneroTityus dificultan las labores de prevención. Muchas son las herramientas para disminuir el contacto con los escorpiones y de esamanera prevenir los accidentes como los controles químicos, biológicos y ambientales, así como la búsqueda y eliminación deescorpiones. Sin embargo, no todas son efectivas si no son aplicadas racionalmente y si no son combinadas. En ocasiones lamala planificación o uso de las diferentes medidas para el combate de escorpiones pueden ser contraproducentes y no solo serinefectivas sino aumentar la probabilidad de ocurrencia de accidentes. En esta revisión se exponen los diferentes métodos deprevención del escorpionismo, con especial referencia a las especies de Tityus de Argentina.

Abstract Scorpion stings may produce acute envenoming and lead to death from heart failure and respiratory distress, being the pediatric population that with the highest risk of severe envenomation and death, in Argentina as in the rest of the world. Manyof the scorpion species in the world are synanthropic, including Tityus trivittatus and Tityus confluens, which are responsible forhuman deaths in Argentina. Synanthropy increases the possibility of human-scorpion contact and therefore the occurrence ofaccidents, so preventive measures to avoid the contact must be taken not only behaviorally but environmentally. The biologi-cal characteristics of scorpions of the genus Tityus make prevention of the contact with humans rather difficult. There are manychemical, biological and environmental tools to reduce the possibility of contact between humans and scorpions. However, notall these measures are effective if they are not rationally applied and if these are not combined. Sometimes the poor planningor use of different measures to control scorpions' population can be counterproductive and not only ineffective, increasing theprobability of accidents. In this review, we discuss the different methods of prevention and combat of scorpionism, with specialreference to the prevention of accidents with Tityus species from Argentina.

Chemical composition and acaricidal activity of essential oils and selected terpenes from two species of Psidium in the Cerrado biome of Brazil against Tetranychus urticae / Composición química y actividad acaricida del aceite esencial y terpenos seleccionados de dos especies de Psidium de Cerrado Biome de Brasil contra Tetranychus urticae

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and acaricidal effect of two Psidium species essential oils and selected compounds on Tetranychus urticae. Essential oils from the leaves of Psidium laruotteanum and Psidium myrsinites were obtained through hydrodistillation, analyzed using CG-FID and CG-MS and evaluated for toxicity to T. urticae by fumigation and residual contact. The susceptibility of T. urticae to monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes was also investigated. The major constituents of the P. laruotteanum oil were (E)-nerolidol (9.6 ± 0.4%) and γ-terpinene (9.4 ± 0.6%) and the major constituents of the P. myrsinites oil were ß-caryophyllene (21.2 ± 0.9%) and α-humulene (10.3 ± 0.5%). Based on the LC50 estimates, no significant differences were found between the two oils regarding toxicity by fumigation or residual contact. ß-Caryophyllene and (E)-nerolidol had the highest level of toxicity, independently of the method investigated. The findings indicate that both oils and selected constituents, especially ß-caryophyllene and (E)-nerolidol, are promising as natural acaricidal agents that affect T. urticae through more than one mode of action.

Los aceites esenciales de las hojas de Psidium laruotteanum y Psidium myrsinites se obtuvieron por hidrodestilación, se analizaron por CG-FID y CG-MS, y se evaluaron sus toxicidades por fumigación y contacto residual contra Tetranychus urticae. Se investigó también la susceptibilidad del T. urticae a monoterpenos y sesquiterpenos. En el aceite esencial de P. laruotteanum, (E)-nerolidol (9.6 ± 0.4%) y γ-terpinene (9.4 ± 0.6%) se identificaron como constituyentes mayoritarios, mientras que en el aceite esencial de P. myrsinites, ß-caryophyllene (21.2 ± 0.9%) y α-humulene (10.3 ± 0.5%) se encontraron como mayoritarios. Con base en las CL50 estimadas, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre las toxicidades de los aceites por fumigación, y tampoco por contacto residual. ßCaryophyllene y (E)-nerolidol presentaron las mayores toxicidades, independientemente del método investigado. Estos resultados indican, que los dos aceites, así como los constituyentes seleccionados, entre los que se destacan ß-caryophyllene y (E)-nerolidol, son promisores agentes acaricidas naturales por actuar en el T. urticae por más de un mecanismo de acción.

Revisión de más de 40 años de estudios en pacientes seropositivos para la enfermedad de Chagas en la provincia de Entre Ríos, Argentina / Review of more than 40 years of studies in seropositive patients for Chagas disease in the province of Entre Ríos, Argentina

El presente trabajo es una revisión de más de 40 años de investigación sobre los aspectos epidemiológicos, socioeconómicos y clínicos de la Enfermedad de Chagas en el Departamento Uruguay (Provincia de Entre Ríos). Se resumen las investigaciones sobre la presencia de vectores triatominos en viviendas urbanas y rurales donde se procedió a su identificación y búsqueda de Trypanosoma cruzi. Se describió la seroprevalencia de la enfermedad y su evolución a lo largo del tiempo. Se agregaron también aspectos cardiológicos y gastroenterológicos de pacientes en el período crónico de la enfermedad. La presencia de triatominos derivó en campañas de fumigación y de educación sanitaria, que provocaron un marcado descenso en el número de vectores capturados en los años siguientes. También se destacó el descenso de la seroprevalencia de la enfermedad de Chagas a través del tiempo, debido a las campañas de fumigación, educación sanitaria, controles en banco de sangre y embarazadas, mejora de las técnicas utilizadas y la aparición de tratamientos efectivos contra el parásito. Los estudios cardiológicos y gastroenterológicos de los pacientes crónicos mostraron alteraciones dentro de lo esperado para este estadio de la enfermedad. También se describió la detección de personas infectadas con acceso al tratamiento y los estudios cardiológicos y gastroenterológicos realizados en pacientes en estadio crónico. Por último, se considera que, globalmente, los estudios realizados en la zona han colaborado en lograr que la Provincia de Entre Ríos fuera declarada libre de transmisión vectorial en 2012.

This is a review of more than 40 years of research on the epidemiological, socioeconomic and clinical aspects of Chagas disease in the Department of Uruguay (Entre Ríos province). Research on the presence of triatomine vectors in urban and rural housing is summarized here.These vectors were identified and Trypanosoma cruzi was searched for. . The seroprevalence of the disease and its evolution over time were described. Cardiological and gastroenterological aspects of patients in the chronic period of the disease were also added. The presence of triatomines resulted in fumigation and health education campaigns, which caused a marked decrease in the number of vectors captured in the following years. The decrease in the seroprevalence of Chagas disease over time was also highlighted, due to fumigation campaigns, health education, blood bank and pregnant women controls, improvement of the techniques used and the development of effective treatments against the parasite. Cardiological and gastroenterological studies of chronic patients showed the abnormalities expected for this stage of the disease. The detection of infected persons with access to treatment and cardiological and gastroenterological studies performed in patients with chronic stage were also described. Finally, it is considered that, globally, the studies carried out in the area have helped to ensure that the Province of Entre Ríos be declared free of the vector transmission in 2012.

Este trabalho é uma revisão de mais de 40 anos de pesquisa sobre os aspectos epidemiológicos, socioeconômicos e clínicos da doença de Chagas no Departamento Uruguai (província de Entre Ríos). São resumidas as pesquisas sobre a presença de vetores de triatomíneos em moradias urbanas e rurais, onde foram identificados e pesquisados por Trypanosoma cruzi nelas. A soroprevalência da doença e sua evolução ao longo do tempo foram descritas. Também foram adicionados aspectos cardiológicos e gastroenterológicos dos pacientes no período crônico da doença. A presença de triatomíneos resultou em campanhas de fumigação e educação sanitária, o que causou uma redução acentuada no número de vetores capturados nos anos seguintes. Também foi destacada a diminuição da soroprevalência da doença de Chagas através do tempo, devido às campanhas de fumigação, educação sanitária, controles em bancos de sangue e gestantes, melhora das técnicas utilizadas e surgimento de tratamentos eficazes contra o parasita. Estudos cardiológicos e gastroenterológicos de pacientes crônicos mostraram alterações dentro do esperado para esse estágio da doença. Também foram descritas a detecção de pessoas infectadas com acesso ao tratamento e estudos cardiológicos e gastroenterológicos realizados em pacientes em estágio crônico. Por fim, consideramos que, globalmente, os estudos realizados na área ajudaram a garantir que a Província de Entre Ríos fosse declarada livre de transmissão vetorial em 2012.

Volatile chemical composition of essential oil from Bursera graveolens (Kunth) Triana & Planch and their fumigant and repellent activities

The objectives of this work were the study of the volatile chemical composition of essential oils (EO’s) from Bursera graveolens obtained in the locality of Malagana, municipality of Mahates, Bolívar, Colombia, as well as to evaluate their repellent and fumigant properties. EO’s were extracted by hydro-distillation and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The major compounds found in B. graveolens were limonene (42.2%), pulegone (20.9%), carvone (7.5%), caryophyllene (4.1%), and trans-carveol (3.8%). The repellent activity of EO’s was determined by the area preference method, where the EO of B. graveolens presented repellent activity against the Tribolium castaneum weevil at a concentration of 1 at 2% and 4 hours of exposure (88.1 and 88.6% respectively). B. graveolens essential oil was more effective in its fumigant activity with LC50 of 108.2 μg oil mL-1. Also, the fumigant and repellent activities of two individual compounds present in the oil were evaluated, that is, limonene (majority) and caryophyllene. The results indicated that B. graveolens essential oil could be a promising alternative to new natural repellents and biocides.

Effect of different sulfur fumigation dosages on activity of browning enzymes and chemical constituents of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Boju / 中国中药杂志

This study aims to investigate the influence of the different dosages of sulfur on the quality and the browning enzyme activity of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Boju. In this experiment,UV-spectrophotometry was used to determine the activities of browning enzymes,including polyphenol oxidase( PPO) and peroxidase( POD),in 7 different dosages of 0,4,8,16,50,150,200 g·kg~(-1)( weight ratio of sulfur/fresh chrysanthemum). A comprehensively comparison of the 7 chemical constituents of C. morifolium cv. Boju fumigated with 7 different dosage of sulfur was conducted by HPLC analysis. In this paper,the results showed that the activities of PPO and POD enzymes decreased significantly in chrysanthemum processed by sulfur fumigation. The activities of PPO and POD enzymes decreased gradually with the increase of sulfur dosage. When the sulfur dosage was higher than 4 g·kg~(-1),the PPO enzyme was significantly reduced. When the sulfur dosage was higher than 8 g·kg~(-1),the PPO enzyme was completely inactivated. The effect of different sulfur dosage s on the chemical composition was investigated. In comparison,it was found that when the sulfur dosage was 8 g·kg~(-1),the content of chlorogenic acid was higher than the 4 g·kg~(-1) and that of the sample without sulfur fumigation. Thereafter,with the increase of the sulfur dosage,the content of chlorogenic acid was unchanged. It was speculated that when harvesting,the tissue of fresh flower was destroyed,which caused the activation of browning enzymes. Afterwards,the sulfur fumigation could significantly reduce the activity of browning enzymes,which prevented the conversion of phenols in the reaction substrates( chlorogenic acid and 3,5-dicaffeoylquninic acid) into terpenoids,and better retained quinic acid components. However,when the sulfur dosage reached 8 g·kg~(-1) or16 g·kg~(-1),the content of quinic acid components were no longer changed,which indicated that the sulfur dosage had reached the saturated dosage. Similarly,when the sulfur dosage was increased,the contents of flavonoid aglycones showed a downward trend except for luteolin-7-O-glucoside. It was speculated that the sulfur fumigation inhibited the activity of hydrolase,which reduced the hydrolysis of flavonoid glycosides to aglycones. However,the reaction mechanism needed further verification. In conclusion,although sulfur fumigation could significantly inhibit browning,different dosages of sulfur had a significant effect on the chemical composition of C. morifolium cv. Boju,which could affect the consistency of quality and the stability of the therapeutic effect. Excessive use of sulfur was likely to cause a large amount of SO2 residues in C. morifolium cv. Boju,Therefore,different Sulphur dosages had a significant effect on the quality of chrysanthemum,which therefore was not recommended in production. A small dose of sulfur could be used to prevent enzymatic browning. When the dosage of sulfur increased to a certain extent or reached a saturation state,a small dose of sulfur is recommended in necessary. In this paper,the correlation between the sulfur dosage,the enzyme activity,and the main chemical constituents of chrysanthemum was clarified. The experimental research provided the guidance for regulating the harvesting processing of chrysanthemum and the harvesting processing,and improving the quality of chrysanthemum.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas para el control de enfermedades transmitidas por vectores en zona rural dispersa, San Luis de Palenque, Casanare-Colombia, 2017 / Knowlegdes, Attitudes and Practices on Vector-Borne diseases at a rural zone of San Luis de Palenque - Casanare, Colombia, 2017

Resumen Introducción. Ante la presencia de un probable brote asociado a IRAG Inusitado -2 casos de mortalidad notificados el 17-05-17 procedentes del área rural de San Luis de Palenque- o a enfermedad de Chagas agudo según los signos/síntomas manifestados, la Secretaría de Salud de Casanare, como parte de las acciones de investigación de brote de evento desconocido, aplicó una encuesta de conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) frente a las enfermedades transmitidas por vectores (ETV). Métodos. Estudio descriptivo de encuesta transversal; variables a estudio: características sociodemográficas, conocimiento de las ETV, signos/síntomas, conocimiento y utilización de medidas de control vectorial (MCV), acciones de prevención. Análisis mediante el uso de estadística descriptiva con el programa EPi-Info®7.1.2. Resultados. El 86,8% (33/43) de las viviendas estaba habitada, en cada una de ellas se aplicó la CAP, eran hombres 17(51,5%), mediana de edad 48(±15,1; r=20-69) y tiempo de residencia 21(±18,7) años; agricultores 11(33,3%), profesionales 2(6,1%) y trabajadores no calificados 8(24,2%); trabajan actualmente 15(45,5%). Conocen: Chikungunya 6(18,2%), Zika y fiebre amarilla 5(15,2%), Chagas y dengue 3(9,1%), encefalitis equina 2(6,1%), malaria y leishmaniasis 1(3,0%) respectivamente. En promedio, conocen signos/síntomas 37,1%(r=15-71), MCV 43,9%(r=15-85), usan MCV 18,4%(r=3-30); todos somos responsables del control vectorial 21(63,6%); principal responsabilidad de la autoridad en salud, fumigar 19(57,6%). Conclusiones. Se evidencia un leve conocimiento de las ETV, de signos y síntomas, medidas de control y muy Bajo uso de las mismas, a pesar de asumir como responsabilidad de todos, el control de vectores. Se recomienda fortalecer las medidas de información, comunicación y educación orientadas a la comunidad.

Abstract. Introduction. Due to a probable outbreak related to Acute Grave Respiratory Disease (AGRD) - 2 fatalities reported on 2017-05-17 from a rural zone of San Luis de Palenque- or Chagas disease, Secretary of Health Casanare applied a survey of Knowledges, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) on Vector-Borne diseases (VBD), as part of its investigation on an outbreak of unknown origin. Methods. Descriptive, cross-sectional study, with study variables: sociodemographic features, awareness of VBD, symptoms/signs, use of vector control measures (VCM) and preventive actions. Analysis was done with Epi Info® 7.1.2 using descriptive statistics. Results. KAP was applied on 86,8% (33/43) inhabited houses. KAP was answered by 17 men (51,5%), median age 48 yr-old (r=20-69), mean dwelling time 21-yr ± 18,7. By job, there were 11 farmers (33,3%), 2 professionals (6,1%), 8 non-qualified workers (24,2%), 15 employed (45,5%). On awareness of VBD: Chikungungya 6 (18,2%), Zika & Yellow Fever 5 (15,2%), Chagas & Dengue 3 (9,1%), equine encephalitis 2 (6,1%), malaria & leishmaniasis 1 (3,0%), respectively. On average, dwellers knew about symptoms/signs 37,1% (r=15-71) or VCM 43,9% (r=15-85), use VCM 18,4% (r=3-30); "all of us are responsible of vector control" 21 (63,6%); "main responsibility of health authorities is fumigation" 19 (57,6%). Conclusions. A fair knowledge on VBD, symptoms/signs, VCM is evident; there is very low use of the latter, in spite of assuming it as common responsibility. It is recommended to strengthen measures of Information-Education-Communication (IEC) directed towards the community.

Biofumigation Studies by Using Raphanus sativus and Eruca sativa as a Winter Cycle Crops to Control Root-knot Nematodes

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to search the efficacy of radish (Raphanus sativus) and arugula (Eruca sativa) for the control of Meloidogyne arenaria in the commercial tomato growing greenhouse. R. sativus and E. sativa were used as winter cycle crops and lettuce as a susceptible crop and 4 months after sowing, host level of the treatment plants was evaluated. All parts of R. sativus and E. sativa were incorporated except lettuce was covered with transparent polyethylene film for 4 weeks. R. sativus and E. sativa had not any root galls, and these plants caused reducing number of juveniles in the soil, in contrast to control and lettuce plots before growing tomato. Gall index and egg masses were significantly decreased on tomatoes in plots of applied biofumigation with E. sativa and R. sativus. It was concluded that growing R. sativus and E. sativa as a winter cycle plants before susceptible plants would be helpful to reduce the damage of root-knot nematode M. arenaria and increased crop yields.

Sulfur dioxide limit standard and residues in Chinese medicinal materials / 中国中药杂志

The traditional sulfur fumigation processing method has been widely used in the initial processing and storage of traditional Chinese medicinal materials due to its economy, efficiency, convenience, high operability and effect on mold and insect prevention. However, excessive sulfur fumigation of traditional Chinese medicinal materials would lead to the changes in chemical compositions, and even endanger human health. This study showed that traditional Chinese medicinal materials were sulfur fumigated directly after being harvested for quick drying, or fumigated after being weted in the storage process for preventing mold and insects. We found that the sulfur dioxide limits for traditional Chinese medicinal materials were stricter than those for foods. Based on the existing limit standards, we obtained the data of sulfur dioxide residues for 35 types of traditional Chinese medicinal materials in a total of 862 batches. According to the limit standard in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (150， 400 mg·kg⁻¹), the average over-standard rate of sulfur dioxide was as high as 52.43%, but it was reduced to 29.47% if calculated based on the limit for vegetable additive standard (500 mg·kg⁻¹). Sulfur fumigation issue shall be considered correctly: sulfur dioxide is a type of low toxic substance and less dangerous than aflatoxin and other highly toxic substances, and a small amount of residue would not increase the toxicity of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. However, sulfur fumigation might change the content of chemical substances and affect the quality of traditional Chinese medicinal materials. Furthermore, the exposure hazards of toxic substances are comprehensively correlated with exposure cycle, exposure frequency, and application method. In conclusion, it is suggested to strengthen the studies on the limit standard of traditional Chinese medicinal materials, formulate practical and feasible limit standard for sulfur dioxide residues in traditional Chinese medicinal materials that are consistent with the medication characteristics of traditional Chinese medicinal materials and can guarantee people's demand for safe medication.

Quantitative analysis and stability of -hydroxybenzyl hydrogen sulfite in sulfur-fumigated Gastrodiae Rhizoma / 中国中药杂志

Studies on the characteristic chemical markers of sulfur fumigation have become an effective auxiliary way for quality control of traditional Chinese medicine. This study established a quantitative analysis method for the determination of -hydroxybenzyl hydrogen sulfite (-HS) in Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) based on UPLC-MS/MS. Then, 37 batches of GR were screened, and the results showed that 27 batches of them were sulfur-fumigated. Especially, the GR samples in Yunnan producing areas were sulfur-fumigated more seriously. Based on the stability of -HS after different storage time and heat treatment methods, it was found that the content of -HS was stable and reliable in the storage period of 8 months and under normal heat treatment (50, 60, 70, 80 °C) conditions. In conclusion, this study shows a high sensitivity, good selectivity and good stability of -HS, which can provide reference for the quality control and sulfur fumigation screening of GR.

Quality changes in Gastrodia Rhizoma of different origins and forms before and after sulfur fumigation / 中国中药杂志

As Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR) is one of the herbs more seriously affected by sulfur fumigation, so its quality has been always of a great concern. In this paper, GR samples collected from eight main producing areas and in three forms were fumigated with sulfur and quantitatively and qualitatively analyzed based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. The results showed that the contents of gastrodin, parishin, parishin B and parishin C were decreased, while the content of parishin E was increased after sulfur fumigation treatment. Besides, a new sulfur marker named p-hydroxybenzyl hydrogen sulfite was produced in sulfur-fumigated GR samples. As compared with producing origins, forms had a greater impact on the quality of GR, especially in Hongtianma and Wutianma. Besides, the contents of gastrodins and parishins in Hongtianma from Jilin were lowest as compared with those in other producing areas. This might be correlated with planting patterns and environmental factors. In conclusion, sulfur fumigation has a more obvious impact on the quality of GR than origins and forms, which is attributed to the generation of new sulfur fumigated markers.

Changes of chemical compositions and sulfur dioxide residues of Gastrodiae Rhizoma with different storage times / 中国中药杂志

To study the effect of different storage time on the chemical compositions and sulfur dioxide residues of sulfur-fumigated Gastrodiae Rhizoma (GR), and provide scientific basis for solving the quality and safety issues of sulfur-fumigated traditional Chinese medicinal materials. GR, sulfur-fumigated GR and its medicinal slices were stored under the same conditions, and then 8 active ingredients and sulfur dioxide residues were measured respectively. The results showed that the content of gastrodins in sulfur-fumigated GR and its medicinal slices was significantly lower than that in the non-fumigated GR. Moreover, the content of sulfur dioxide residue in sulfur-fumigated GR was significantly higher than that in its medicinal slices. That is to say, sulfur fumigation degree had significantly higher effect on GR quality as compared with its medicinal slices. During the whole storage time (8 months), the content of the eight chemical components in GR was not changed greatly in general. However, after the storage for 4 months, the content of 8 components and sulfur dioxide residues in all of GR samples were significantly changed. In particular, the content of sulfur dioxide residue in GR medicinal materials decreased up to 50% or more.

The Major Postharvest Disease of Onion and Its Control with Thymol Fumigation During Low-Temperature Storage

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the major vegetable crops in Korea that are damaged and lost by pathogenic fungal infection during storage due to a lack of proper storage conditions. The aim of this study was to determine an appropriate control measure using thymol to increase the shelf life of onions. To control fungal infections that occur during low-temperature storage, it is necessary to identify the predominant fungal pathogens that appear in low-temperature storage houses. Botrytis aclada was found to be the most predominant fungal pathogen during low-temperature storage. The antifungal activity of the plant essential oil thymol was tested and compared to that of the existing sulfur treatments. B. aclada growth was significantly inhibited up to 16 weeks with spray treatments using a thymol solution. To identify an appropriate method for treating onions in a low-temperature storage house, thymol was delivered by two fumigation treatment methods, either by heating it in the granule form or as a solution at low-temperature storage conditions (in vivo). We confirmed that the disease severity was reduced up to 96% by fumigating thymol solution compared to the untreated control. The efficacy of the fumigation of thymol solution was validated by testing onions in a low-temperature storage house in Muan, Jeollanam-do. Based on these results, the present study suggests that fumigation of the thymol solution as a natural preservative and fungicide can be used as an eco-friendly substitute for existing methods to control postharvest disease in long-term storage crops on a commercial scale.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas frente al control del vector Aedes aegypti, Villanueva-Casanare, Colombia, 2016 / Knowledges, attitudes and practices in front the control of the vector Aedes aegypti, Villanueva-Casanare, Colombia, 2016

Objetivo. Identificar, para Villanueva, los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) de la comunidad frente a enfermedades transmitidas por Aedes aegypti sus factores de riesgo, signos, síntomas asociados con las enfermedades y, medidas de prevención. Métodos. Estudio transversal. Muestreo aleatorio por conglomerados. Análisis realizado mediante estadística descriptiva con Epi-Info 7.2.0. Resultados. 211 encuestas diligenciadas; mujeres 155(73,5%). Edad promedio 34,2±17,2(rango 10-85) años, tiempo medio de permanencia en el municipio 19,2±16,8(rango 1-78) años. Conocimiento sobre rol transmisor del mosquito osciló entre 76,8%-90,5%; desconocimiento sobre signos y síntomas causados por estas enfermedades osciló entre 90%-100. Se encontró bajo conocimiento (8,5%-28,0%) y bajo uso (4,7%-27,0%) de medidas de control basadas en acciones individuales/colectivas. La medida estatal/gubernamental de control más recordada fue fumigación (42,2%). Conclusiones. Existe un conocimiento somero sobre el vector y las enfermedades. Se precisan acciones decididas a través de la movilización social, un acompañamiento intensivo de las comunidades.

Objective. To dentify in Villanueva’s people their knowledges, attitudes and practices (KAP) about diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti - Dengue, Chikungunya and Zika viruses, their risk factors, disease-associated signs and symptoms, and individual or collective measures against them. Methods. Cross-sectional. Analysis performed using descriptive statistics with Epi-Info 7.2.0. Results. 211 forms completed; women 155(73.5%), mean age 34,2±17,2 years (range 10-85). Mean residence time in the municipality 19.2±16.8 years (range 1-78). Knowledge about the transmission role of the mosquito oscillates between 76.8%-90.5%; ignorance about their signs and symptoms goes between 90%-100%. We found low knowledge (8.5%-28.0%) and low use (4.7%-27.0%) of prevention/control measures based upon individual or collective actions; 57.8% were not visited by a health worker in the last six months. Most remembered Public Health control measure by respondents was fumigation (42.2%). Conclusions. There is lack of knowledge about both vector and its related diseases. Strong, focused actions by health authority are needed through social mobilization, intensive communities’ support and empowerment.

Qualitative analysis of a sulfur-fumigated Chinese herbal medicine by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and high-resolution time of flight mass spectrometry using colorized fuzzy difference data processing / 中国结合医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the chemical transformation of volatile compounds in sulfur-fumigated Radix Angelicae Sinensis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) and high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HR-TOF/MS) with colorized fuzzy difference (CFD) method was used to investigate the effect of sulfur-fumigation on the volatile components from Radix Angelicae Sinensis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-five compounds that were found in sun-dried samples disappeared in sulfur-fumigated samples. Seventeen volatile components including two sulfur-containing compounds were newly generated for the first time in volatile oils of sulfur-fumigated Radix Angelicae Sinensis.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The strategy can be successfully applied to rapidly and holistically discriminate sun-dried and sulfur-fumigated Radix Angelicae Sinensis. GC×GC-HR-TOF/MS based CFD is a powerful and feasible approach for the global quality evaluation of Radix Angelicae Sinensis as well as other herbal medicines.</p>