Inhibitor tolerance of a recombinant flocculating industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain during glucose and xylose co-fermentation

ABSTRACT Lignocellulose-derived inhibitors have negative effects on the ethanol fermentation capacity of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In this study, the effects of eight typical inhibitors, including weak acids, furans, and phenols, on glucose and xylose co-fermentation of the recombinant xylose-fermenting flocculating industrial S. cerevisiae strain NAPX37 were evaluated by batch fermentation. Inhibition on glucose fermentation, not that on xylose fermentation, correlated with delayed cell growth. The weak acids and the phenols showed additive effects. The effect of inhibitors on glucose fermentation was as follows (from strongest to weakest): vanillin > phenol > syringaldehyde > 5-HMF > furfural > levulinic acid > acetic acid > formic acid. The effect of inhibitors on xylose fermentation was as follows (from strongest to weakest): phenol > vanillin > syringaldehyde > furfural > 5-HMF > formic acid > levulinic acid > acetic acid. The NAPX37 strain showed substantial tolerance to typical inhibitors and showed good fermentation characteristics, when a medium with inhibitor cocktail or rape straw hydrolysate was used. This research provides important clues for inhibitors tolerance of recombinant industrial xylose-fermenting S. cerevisiae.

Influence of magnification and superimposition of structures on cephalometric diagnosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of magnification and superimposition of structures on CBCT-generated lateral cephalometric radiographs (LCR) using different segments of the cranium. METHODS: CBCT scans of 10 patients were selected. Four LCR were generated using Dolphin Imaging(r) software: full-face, right side, left side and center of the head. A total of 40 images were imported into Radiocef Studio 2(r), and the angles of the most common cephalometric analyses were traced by the same observer twice and within a 10-day interval. Statistical analyses included intraexaminer agreement and comparison between methods by means of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman agreement tests. RESULTS: Intraexaminer agreement of the angles assessed by ICC was excellent (> 0.90) for 83% of measurements, good (between 0.75 and 0.90) for 15%, and moderate (between 0.50 and 0.75) for 2% of measurements. The comparison between methods by ICC was excellent for 68% of measurements, good for 26%, and moderate for 6%. Variables presenting wider confidence intervals (> 6o) in the Bland-Altman tests, in intraexaminer assessment, were: mandibular incisor angle, maxillary incisor angle, and occlusal plane angle. And in comparison methods the variables with wider confidence interval were: mandibular incisor, maxillary incisor, GoGn, occlusal plane angle, Frankfort horizontal plane (FHP), and CoA. CONCLUSION: Superimposition of structures seemed to influence the results more than magnification, and neither one of them significantly influenced the measurements. Considerable individual variability may occur, especially for mandibular and maxillary incisors, FHP and occlusal plane. .

OBJETIVO: o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da sobreposição estrutural e da magnificação nas radiografias cefalométricas laterais (RCL) geradas por meio de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC), usando diferentes segmentos do crânio. MÉTODOS: foram selecionadas 10 tomografias de pacientes. Quatro RCL foram geradas usando Dolphin Imaging, sendo face total, lado direito, lado esquerdo e o centro da cabeça. Um total de 40 imagens foi importado para o Radiocef Studio, e os ângulos das análises cefalométricas mais comuns foram medidos pelo mesmo observador, duas vezes, em um intervalo de 10 dias. As análises estatísticas incluíram concordância intraexaminador e comparação entre os métodos por meio do coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (ICC) e testes de concordância de Bland-Altman. RESULTADOS: a concordância intraexaminador dos ângulos avaliados pelo ICC foi excelente (> 0,90) para 83% das medições, boa (entre 0,75 e 0,90) para 15%, e moderada (entre 0,50 e 0,75) para 2% das medições. A comparação entre os métodos por ICC foi excelente para 68% das medições, boa para 26% e moderada para 6%. As variáveis que apresentaram intervalos de confiança mais amplos (> 6°) nos testes de Bland-Altman, na avaliação intraexaminador, foram: incisivo superior, incisivo inferior e plano oclusal, enquanto nos métodos de comparação, as variáveis com intervalos de confiança mais amplos foram: incisivo inferior, incisivo superior, GoGn, ângulo do plano oclusal, plano horizontal de Frankfort e CoA. CONCLUSÃO: a sobreposição estrutural pareceu influenciar os resultados mais do que a magnificação, mas os métodos não influenciaram significativamente as medições. Considerável variabilidade individual pode ocorrer especialmente para os incisivos superiores e inferiores, plano horizontal de Frankfort e plano oclusal. .