Serum biochemistry profile of laying hens fed diets with fish waste oil / [Parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos de poedeiras leves alimentadas com rações contendo óleo do resíduo de pescado]

The present study aimed to evaluate increasing levels of fish waste oil in diets for laying hens on serum biochemistry profile. 192 Hisex White laying hens at 29 weeks of age were used, with water and food ad libitum. The experimental design was completely randomized consisting of eight treatments corresponding to the inclusion levels of fish waste oil (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5%) in the diets, with four replicates of six birds each. Data collected were subjected to polynomial regression at 5% of significance. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol, and uric acid. These parameters presented a decrease when hens fed diets with higher level of fish waste oil. The results of the present study indicated that the inclusion of fish waste oil caused a significant effect in the serum biochemical profile of laying hens, especially in glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and uric acid concentrations. The inclusion level of 3.5% of fish waste oil caused larger disequilibrium in the serum biochemical profile of laying hens.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os níveis crescentes de óleo de resíduo de pescado em dietas para poedeiras leves sobre o perfil bioquímico sérico. Foram utilizadas poedeiras Hisex White com 29 semanas, com água e ração ad libitum. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, consistindo de oito tratamentos correspondentes aos níveis de inclusão de óleo de resíduo de pescado (0; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 e 3,5%) nas dietas, com quatro repetições de seis aves cada. Os dados coletados foram submetidos à regressão polinomial a 5% de significância. Diferenças significativas (P<0,05) foram observadas nas concentrações de triglicerídeos, glicose, colesterol total e ácido úrico. Esses parâmetros apresentaram uma diminuição quando as aves se alimentaram com rações contendo maior nível de óleo do resíduo de pescado. Os resultados do presente estudo indicaram que a inclusão de óleo do resíduo de pescado acarretou um efeito significativo no perfil bioquímico sérico de poedeiras, principalmente nas concentrações de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e ácido úrico. O nível de inclusão de 3,5% do óleo do resíduo de pescado acarretou maior desequilíbrio no perfil bioquímico sérico das poedeiras.(AU)

Variações fisiológicas, influência da idade e sexo no perfil bioquímico sanguíneo de aves da linhagem pesada de frango de corte na fase de recria / Physiological variations and influence of age and gender on poultry of heavy lineage of chicken´s biochemical profile during the rearing stage

Este estudo teve o objetivo de comparar o perfil bioquímico sérico de machos e fêmeas da linhagem pesada de frango de corte, nas idades de quatro, 12 e 20 semanas, em uma unidade de produção industrial, no município de Uberlândia-MG. Após a pesagem das aves, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 15 aves de cada sexo de cada faixa etária. Os soros obtidos foram avaliados em analisador automático para os seguintes parâmetros bioquímicos: proteína total, albumina, globulinas, ácido úrico, colesterol, triglicérides, gamaglutamiltransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, alanina aminotransferase, creatina quinase, fosfatase alcalina, cálcio e fósforo. Imediatamente após a coleta de cada amostra, avaliou-se a glicemia no sangue total, utilizando-se um glicosímetro. As alterações fisiológicas e metabólicas que as aves apresentaram na fase de recria refletiram na variação dos níveis bioquímicos séricos na maioria dos constituintes avaliados, os quais exibiram diferenças significativas (P<0,05), comparando-se sexo e idade.(AU)

This study aimed to compare the levels of glucose in the blood and serum´s metabolites enzymes and minerals of poultry of heavy lineage of chicken at the age of four, twelve and twenty weeks in an industrial production unit in the city of Uberlândia-MG. After weighing the birds, blood samples were collected from 15 birds of each gender in the three ages. The serum obtained was evaluated in an automatic biochemical analyzer for the following parameters: total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, cholesterol, triglycerides, alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, calcium and phosphorus. Immediately after the collection of each sample, we evaluated glucose levels by means of a glycosimeter. The physiological and metabolic changes that birds present in the rearing age reflected in the variation of serum biochemical levels in most constituents evaluated, showing significant differences (P< 0.05) comparing age and gender.(AU)

Frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in broiler chickens in southern Brazil / Frequência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara em frangos de corte no Sul do Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in naturally infected broiler chickens (n = 189) from the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. The chickens were reared in a semi-intensive system by small family farmers (n = 7). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to detect the presence of anti- Toxocara spp. IgY after serum adsorption with Ascaridia galli antigens. An overall seroprevalence of 67.7% (128/189; 95% CI = 61.1-74.4) was observed. The frequency of positive animals by farm ranged from 29.6% to 100%. The optical density and reactivity index values observed in ELISA test indicated the possible chronicity of infection of the evaluated chickens. Associations between the presence of antibodies and the area where the chickens were reared (p = 0.382) or the population density of dogs on the farm (p = 0.785) were not observed. This study shows a high prevalence of Toxocara spp. antibodies in broiler chickens reared in semi-intensive systems and provides evidence that chickens are a good indicator of environmental contamination by larva migrans agents. Further studies are necessary to assess the risk factors associated with poultry infection and the likelihood of toxocariasis transmission to humans via the ingestion of free-range chicken meat.

Resumo A finalidade do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença de anticorpos anti- Toxocara, em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados (n = 189), no Norte do Paraná, Sul do Brasil. Os frangos foram criados em sistema semi-intensivo, em pequenas propriedades rurais (n = 7). Os testes sorológicos foram realizados pela técnica de ELISA, para detecção de anticorpos IgY (IgG), com pré-adsorção do soro com antígenos de Ascaridia galli. Foi observada uma prevalência de 67,7% (128/189; IC 95% = 61,1-74,4). A frequência de animais soropositivos por propriedade variou de 29,6% a 100%. Os valores da Densidade Ótica e do Índice de Reatividade observados no teste de ELISA indicaram uma possível cronicidade de infecção dos frangos avaliados. Não foi observada correlação entre a positividade dos animais, quando comparada a área (p = 0,382) e a densidade populacional de cães por propriedade (p = 0,785). O presente estudo verificou uma alta prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara em frangos de corte criados em sistema semi-intensivo e oferece dados que apontam esses animais como bons indicadores de contaminação ambiental por agentes de larva migrans . Estudos futuros são necessários para avaliar os fatores de risco associados e a possibilidade da transmissão de toxocaríase ao ser humano pela ingestão de carne de frango.

Fuente de alimentación de ejemplares de Triatoma sordida en un área con alto riesgo de domiciliación en el Chaco Paraguayo / Blood meal source of specimens of Triatoma sordida in an area with high risk of domiciliation in the Paraguayan Chaco

En el presente estudio evaluamos indicadores entomológicos (índices de infección, colonización e infección natural) de ejemplares de Triatoma sordida capturados en el intra y peridomicilio de viviendas del Chaco Paraguayo en el período 2014 al 2016. El objetivo fue comparar con los hallazgos previamente reportados en el periodo 2010 al 2013 en la misma región. Además se ha incorporado la detección de fuente de alimentación como complemento para definir el riesgo de domiciliación de este vector secundario. Se aplicaron técnicas moleculares asociados a indicadores entomológicos y epidemiológicos a 220 ejemplares de T. sordida capturados en 67 viviendas de 24 localidades del Chaco. Se detectó infestación y colonización por T. sordida en el intradomicilio 13/67 (19%) y 5/13 (38%) y en el peridomicilio 54/67 (81%) y 43/54 (80%), respectivamente. Se detectó infección con T. cruzi en un 17,3% de los ejemplares analizados. La fuente de alimentación pudo detectarse en tan solo 13 de 220 ejemplares (6%), todos resultaron positivos para sangre de gallina y correspondían a captura en el peridomicilio. El índice de infestación intradomiciliar fue del 19%, superior al de años anteriores y similar a las zonas históricamente endémicas de la Región Occidental (18%-20%). El riesgo de transmisión intradomiciliar sigue siendo elevado porque en 3 de 5 viviendas con ninfas de T. sordida, los ejemplares estaban infectados con T. cruzi. Los indicadores entomológicos obtenidos en el presente estudio concuerdan con resultados previos de nuestro equipo, y confirman la capacidad vectorial de este triatomino secundario en la transmisión de la enfermedad de Chagas(AU)

Risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii infection in free-range chickens in the semiarid region of Brazil / Fatores de riscos associados com a infecção de Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas de vida livre na região do semiárido do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the frequency of anti-Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in serum from 629 chickens on 39 family farms in seven municipalities in the semiarid region, Pernambuco, Brazil, and to identify risk factors associated with T. gondii infection. The risk factors were studied in 421 samples from 29 farms. Anti-T. gondii antibodies were investigated by indirect fluorescent antibody test with a 1:16 cutoff. The frequency of positive chickens was 27.9% (176/629) and 94.8% of the farms studied had chickens infected by T. gondii. Multivariate analysis showed variables significantly associated with anti-T. gondii antibodies in serum: slaughter of animals on the farm, reproductive disorders in sheep, consumption of fetal adnexa and placentas by chickens, presence of sheep in the property and birth of sheep the property. The results suggest that there is a complex relationship between general management practices for different animal species raised on the same farm and the prevalence of T. gondii infection in chickens. In addition, the results draw attention to the risk of human infection by T. gondii via consumption of infected chicken meat, because the farming conditions and the low human development indices observed in the region studied result in inappropriate meat preparation practices.

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxoplasma gondii em 629 soros de galinha em 39 propriedades da agricultura familiar em sete municípios de Pernambuco, Brasil e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção. Para a pesquisa de anticorpos anti-T. gondii empregou-se a reação de imunofluorescência indireta com ponto-de-corte 1:16. O estudo dos fatores de risco foi realizado em 29 propriedades, totalizando 421 amostras. A prevalência de aves positivas foi de 27,9% (176/629) e 94,8% das propriedades tinham galinhas infectadas por T. gondii. Na análise multivariada, obteve-se como variáveis significativas associadas com anticorpos anti-T. gondii a ocorrência de abate de animais na propriedade, relato de distúrbios reprodutivos em ovinos, ingestão de anexos fetais e placentas pelas galinhas, presença de ovinos na propriedade e nascimento de ovinos na propriedade. Os resultados sugerem relações complexas entre o manejo das espécies animais criados nas propriedades e a prevalência da infecção nas galinhas. Em adicional, chama-se atenção para o risco de infecção humana por T. gondii via consumo de carne de galinha infectada, uma vez que as condições de criação e os baixos índices de desenvolvimento observados na região resultam em inapropriada preparação da carne para consumo.

Parâmetros sanguíneos de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com sementes secas de Piper cubeba como aditivo fitogênico / Blood parameters of broiler chickens fed diets supplemented with dried seeds of Piper cubeba as an phytogenic additive

Dois experimentos foram realizados com o objetivo de avaliar o uso das sementes secas de Piper cubeba nas dietas de frangos de corte de 1 a 21 dias de idades e seus efeitos sobre o perfil bioquímicos do sangue e na biometria dos órgãos das aves. Em cada experimento 240 pintos de corte machos, com um dia de idade da linhagem Cobb foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e quatro repetições de 12 aves por parcela experimental. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado o uso da Piper cubeba em dietas consideradas de alta digestibilidade, a base de milho e farelo de soja, e no segundo avaliou-se o uso da pimenta em dietas de baixa digestibilidade, as quais foram obtidas com a inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos. Com relação aos dados de perfil bioquímico sanguíneo do experimento I, com exceção da gama glutamil transferase, todos os demais níveis séricos se apresentaram dentro dos limites recomendados para aves, e apenas os níveis de triglicerídeos diferiram entre os tratamentos (P<0,05). No experimento II houve diferença significativa para os níveis de albumina, colesterol e ácido úrico, porém isso não foi resultado de desordens metabólicas, visto que com exceção da gama glutamil transferase, todos os níveis encontraram-se dentro dos limites recomendados. Em ambos os experimentos não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) para a biometria dos órgãos. Nas condições em que os experimentos foram realizados a inclusão das sementes de Piper cubeba na ração para frangos de corte não proporcionou alterações bioquímicas e biométricas que possam limitar seu uso como material vegetal para os estudos fitogênicos.(AU)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the use of dried seeds of Piper cubeba in the diets of 1 to 21-day-old broilers and its effect on biochemical blood profile and biometry of the organs. In each experiment, 240 one-day-old male broiler chicks Cobb were distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates of 12 birds per experimental plot. The first experiment evaluated the use of Piper cubeba in considered highly digestible diets based on corn and soybean meal, and the second evaluated the use of pepper in low digestibility diets, which were obtained with the inclusion of meat and bone meal. Regarding the blood chemistry profile data of the experiment I, with the exception of gamma glutamyl transferase, all other serum levels were within recommended limits for poultry, and only triglyceride levels differed between treatments (P <0.05). In the second experiment there was significant difference in albumin levels, cholesterol and uric acid, but this was not the result of metabolic disorders, because except for the gama glutamyl transferase levels, all variables were within recommended levels. In both experiments, there were no differences (P> 0.05) for the biometry of organs. The conditions under which the experiments were performed at inclusion of Piper cubeba seeds in feed for broilers has not provided any toxicity to poultry.(AU)

Growth performance, blood parameters, immune response and carcass traits of broiler chicks fed on graded levels of wheat instead of corn without or with enzyme supplementation

Four hundred and fifty one-day Cobb broiler chicken were used to investigate the effect of partial replacement with wheat grain without or with different commercial enzyme products supplementation on growth performance, immune response, blood serum parameters and some carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. Chicks were allotted into 9 equal groups [50 chicks of mixed sex per group]. Three experimental diet were formulated basel diet containing 100% corn and basal diet was replaced by wheat grain [w/w] and the diet adjust to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets, each diet supplemented by Kemzyme plus dry or by Combozyme [enzyme blend commercial products] to be 9 experimental groups. The experimental period continued for six continuous weeks. It was observed that wheat inclusion at 25% instead of corn non significantly reduced body weight and gain of broiler chicken, while 50% replacement improved both parameters when compared with chick group fed on corn-soybean based diet. However, it was observed that wheat inclusion at 25 or 50% instead of corn grain in broiler chicken ration increased feed intake by about 1.3% and 9.8% respectively and consequently deteriorate FCR, PER, EEU and PI by about [4.6% and 4.6%], [8.2% and 6.5%], [4.9% and 4.0%] and [13.7% and [4.2%] respectively when compared with broiler chicken group fed on corn - soybean based diet. Moreover, enzyme supplementation in 25% wheat containing diet increased feed intake but, with 50% wheat inclusion decreased feed intake also, enzyme supplementation in wheat included ration improved FCR, PER, EEU and PI when compared with broiler chick group fed on the same diet without enzyme supplementation. On the other hand, wheat inclusion had no significant effect on blood serum total protein, albumin, globulin and glucose concentrations, while reduced blood serum triglycerides and cholesterol concentrations, also wheat inclusion in the broiler chicken diet had determinately effect on liver function through elevation of some blood serum enzymes when compared with chick group fed on corn-soybean based diet. Regarding immune response, it was observed that wheat inclusion instead of corn reduced phagocytic activity and index, and reduce antibody production against NDV while enzyme supplementation improve the health status of broiler chicken when compared with broiler chicken group fed on the same diet without enzyme supplementation. It was observed that both wheat grain inclusion without or with enzyme supplementation had no significant effect on carcass traits of broiler traits and the most prominent effect was leading to reduction of abdominal fat weight and relative weight and improve thymus gland weight of broiler chicks

Effect of different levels of synbiotic on productivity and egg quality, blood parameters and hatchability in broiler breeder hens

The present study deals with the effect of different levels of synbiotic on egg production and quality, blood parameters, hatchability and yolk cholesterol in broiler breeder hens. The aim of this study was to determine the best level of symbiotic in the diet of broiler breeder hens. The study was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 4 treatment groups, 2 replicates and 10 controls in each experimental unit. The experimental rations were containing 0 [control S0], 0.05 [S0.05], 0.1 [S0.1] and 0.2% [S0.2] synbiotic. Egg quality and weight were measured daily. Blood parameters, laying rate and hatchability were measured weekly. Yolk cholesterol, ovarian weight and number of ovarian large follicles were evaluated at the end of the experiment. The data were analyzed using GLM procedure. The results showed that yolk index in group S0.1 was significantly lower [p<0.05] than groups S0.05 and S0.2, but was not statistically different from the control [p>0.05]. Also, synbiotic had no significant effect on other egg quality traits, egg weight and hatchability [p>0.05]. Addingy synbiotic supplement to diet reduced significantly the laying rate, ovarian weight and number of ovarian large follicles in the group S0.2 compared with the other groups [p<0.05]. Synbiotic significantly increased plasma glucose concentration [p<0.05], but plasma triglyceride, HDL and yolk cholesterol concentrations were not influenced by dietary symbiotic [p>0.05]. Furthermore, plasma cholesterol concentration [last week] in groups S0.1 and S0.2 were significantly lower than control group [p<0.05]. The results showed that it would be proper to use 0.1% symbiotic in the diet of broiler breeder hens

Soroconversão de galinhas para antígenos salivares de L. longipalpis: possibilidade de uso como sentinela em área endêmica para Leishmaniose Visceral / Seroconversion chickens to salivary antigens of L. longipalpis: possibility to use as sentinel in an endemic area for visceral leishmaniasis

A Leishamaniose Visceral (LV) é transmitida pela picada de insetos da espécie vetora Lutzomyialongipalpis através da inoculação dos parasitas juntamente com a saliva na pele do hospedeiro durante a alimentação sanguínea. A saliva deste vetor desempenha um papel importante na obtenção do repasto, sendo também capaz de modular o sistema imune do hospedeiro. Algumas proteínas salivares são imunogênicas e podem induzir a produção de anticorpos específicos. Neste sentido, a presença de anticorpos anti-saliva pode ser utilizada como marcador de exposição ao vetor. Na LV, a presença de galinhas em área endêmica é considerada um fator importante na manutenção da fauna flebotomínica, além de ser citada como um importante fator de risco para a transmissão da doença. Entretanto, o papel da galinha na cadeia epidemiológica da LV ainda não é bem compreendido. Nosso objetivo neste estudo foi detectar nestes animais a presença de anticorpos contra o sonicado de glândula salivar (SGS)...

Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) is transmitted by Lutzomyia longipalpis , when saliva and parasites are injected into the host skin during blood feeding. Saliva has an important role not only in the blood meal process but it is also able to modulate the host’s immune response. Some salivary proteins are immunogenic inducing production of anti-saliva antibodies in the host that can be used as markers of exposure to the vector. In VL, the presence of chicken in the endemic area is indicated as an important source for a blood meal and is often considered as a risk factor for transmission. However the role of the chicken in the VL epidemiology has not been defined. Here we investigate if the detection of antibodies against salivary gland sonicate (SGS)...

Post-challenge hematological evaluation with virulent strain of Eimeria tenella in broilers immunized with attenuated strain or sporozoite proteins from homologous strain / Avaliação hematológica pós-desafio com cepa virulenta de Eimeria tenella em frangos de corte imunizados com cepa atenuada ou proteínas de esporozoítos de cepa homóloga

Hematological parameters were evaluated in broilers immunized and challenged with Eimeria tenella. Broiler chickens of Hubbard strain, females, coccidian-free, were kept in wire cages and inoculated on the third day. The experiment was designed to include five sorts of treatment with three replicates each. T1 was the negative control group, T2 received 500 attenuated sporulated oocysts by gavage, T3 was the positive control, T4 received 50 µg of sporozoite protein + Quil A vaccine, and T5 received Quil A without sporozoite protein + PBS, the last two through nasal route on days 0, 7, and 21. On the 31st day, all treatments were challenged with homologous virulent strain of E. tenella in the dose of 8.0 × 10(4) oocysts, with the exception of T1. One week later, blood sampling, lesion scores, and cecal oocyst count were carried out. The parasitological parameters showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) and there was no damage to the hematological parameters of birds (p > 0.05) by ANOVA test. The correlations suggest that the blood parameters were impaired by effects of the parasite on tissue, showing levels of hemorrhage and/or hydration.

Foram avaliados os parâmetros hematológicos em frangos de corte imunizados e desafiados com Eimeria tenella. Pintos de corte fêmeas da linhagem Hubbard, livres de coccídios, foram mantidos em baterias metálicas e inoculados no terceiro dia. O experimento foi delineado por cinco tratamentos com três repetições cada, sendo: T1 controle negativo, T2 recebeu 500 oocistos esporulados atenuados via oral, T3 controle positivo, T4 recebeu vacina contendo 50 µg de proteínas de esporozoítos + Quil A e T5 recebeu Quil A + PBS, sendo os dois últimos por via nasal nos dias 0, 7 e 21. No dia 31, todos os tratamentos foram desafiados com cepa virulenta homóloga de E. tenella na dose de 8,0 × 10(4) oocistos, exceto T1. Uma semana depois, foi realizada amostragem de sangue, escore de lesão e contagem de oocistos cecais. Os parâmetros parasitológicos apresentaram significância estatística (p < 0,05), sem que causassem prejuízos aos parâmetros hematológicos das aves (p > 0,05), pelo teste ANOVA. As correlações sugerem que os parâmetros sanguíneos foram afetados pelos efeitos do parasita no tecido, apresentando níveis de hemorragia e/ou hidratação.

Seroprevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in domestic ducks, free-range chickens, turkeys and rabbits in Kafr El-Sheikh governorate Egypt

In Kafr EI-Sheikh, Capital of Kafr El-Sheikh Governorate, Toxoplasma-IHAT was performed on locally bred domestic ducks, free-range chickens, turkey and domestic rabbits. The results revealed an infection rate of 55, 38.1, 29.4, and 37.5% respectively which indicates a soil contamination and environmental zoonotic risk

Effects of heat stress on some blood parameters and egg production of Shika Brown layer chickens transported by road

The effects of vitamins C and E on layer chickens transported by road for 6 h during the hot dry season were investigated. Two experimental groups consisting of thirty Shika Brown layers were separately administered vitamins C and E orally just before transportation, while another 30 layers, which were only given sterile water, served as control. Blood samples analyzed before and after transportation in the control layers showed a decrease (p<0.05) in total white blood cell, (p<0.01) lymphocyte and monocyte values, and a signifcant (p<0.05) and (p<0.001) increase in the values of eosinophils and heterophils post-transportation, respectively. In the experimental groups, post-transportation values of total white blood cells, eosinophils and monocytes were not different (p>0.05) from those obtained before transportation. Heterophil/lymphocyte values were highest in the control group. The result showed that transportation was stressful for the control layers. Post-transportation egg production was not signifcantly (p>0.05) different in the vitamin E treated group, but values recorded for the vitamin C and control groups were signifcantly (p<0.05) and (p<0.001) reduced compared to pre-transportation. In conclusion, vitamins C and E administration ameliorated the adverse effect of road transportation stress during the hot dry season.

Alterações nos parâmetros hematológicos de Gallus gallus domesticus experimentalmente infectados por Borrelia anserina / Alterations in hematological parameters of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with Borrelia anserina

Borreliose aviária é uma doença septicêmica aguda, cosmopolita, que acomete diferentes espécies aviárias, sendo causada por Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar as alterações hematológicas em Gallus gallus domesticus experimentalmente infectados por B. anserina via vetor Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Um total de 27 aves da espécie G. g. domesticus com 67 dias de vida, foram divididas em três grupos inteiramente casualizados contendo nove animais cada. Um grupo foi exposto a carrapatos infectados por B. anserina (Grupo 1); outro a carrapatos livres deste agente (Grupo 2); além de um grupo não exposto aos carrapatos (Grupo 3). Realizaram-se esfregaços sangüíneos diariamente, a partir do primeiro dia de exposição ao vetor, até o 25º dia pós-exposição (DPE). Amostras de sangue foram coletadas 3 dias antes da exposição aos carrapatos, e 3, 8 e 18 dias pós-exposição (DPE), para a realização dos hemogramas. O exame dos esfregaços das aves do Grupo 1 revelou grande número de espiroquetas. Os esfregaços sangüíneos dos Grupos 2 e 3 mantiveram-se negativos durante todo o período experimental. De acordo com os resultados das avaliações hematológicas, as aves do Grupo 1 apresentaram um quadro de anemia normocítica normocrômica em oito DPE, além de leucocitose com heterofilia e monocitose que cursaram paralelamente ao período de espiroquetemia. Concluiu-se que a infecção por B. anserina determinou nas aves do Grupo 1 alterações hematológicas compatíveis com uma infecção bacteriana de moderada gravidade, evoluindo para auto-cura, nas condições experimentais estabelecidas neste trabalho.(AU)

Avian spirochaetosis is a cosmopolite acute septicemic disease of many avian species, caused by Borrelia anserina Sakharoff, 1891. The present study assesses the estimate of the hematological alterations of Gallus gallus domesticus experimentally infected with B. anserina by vector Argas (Persicargas) miniatus. Twenty-seven fowls of the species G. g. domesticus, 67 days old, were randomly allocated into three groups composed by nine animals each. One group was exposed to B. anserina infected ticks (Group 1), other one to ticks free of this agent (Group 2), and another group not exposed to ticks (Group 3). Blood smears of the fowls were taken daily, since the first day the fowls were exposed to the ticks, up to the 25th day after exposure (DAE). Blood samples were collected three days before exposure, and three, eight and 18 DAE, for hematologic tests. The examination of Group 1 smears revealed large number of spirochaetes. Group 2 and 3 blood smears were negative during the whole period under exam. In agreement with the hematological evaluation results, the fowls exposed to infected ticks showed a normocytic normochromic anemia in eight DAE, leucocytosis with heterophilia and monocytosis concomitant with the spirochaetemia. We concluded that B. anserina infection determined on fowls of Group 1 hematological alterations compatible with bacterial infection of moderate gravity, developing to self-cure, in the experimental conditions established in this study.(AU)

Effect of T-2 toxin on growth, performance and haematobiochemical alterations in broilers.

Administration of dietary T-2 toxin in 120 days old broiler chicks led to significant lower body weights and increase in feed conversion ratio from 2nd week of age. There was significant reduction in haemoglobin and packed cell volume in T-2 toxicated birds at 4 ppm level only. The other hematological parameters like TEC, TLC and absolute leucocyte count did not showed any variation due to T-2 toxin in feed. Significant reduction in serum total protein and cholesterol levels and rise in serum uric acid and LDH levels of broilers were observed due to dietary T-2 toxin. The result suggests that T-2 toxin is toxic to broilers even at very low concentrations.

Zoonotic toxoplasmosis in chicken

Modified agglutination test [MAT] was applied to 150 chicken sera [90 were farm-bred and 60 house-bred chickens].The prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies was 18.7%. In house-bred, chickens positive cases were 18 out of 60, while in farm-bred chickens positive cases were 10 out of 90. Histopathological sections of the seropositive chickens showed tissue lesions which were most likely to be induced by T. gondii. Tissue cysts of T. gondii were demonstrated in the liver, brain, heart and skeletal muscles of 22 out of 28 positive chickens. These tissue cysts were found mostly in the brain of seropositive chickens. Epidemiological implications of these data for public health significance were discussed

Red blood cell elution time of strains of Newcastle disease virus

Elution time of velogenic, mesogenic and lentogenic strains of Newcastle disease virus was determined. The differences in their elution time were also calculated. Four samples, each of a velogenic strain (VGF2), a mesogenic strain (Komarov) and a lentogenic strain (LaSota) were used for hemagglutination test with 0.6% chicken red blood cells. The time it took for wells of the end hemagglutination points (highest dilution that gave agglutination) to elute was recorded as elution time for each sample. The mean elution time of the three strains of Newcastle disease virus differed significantly (p < 0.05). The velogenic strain gave the highest mean elution time of 118 min, followed by the mesogenic strain with 59 min and the lentogenic strain with 25 min. Based on this result it appears that elution time could form a basis for rough characterization of isolates of Newcastle disease virus into the three major strains.

Evaluation of vitamin E against deltamethrin toxicity in broiler chicks.

Deltamethrin toxicity was studied in broilers and vitamin E was evaluated for therapeutic management. Day old male broiler chicks were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 6 chicks in each. Group 1 was maintained as control for 6 wks, group 2 was fed on deltamethrin (100 mg/kg feed) for 6 wks and group 3 was fed on deltamethrin for the first 4 wks and during the subsequent 2 wks with vitamin E (300 mg/kg feed) with out deltamethrin. Weekly body weights, feed conversion ratio, glutathione (GSH) concentration and high density lipoproteins (HDL) were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced, while the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSH-R), catalase, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the lipid profile and renal biomarkers were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in group 2 and 3 at the end of 4th wk as compared to group 1. Following treatment with vitamin E during the last 2 wks in group 3, all the parameters in study revealed improvement. From this study, it is concluded that deltamethrin induces toxicity by oxidative damage in biological system and supplementing vitamin E in feed is useful in treating accidental toxicity.

Determination of Roxithromycin by Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry after Multiple-Dose Oral Administration in Broilers

A highly sensitive and specific method for the determination of roxithromycin in broiler tissues by LC/MS was developed and validated. A dichloromethane extract of the sample was separated on C18 reversed-phase column with acetonitrile-50 mM ammonium acetate (80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase and analyzed by LC/MS via atmospheric pressure ionization/electrospray ionization interface. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 1 ng/g and 5 ng/g. The method has been successfully applied to determine for roxithromycin in various tissues of broilers. Residue concentrations were associated with administered dose. At the termination of treatment, roxithromycin was found in all collected samples for both dose groups. Liver was detected to have the highest residual concentration of roxithromycin. Residue concentrations of roxithromycin were lower than its LOQ in all tissues from both dose groups 10 days after the treatment of roxithromycin mixed with drinking water at a dose rate of 15 mg/L or 60 mg/L to each broiler for 7 days.

Presença de Salmonella em frangos de corte aparentemente sadios em unidades de criaçäo industrial na regiäo de Säo José do Vele do Rio Preto-RJ / Samonella of seemed-to be healthy poultry of industrial breeding units in Säo José do Rio Preto-RJ

Um pequeno número de aves infectadas por Salmonella pode contaminar todo o processo de abate, comprometendo o produto final e constituindo um grave fator de risco nas toxinfecçöes alimentares em humanos. Este trabalho tem por objetivo detectar a presença de Salmonella em frangos de corte aparentemente sadios, investigando a ave viva. Em uma amostragem de 106 frangos de corte em quatro unidades de criaçäo industrial, na regiäo de Säo José do Vale do Rio Preto, no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, realizou-se o teste de Soroaglutinaçäo Rápida em Placa (SAR) com sangue, e foi coletado material fecal através de swabs de cloaca, processados no Laboratório de Ornitopatologia da UFF. Apesar de nenhuma ave ter sido reagente ao teste de SAR, foram isoladas 3 cepas (2,83 por cento) de Salmonella enteritidis a partir dos swabs. As três aves positivas pertenciam à mesma unidade de criaçäo. A diferença observada entre as unidades trabalhadas caracterizou-se pelo piso de terra batida nos galpöes da unidade que apresentou aves positivas, ao contrário das unidades negativas, onde o piso era de cimento, mas näo foram analisadas as condiçöes de tratamento e higiene das unidades.

Influência da sangria na qualidade da carne de aves (Gallus domesticus) resfriada / lnfluence of bleeding in refrigerated poultry (Gallus domesticus) meat

Para avaliar a influência da deficiência de sangria na qualidade dos peitos de aves (Gallus domesticus), foram analisadas 64 amostras de frangos abatidos de modo industrial. As amostras, subdivididas entre bem e mal sangradas, foram conservadas sob refrigeração (4±1ºC) durante sete dias. Realizaram-se análises microbiológicas (contagem total de microrganismos aeróbios, mesófilos e psicrotróficos), determinação de pH (método potenciométrico) e bases voláteis totais (microdifusão em placa de Conway), no 1º e 7º dias de conservação. De acordo com os resultados, constatou-se a eficiência dos métodos microbiológicos e físico-químicos, pois houve uma diferença estatística significativa (P<0.01) entre o 1º e 7º dias das análises realizadas. Concluiu-se também que não houve diferença significativa (P>0.05) comprovada estatisticamente (análise de variância e teste de Duncan), nas diversas análises entre as amostras de frangos bem e mal sangrados sugerindo-se o estudo do possível aproveitamento das carcaças dos mal sangradas na elaboração de produtos pós-processados de aves.

To evaluate the influence of bad bleeding, 64 samples of breast muscle broilers (Gallus domesticus) slaughtered in industrial plants were analyzed. The samples were separated into two groups: the broilers that had good bleeding, and another group that suffered a bad bleeding. The samples were taken under refrigerated conditions (4±1 ºC) during seven days. Microbiological analysis (plate count of mesophylic microorganism and psychrotrophyic), determination of pH (potenciometric method) and total volatile nitrogen (microdifusion in Conway plate) were taken on 1st and 7th days of conservation. Results showed an statistic difference (P<0.01) between the 1st and 7th days of analysis. lt was concluded that breast cut of carcasses of good and bad bleeding broilers did not show any statis-tic difference (P>0.05). Therefore it was suggested that other researches be developed to perrnit that bad bleeding carcasses can be utilized in processed poultry products.