Embarazo ectópico abdominal. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Gravidez ectópica abdominal. Apresentação de caso e revisão de literatura / Abdominal ectopic pregnancy. Case report and literature review

Introducción: el embarazo ectópico es una de las afecciones que más incrementan la morbilidad y la mortalidad maternas. La incidencia varía de 1:40 a 1:100 embarazos. Se caracteriza por la implantación del embrión dentro de la cavidad peritoneal, por fuera de la trompa de Falopio, el ovario y el ligamento ancho del útero. Objetivo: familiarizar a los médicos generales timorenses con las características clínicas, la etiopatogenia y el diagnóstico y el manejo de esta condición obstétrica. Método: se presentó un caso clínico de embarazo ectópico abdominal atendido por un equipo multidisciplinarios de profesionales cubanos colaboradores en el Hospital Referal Maubisse (República Democrática de Timor Leste). Se revisó la literatura sobre el tema en bases de datos electrónicas (SciELO, ClinicalKey, RedALyC, Scopus, PubMed, Clinical Evidence, Cochrane). Se realizó una selección por título y resumen por los tres autores, en caso de encontrar una diferencia se sometió a un cuarto evaluador. Resultados: el examen clínico y la ultrasonografía abdominal posibilitaron el diagnóstico de embarazo ectópico abdominal con feto muerto. Se realizó laparotomía y se encontró un feto de 17 semanas en estado de momificación y maceración aséptica, ubicado en el fondo de saco de Douglas. Fue posible la extracción completa del tejido placentario sin complicaciones transoperatorias y evolución satisfactoria. Conclusiones: el cuadro clínico es inespecífico y aunque se reconoce el valor diagnóstico de la ecografía abdominal, al no existir signos específicos y ante la ausencia de imágenes ultrasonográficas características, se hace indispensable una laparotomía exploradora(AU)

Introduction: Ectopic pregnancy is one of the conditions that most increase maternal morbidity and mortality. The incidence varies from 1:40 to 1: 100 pregnancies. It is characterized by implantation of the embryo into the peritoneal cavity, outside the fallopian tube, the ovary and the broad ligament of the uterus. Objective: to familiarize Timorese general practitioners with the clinical characteristics, etiopathogenesis and diagnosis and management of this obstetric condition. Method: A clinical case of abdominal ectopic pregnancy was presented attended by a multidisciplinary team of Cuban professionals collaborating at the Hospital Referal Maubisse (Democratic Republic of Timor Leste). Literature on the subject was reviewed in electronic databases (SciELO, ClinicalKey, RedALyC, Scopus, PubMed, Clinical Evidence, Cochrane). A selection was made by title and summary by the three authors, in case of finding a difference it was submitted to a fourth evaluator. Results: the clinical examination and abdominal ultrasonography made it possible to diagnose abdominal ectopic pregnancy with dead fetus. Laparotomy was performed and a 17-week fetus was found in a state of mummification and aseptic maceration, located at the bottom of Douglas's sac. It was possible the complete extraction of the placental tissue without transoperative complications and satisfactory evolution. Conclusions: the clinical picture is nonspecific and although the diagnostic value of abdominal ultrasound is recognized, as there are no specific signs and in the absence of characteristic ultrasound images, an exploratory laparotomy is essential(AU)

Introdução: A gravidez ectópica é uma das condições que mais aumentam a morbimortalidade materna. A incidência varia de 1:40 a 1: 100 gestações. É caracterizada pelo implante do embrião na cavidade peritoneal, fora da trompa de Falópio, do ovário e do ligamento largo do útero. Objectivo: familiarizar os clínicos gerais timorenses com as características clínicas, etiopatogenia e diagnóstico e tratamento desta condição obstétrica. Método: Foi apresentado um caso clínico de gravidez ectópica abdominal, atendido por uma equipe multidisciplinar de profissionais cubanos que colaboraram no Hospital Referal Maubisse (República Democrática de Timor Leste). A literatura sobre o assunto foi revisada em bancos de dados eletrônicos (SciELO, ClinicalKey, RedALyC, Scopus, PubMed, Clinical Evidence, Cochrane). Uma seleção foi feita por título e resumo pelos três autores; no caso de encontrar diferença, foi submetida a um quarto avaliador. Resultados: o exame clínico e a ultrassonografia abdominal possibilitaram o diagnóstico de gravidez ectópica abdominal com feto morto. Foi realizada laparotomia e um feto de 17 semanas foi encontrado em estado de mumificação e maceração asséptica, localizado no fundo do saco de Douglas. Foi possível a extração completa do tecido placentário sem complicações transoperatórias e evolução satisfatória. Conclusões: o quadro clínico é inespecífico e, embora o valor diagnóstico da ultrassonografia abdominal seja reconhecido, pois não há sinais específicos e na ausência de imagens ultrassonográficas características, é essencial uma laparotomia exploradora(AU)

Old Abdominal Pregnancy Presenting as an Ovarian Neoplasm

Abdominal pregnancy is extremely rare, but even more unusual is the prolonged retention of an advanced abdominal pregnancy with lithopedion formation. The presentation of lithopedion as an ovarian tumor without a symptom has not been reported in Korea. A 63-yr-old, gravida 2, para 1, woman was referred to us with an abominal mass. Pelvic examination revealed normal postmenopaused uterus and a fetal head-sized movable hard mass in the lower abdomen. The computed tomographic scan showed a densely echogenic mass of 10-cm in diameter as an ovarian neoplasm. Laparotomy disclosed a lithopedion, of which the bones and cartilages were well preserved. There have been controversies on the treatment of lithopedion. Although some cases are stable for a long time, the morbidity increases when the operation is performed in an elderly patient. So we believe that the surgical intervention should be done as soon as possible after thorough consideration of the morbidity and the risk.

Transvaginal sonographic features in ectopic pregnancy.

A retrospective review of the transvaginal sonograms of 37 women with confirmed ectopic pregnancy was performed to characterize the findings from transvaginal sonography and correlate operative findings with sonographic features. Thirty-six of the 37 ectopic pregnancies were tubal pregnancies. Intrauterine findings showed an absence of gestational sac in all cases and a pseudosac in 1 case (7.14%). An ectopic gestational sac with a live embryo was documented in 2 cases (5.41%) and with embryo or yolk sac in 6 cases (16.22%) and nonspecific adnexal mass in 30 cases (81.08%). Fluid in the cul-de-sac was found in 22 cases (59.46%). Transvaginal sonography provides better access to the pelvic organ and allows a clear view of the uterus and adnexa, with no need to fill the bladder. Excellent visualization of the endometrial cavity permits the detection of even a very early intrauterine pregnancy and clearly shows the gestational sac where it is outside the uterine cavity. Blood and other fluids in the cul-de-sac can also be seen easily. This technic has reduced patients' risk by minimizing delay in diagnosis and treatment.