Microorganismos patógenos aislados en muestras respiratorias de niños con fibrosis quística / Isolated pathogen microorganisms in respiratory samples from children with cystic fibrosis

La fibrosis quística (FQ) se caracteriza por disfunciones en las glándulas de secreción exocrina del organismo. Las primeras manifestaciones suelen observarse en el sistema respiratorio, constituyendo una de las causas más importantes de morbimortalidad en los pacientes afectados. Los microorganismos patógenos que colonizan frecuentemente el tracto respiratorio de estos pacientes son Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp., y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Entre noviembre de 2001 y agosto de 2004 se estudiaron 222 muestras respiratorias de pacientes con FQ de entre 4 meses y 11 años de edad. Se aislaron S. aureus (38,7%), P. aeruginosa (37,4%) y Haemophilus spp., (15,3%). En S. aureus la meticilina-resistencia fue del 25,9% y se asoció con altas resistencias a eritromicina (35,0%) y clindamicina (29,4%). El mayor porcentaje de resistencia observado en las cepas de P. aeruginosa fue frente a gentamicina (31,0%). Los aislamientos de Haemophilus spp. fueron resistentes a ampicilina (23,0%) debido a la presencia de beta-lactamasas, y a trimetoprima/sulfametoxazol (59,0%).

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is characterized by a dysfunction of the exocrine secretion glands. The first symptoms often appear in the respiratory system which constitutes one of the most important morbimortality causes in these patients. Chronic respiratory tract colonization is caused mainly by bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Respiratory samples from patients with CF (age group: 4 months to 11 years) were analyzed from November 2001 to August 2004. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were S. aureus (38.7%), P. aeruginosa (37.4%) and Haemophilus spp (15.3%). A high resistance to erithromycine (35.0%) and clindamicine (29.4%) was observed in S. aureus strains and 25.9% of them were methicillin-resistant. P. aeruginosa strains were mainly gentamicin-resistant (31.0%). The rate of ampicillin-resistant Haemophilus spp. was 23.0% and it was due to the presence of beta-lactamases, but a high trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance was observed in this microorganism (59.0%).

DNA - Based subtypes and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae isolated from different tonsillar sites of children undergoing tonsillectomy and / or adenoidectomy

We did a comparative analysis between DNA-based subtypes and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles on Haemophilus influenzae and Haemophilus parainfluenzae. isolated from multiple tonsillar sites per individual from patients with chronic recurrent tonsillitis and/or tonsillar idiopathic hypertrophy and undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy. A total of eighty-eight Haemophilus isolates were obtained aseptically from the surface and core of tonsils and/or adenoids of 32 out of 60 patients and identified at the species level by the X and V factors and the API NH Kit. The H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae isolates as well as ATCC strains were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using a panel of antimicrohial agents. Random amplified polymorphic DNA [RAPD] was done on extracted DNA from all Haemophilus isolates and ATCC strains, using one 10 mer and one I8 mer primers to subtype the two species. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing data have shown a variation in generated susceptibility patterns to tested antimicrobial agents among H. influenzae and H. parainfluenzae isolates. This variation was demonstrated too among isolates obtained from different tonsillar sites [core and surface] in a single patient. RAPD analysis identified 58/S8 [66%] different RAPD patterns. Variations in RAPD patterns among H. influenzae and parainfluenzae were also observed in isolates obtained from different tonsillar sites of the same individual. A correlation between RAPD patterns and antimicrobial susceptibility data, have shown: 1] the predominance of one strain [RAPD pattern] of either Haemophilus species among isolated organisms per patient, and exhibiting different antimicrobial susceptibility profiles or 2] the existence of multiple strains [RAPD patterns] of either Haemophilus species per patient, and showing either a single or multiple antimicrobial susceptibility profile[s]. These observations question the validity of swab cultures obtained from a single tonsillar site per patient, for detection, identification and determination of antimicrobial profiles of the etiology of tonsillitis, since swab specimens taken from only one site may or may not reflect the etiology of infection

Current status and changing trends of antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia

Due to modern travel and ease of spread of infections, it is desirable to widen knowledge of susceptibility of common bacterial isolates from different parts of the world for optimal clinical management and control programs. Over the past decades, antimicrobial resistance has emerged in all kinds of micro-organisms worldwide including Saudi Arabia. this phenomenon is primarily due to increasing antibiotic use and misuse in humans, animals and agriculture. Additionally, the presence of a large expatriate population and a significant number of visitors to the Kingdom annually for pilgrimage and/or work from all over the world may have also facilitated the importation to Saudi Arabia of drug resistant micro-organisms from other countries. Saudi Arabia has witnessed an increase of drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and some Enterobacteriaceae in the last decade. We describe the status of antimicrobial resistance in Saudi Arabia which is an important focus of antimicrobial resistance for the Gulf Region

Susceptibility of clinically significant ocular isolates to lomefloxacin 0.3

Purpose: The main objective of this in vitro study was to assess the antibacterial activity of lomefloxacin against clinically significant bacterial isolates and to compare the efficacy of lomefloxacin with the antibiotics of common practice. Materials and A total of 100 clinically significant isolates from the conjunctival swab culture were used in this study. Blood and chocolate agar plates and thioglycolate broth were used as culture media. Chloramphenicol, Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Fucidic acid, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Erythromycin, Tetramycin and Vancomycin antibiotics were used as comparison drugs versus lomefloxacin 0.3%. Results Sixty% of the 100 cases had acute bacterial conjunctivitis, 32% had nasolacrimal duct obstruction, blepharitis, chronic conjunctivitis and lid abscess. The remaining 8% had other ocular disorders. The isolated organisms were Haemophillus spp. [25%], coagulase negative Staphylococci [17%], Pneurmococci [10%], Pseudomonas aeruginosa [3%] and gram-negative bacilli [2%]. The sensitivity to lomefloxacin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin were 94%, 96% and 95% respectively, Conclusion Topical lomefloxacin 0.3% is an effective antibacterial agent in the eradication of infection of the ocular surface. It has a wide range of efficacy against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria