Forma activa de la vitamina D en pacientes pediátricos con sobrepeso y obesidad en el noroeste de México / Active form of vitamin D in overweight and obese pediatric patients in northwest Mexico

Resumen: Introducción: Los niveles bajos de vitamina D se han asociado con una gama de condiciones clínicas como obesidad, resistencia a la insulina y diabetes mellitus. Existen pocos estudios donde se hayan realizado mediciones de la forma activa de la vitamina D (1,25 (OH)2 vitamina D) en niños con obesidad. Sin embargo, los datos publicados no son concluyentes. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar los niveles de la forma activa de la vitamina D en niños con obesidad y sobrepeso y determinar la asociación entre los niveles bajos de esta vitamina, la obesidad y las alteraciones del metabolismo de la glucosa. Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico en niños de 6 a 12 años de edad con exceso de adiposidad determinado por el índice cintura-estatura y el índice Z de masa corporal. Se midieron niveles de glucosa, insulina, perfil de lípidos completo, modelo homeostático para evaluar la resistencia a la insulina y la forma activa de la vitamina D. Se consideraron como niveles bajos de vitamina D aquellos menores a 30 pg/ml. Resultados: La prevalencia de niveles bajos de la forma activa de la vitamina D fue del 36%. La asociación entre niveles bajos de la forma activa de la vitamina D y niveles altos de insulina resultó estadísticamente significativa. No se encontró asociación significativa entre los niveles de la vitamina y las medidas de adiposidad. Conclusiones: Se encontraron niveles bajos de la forma activa de la vitamina D en el 36% de la población estudiada, y se demostró su asociación con la resistencia a insulina e hiperinsulinemia.

Abstract: Background: Low levels of vitamin D have been associated with a range of clinical conditions such as obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes mellitus, among others. There are few studies that measure the active form of vitamin D (1,25 (OH)2 vitamin D) in obese children. However, published data are inconclusive. The aim of this study was to determine the active levels of vitamin D in obese and overweight children and to find an association between low levels of vitamin D, obesity and impaired glucose metabolism. Methods: A cross-sectional, analytical study was conducted in 6 to 12-year-old children with excess adiposity determined by waist-stature index and body mass index. Levels of glucose, insulin, complete lipid profile, homeostatic model assessment and the active form of vitamin D were measured in each patient. Levels < 30 pg/ml were considered as low levels of vitamin D. Results: The prevalence of low levels of active vitamin D was 36%. A significant association between low levels of active vitamin D and high levels of insulin was found. No significant association was found between vitamin levels and adiposity measures. Conclusions: Low levels of active vitamin D were found in 36% of the population studied. A significant association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia was demonstrated.

Insulino resistencia y síndrome metabólico en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria definida por angiografía / Insulin-resistance and metabolic syndrome in patients with coronary heart disease defined by angiography

Se examinó la frecuencia de insulino-resistencia (IR) y síndrome metabólico (SM) en pacientes coronarios empleando diferentes criterios de definición y se analizó cuáles mostraban mejor asociación con la presencia y gravedad de la afección. Fue un estudio casos-controles en 100 pacientes con edades entre 40 y 70 años que concurrieron a un centro hospitalario para realizarse una angiografía. IR fue definido por insulina >15 mU/l, el modelo hemostático de insulino-resistencia (HOMA-IR) >3.1 y la combinación del índice de masa corporal (IMC) >27.5 kg/m² con HOMA-IR >3.6. SM fue definido según International Diabetes Federation y American Heart Association / National Heart, Lung, and Blood. Insulina >15 mU/l y HOMA-IR >3.1 tuvieron la misma sensibilidad, (60.3%), y se asociaron significativamente con la extensión de la enfermedad coronaria, p = 0.001 y p = 0.009 respectivamente. En cambio, IMC >27.5 kg/m² con HOMA-IR >3.6 mostró menor sensibilidad, (43.1%), y menor asociación con la gravedad, (p = 0.028). Los odds ratio (OR) para enfermedad coronaria fueron respectivamente: 3.16 (IC 95% 1.28-7.79), p = 0.012; 2.93 (IC 95% 1.20-7.19) p = 0.019; 2.86 (IC 95% 1.10-7.41), P = 0.031. La frecuencia de SM definida según American Heart Association / National Heart, Lung, and Blood fue mayor en coronarios versus controles (62.1% versus 33.3%, p = 0.003), se asoció con la enfermedad en uno o en múltiples vasos (p = 0.011) y fue su predictor, OR = 4.22 (IC 95% 1.65-10.83) p = 0.003. Sin embargo, SM definido según International Diabetes Federation no se asoció con la presencia ni con la gravedad de la enfermedad.

The frequency of insulin-resistance (IR) and metabolic syndrome (MS) were examined in coronary patients using different criteria of definition. It was also analyzed which of them indicated a strong association with the presence and severity of the disease. This was a case-control study on 100 patients between 40 and 70 years old, assisted in a hospital center and there examined by angiography. IR was defined by insulin >15 mU/l, Homeostatic Model Assessment for insulin-resistance (HOMA-IR) >3.1 and the combination body mass index (BMI) >27.5 kg/m² with HOMA-IR >3.6. MS was defined according to International Diabetes Federation and American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Insulin >15 mU/l and HOMA-IR >3.1 had similar sensibility, 60.3%, and were significantly associated with the extension of coronary heart disease, p = 0.001 and p = 0.009 respectively. Whereas, BMI>27.5 kg/m² with HOMA-IR>3.6 showed a lower sensibility, 43.1% and less association with severity, p = 0.028. The odds ratio (OR) for coronary heart disease were respectively: 3.16 (CI 95 1.28-7.79), p = 0.012; 2.93 (CI 95% 1.20-7.19) p = 0.019; 2.86 (CI 95% 1.10- 7.41), p = 0.031. The frequency of SM defined according to American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute was higher in coronary patients vs. controls (62.1% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.003). It was associated with disease in one or more vases (p = 0.011) and was its predictor, OR = 4.22 (CI 95% 1.65-10.83) p = 0.003. However, SM defined according to International Diabetes Federation was not associated with the presence or severity of coronary heart disease.

Banding gástrico laparoscópico en pacientes obesos adolescentes / Gastric banding among obese adolescents

En EE.UU. existe un 4 por ciento de obesos adolescentes y un 80 por ciento de ellos llegará a ser obeso en la vida adulta. En Chile un 33 por ciento de los escolares púberes presentan obesidad y sobrepeso según datos del Ministerio de Salud. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar los resultados a corto y mediano plazo del banding gástrico por laparoscopía en el grupo de obesos adolescentes. Entre agosto del 2004 y enero 2005, se realizaron 21 banding gástricos por laparoscopía en obesos adolescentes. La edad promedio fue de 17 años (extremos 13 y 19), con un IMC de 38,6. La relación mujer/hombre fue de 2,5:1. No hubo mortalidad en la serie y se procedió al retiro en dos pacientes por deslizamiento a los seis meses postoperatorios. El tiempo operatorio fue de 60 minutos, con una estadía de 1,9 días. El porcentaje de pérdida de peso fue de 54,1 por ciento a los 12 meses y la resolución o mejoría de las comorbilidades alcanzó al 90 por ciento a los 6 meses. Los autores consideran al Banding Gástrico Laparoscópico como la técnica de elección el paciente obeso adolescente por tratarse de un método efectivo y seguro a mediano plazo. Es necesario un mayor seguimiento para evaluar sus resultados a largo plazo.

Background: Thirty percent of school age teenagers are obese in Chile. Aim: To assess the short and long term results of gastric banding among obese adolescents. Material and methods: Prospective evaluation of gastric banding procedures performed to 21 teenagers aged 13 to 19 years (15 females). Results: Mean body mass index of patients ranged from 31 to 51 kg/m2. Mean operative time and hospital stay were 60 minutes 1.9 days respectively. No patient died. Two bands had to be withdrawn after six months due to displacement. A 54% weight loss was obtained at 12 months of follow up and 90% of complications of obesity improved at 6 months. Conclusions: Gastric banding is a safe and effective surgical treatment for obesity in adolescents.

The Effect of Hepatitis C Virus Infection on Insulin Resistance in Chronic Haemodialysis Patients

PURPOSE: To investigate the contribution of HCV infection to insulin resistance in chronic haemodialysis patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was performed with 55 patients who were on regular haemodialysis therapy three times per week. Of the 55 patients, 34 (20 females and 14 males with an average age of 40.9 years) were anti-HCV (+) and were defined as the HCV (+) group. The remaining 21 patients (8 females and 11 males with an average age of 50 years) were negative for HCV and other viral markers and were defined as the HCV (-) group. BMI of all patients were below 27. Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated according to the HOMA formula and patients were called HOMA-IR (+) if their HOMA scores were higher than 2.5. All of the HOMA-IR (+) patients in both groups were called the HOMA-IR (+) subgroup. None of the patients had a history of drug use or any diseases that were related to insulin resistance except uremia. In both groups and the healthy control group, insulin and glucose levels were studied at three different venous serum samples taken at 5- minute intervals after 12 hours of fasting. Other individual variables were studied at venous serum samples taken after 12 hours of fasting. RESULTS: HOMA scores were (3)2.5 in 22 of 34 HCV (+) patients (64.7%) and 7 of 21HCV (-) patients (33.33%) (p=0.024). Insulin levels of HCV (+) group (13.32 +/- 9.44mIU/mL) were significantly higher than HCV (-) (9.07 +/- 7.39mIU/mL) and the control groups (6.40 +/- 4.94mIU/ mL) (p=0.039 and p=0.021 respectively). HCV (+) patients were younger (40.94 +/- 17.06 and 52.62 +/- 20.64 years, respectively) and had longer dialysis duration (7.18 +/- 3.61 and 2.91 +/- 2.69 years, respectively). Significant positive correlations of HOMA score with insulin (r=0.934, p=0.000) and fasting glucose levels (r=0.379, p=0.043) were found in the HOMA- IR (+) subgroup. Also, a significant positive correlation was found between ALT and insulin levels in the HOMA IR (+) subgroup. C-peptide levels of both HCV (+) and (-) groups were significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001). There were not any significant correlations between HOMA score and some of the other individual variables including levels of triglyceride, ferritin, ALT, iPTH and Mg in any of the groups. CONCLUSION: In chronic haemodialysis patients; HCV infection is related to a high prevalence of insulin resistance, higher insulin and glucose levels.

The Relation between Birth Weight and Insulin Resistance in Korean Adolescents

Low birth weight is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in adults. The fetal programming hypothesis has shown that insulin resistance and its associated metabolic disturbances result from a poor gestational environment, for which low birth weight is a surrogate. An at-home questionnaire survey was performed on 660 middle school students (12-15 years) in Seoul, Korea, and 152 cases were randomly selected based on their birth weight. Subjects were divided into three groups according to birth weight. We recorded their birth weight and measured their current anthropometric data, blood pressure, lipid profile, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-beta, and compared these parameters among the groups. The relation of birth weight to physiological characteristics in adolescence was examined. Systolic blood pressure, lipid profiles, and fasting plasma glucose, HOMA-beta were not significantly different among the groups, but diastolic blood pressure was lower in the third tertile. Insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR were higher in the lower birth weight tertile. After adjustment for confounding factors, birth weight was inversely related to diastolic blood pressure, insulin, C-peptide, and HOMA-IR. We conclude that low birth weight may predict the risk of the insulin resistance and its progression over age, and that adequate gestational nutrition is therefore necessary to prevent low birth weight.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome and hyperinsulinaemia

To determine the occurrence of hyperinsulinaemia in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome [PCOS]. A descriptive study. Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad from January 2002 to December 2003. Total 64 subjects were recruited from gynaecological outpatients department, between the ages of 15 and 40 years with clinical diagnosis of polycystic ovarian syndrome, presenting with weight gain, oligomenorrhoea, secondary amenorrhoea, hirsuitism or infertility and either ultrasound evidence of PCOS or raised Leutinizing Hormone [LH]/ Follicular Stimulating Hormone [FSH] ratio. Patient's venous blood was checked for fasting serum insulin. Out of total 64 women selected, 37[57.81%] were between 21 - 30 years of age. Weight gain was the commonest presenting complain [84.37%] followed by oligomenorrhoea [79.68%]. Infertility was found in 46 women [71.87%] and hyperandrogenism was observed in 43 women [62.49%]. Thirty-nine women [60.93%] had ultrasound evidence of PCOS and 43 [67.18%] had LH / FSH ratio greater than 2:1. Hyperinsulinaemia was seen in 27 [42.19%] women. In this study, 27 women [42.19%] had hyperinsulinaemia which indicates significant insulin resistance. Thus, all the patients presenting with clinical or biochemical evidence of PCOS must undergo checking of fasting serum insulin levels

Perfil hormonal e metabólico em pacientes hirsutas com a síndrome dos ovários policísticos / Hormonal and metabolic profile in hirsute patients with the polycystic ovarian syndrome

A síndrome dos ovários policísticos (PCOS) tem sido associada à resistência insulínica/hiperinsulinemia compensatória e a uma maior prevalência de intolerância aos carboidratos (ICH) e diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). Há controvérsia na literatura sobre se a hiperinsulinemia, presente nas pacientes com PCOS, é independente ou näo da obesidade. No presente estudo, avaliaram-se as características hormonais e o perfil metabólico glicoinsulínico e lipídico em mulheres hirsutas com o diagnóstico de PCOS em comparaçäo com pacientes com hirsutismo idiopático (HI), estratificadas de acordo com o índice de massa corporal (IMC 5 ou > 25kg/m2). Foram dosados androgênios, SHBG, gonadotrofinas, além de glicose, lipídeos e lipoproteínas, insulina e pró-insulina. Foi também realizado o teste de tolerância oral á glicose (75g) para avaliaçäo da curva de glicose e insulina. Concluímos que as pacientes com PCOS e IMC > 25kg/m2 apresentam maior prevalência de obesidade abdominal, de hiperinsulinemia, hipertrigliceridemia e curvas glicêmicas alteradas em relaçäo ás pacientes PCOS e IMC

Insulinorresistencia en bulimia nerviosa / Insulin resistance in nervous bulimia

La bulimia nerviosa es un trastorno de la conducta alimentaria de etiología multicausal que se caracteriza por la presencia de atracones recurrentes y conductas compensatorias inapropiadas de manera repetida con el fin de no ganar peso. Las dietas con alto contenido graso han sido implicadas en la etiología de la insulinorresistencia postulándose que el aumento del depósito de tejido graso aumentaría la adaptación a una elevada oxidación grasa presente en dietas de estas características. La respuesta metabólica a ingestas de alto valor calórico e hipergrasas en un corto período de tiempo seguida de purga y/o ayuno compensador se considera precipitante de hiperinsulinemia

Clustering of impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia in young north Indian patients with coronary heart disease: a preliminary case-control study.

Metabolic insulin resistance syndrome is a critical factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease in Indians. In a preliminary case-control study, 44 young patients (age < 40 years) with coronary heart disease (angina, myocardial infarction), not previously diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus, were recruited seven days to six weeks after the cardiac event (group I), and compared to 20 healthy subjects (group II). After recording history and anthropometric data, they were subjected to oral glucose tolerance test. Each group was divided into A and B subgroups according to the magnitude of impaired glucose tolerance. Hypertension was recorded in 11 (25%) patients in group I, while all the subjects in group II were normotensive (p < 0.05). Groups IB and IIB, consisting of subjects with impaired glucose tolerance displayed significantly high post-load blood glucose values. After excluding patients with the family history of diabetes mellitus, there were 13 (39%) and 3 (17%) patients with impaired glucose tolerance in groups I and II, respectively. Total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were higher in group I as compared to group II (p < 0.01). Group IB showed highest mean values of total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lowest level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as compared to other subgroups. Serum insulin levels at 30 and 90 minutes were significantly higher in group I (p < 0.05). Group IB and IIB showed higher insulin values at 90 minutes when compared to group IA (p < 0.05) and IIA (p < 0.05). Elevated serum insulin values at 90 minutes during oral glucose tolerance test could differentiate among both groups and subgroups, except IB versus IIB. The study demonstrates significantly high prevalence of hypertension, obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia, suggesting fully developed metabolic insulin resistance syndrome in young north Indian patients with manifest coronary heart disease.

Hiperinsulinemia in patients with coronary heart disease in absence of overt risk factors

The objetive of the study was to determine if male subjectes with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD) without major CHD risk factor have hyperinsulinemia and related metabolic changes. Previoys studies suggestested that hyperinsulinemia is a CHD risk factor, but they did not entirely exclude concurrent metabolic abnormalities. A prospective, comparative, cross-sectional study in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Mexico City was conducted in 15 men who had suffered myocardial infarction 6 to 24 months before and had significant coronary occlusion on angiography. Control group was formed by 15 age-matched healthy men. None had hypertension, obesity, diabetes, gout, glucose intolerance or hyperlipidemia. Body mass index (BMI), waist/hip ratio (WHR), blood pressure (BP); oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with measurement of serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide every 30 min for 2 h, fasting serum cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid, areas under curve (AUC) of glucose and insulin, insuli/glucose ratio and insulin sensitivity indez were calculated. BMI, WHR and BP were similar in both groups. Fasting and post-load serum glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher in CHD than in control group (p<0.01); fasting glucose 5.9 ñ 0.6 vs. 4.8 ñ 0.7 nmol/l, 2-h glucose 8.3 ñ 0.6 vs. 7.3 ñ 0.9 mmol/l, fasting insulin 17.5 ñ 1.2 vs. 15.3 ñ 1.7 pmol/l, 2 h insulin 448 ñ 108 vs. 282 ñ 87 pmol/l in CHD and control group, respectively. AUC of glucose, AUC of insulin, insulin/glucose ratio, pos load C-peptide, serum cholesterol, triglycerides and uric acid levels were also significantly higher in CHD than in healthy controls. Insulin sensitivity index was significantly lower in patients with CHD (27.7 ñ 8.3) than in healthy control subjects (73.9 ñ 18) (p<0.001). Patients with CHD have hyperinsulinemia and subtle metabolic abnormalities realted with insulin resistance even in absence of overt risk factors