Hipertensão intra-abdominal e síndrome compartimental abdominal: repercussões e tratamento clínico no paciente crítico / Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome: repercussions and clinical treatment in critically ill patients

A hipertensão intra-abdominal e a síndrome compartimental abdominal foram durante muitas décadas mal compreendidas e dissociadas de suas repercussões clínicas. Trata-se de um distúrbio que pode levar à disfunção de múltiplos órgãos devido ao desequilíbrio circulatório desencadeado pelo aumento de pressão no compartimento abdominal. As manifestações envolvem os sistemas cardiovascular, respiratório, renal, nervoso e gastrintestinal e estão largamente relacionadas com o fator de morbimortalidade no paciente crítico. A despeito da importância clínica, a hipertensão intra-abdominal e à síndrome compartimental abdominal ainda são temas pouco dominados pelos médicos, e fazem-se necessários o reconhecimento precoce e o estabelecimento de estratégias clínicas objetivas no contexto de uma síndrome com desfecho tão desfavorável. Portanto, foi realizada uma revisão da literatura não sistematizada com objetivo de compreender os principais pontos sobre definições, prevalência, fatores de risco, fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento acerca da hipertensão intra-abdominal e a síndrome compartimental abdominal.

Intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome have been, for many decades, poorly understood and dissociated from their clinical repercussions. It is a disorder that can lead to organ dysfunction due to circulatory impairment triggered by increased pressure in the abdominal compartment. The manifestations involve cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems, and are widely associated with significant morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Despite their clinical importance, intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome are still not sufficiently known by physicians and, early recognition and the establishment of objective clinical strategies for managing these highly morbid syndromes are required. Therefore, a non-systematized review was carried out to understand the main points about definitions, prevalence, risk factors, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of intra-abdominal hypertension and abdominal compartment syndrome.

Comportamiento de la presión intrabdominal en el abdomen agudo quirúrgico / Behavior of intrabdominal pressure in the acute surgical abdomen

Introducción: la presión intrabdominal se define como el resultado de la tensión presente dentro del espacio anatómico abdominal y es un elemento clave en todos los procesos fisiopatológicos que se desarrollan en el abdomen agudo o en sus complicaciones. Objetivo: evaluar el comportamiento de la presión intrabdominal medida por vía transvesical en los pacientes con abdomen agudo quirúrgico. Método: se realizó una investigación de carácter cuasiexperimental del comportamiento de la presión intrabdominal, en 200 enfermos con cuadros de abdomen agudo quirúrgico, atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Comandante Pinares, durante el periodo comprendido de abril 2011 a octubre 2015. Se controlaron variables como la edad, sexo, presión intrabdominal, frecuencia respiratoria y cardiaca, así como diagnóstico etiológico. Resultados: la mayor incidencia de pacientes pertenece al sexo masculino, predominando las edades 40 - 49 años. El diagnóstico etiológico que más se presentó fue la apendicitis aguda con un valor de presión intrabdominal normal, entre 1 y 9 cm de agua. El incremento de la PIA modificó la frecuencia respiratoria (polipnea) y la frecuencia cardiaca (taquicardia). Después de realizar la laparotomía y descompresión abdominal la PIA regresa a valores normales en el postoperatorio. Conclusiones: la medición de la presión intrabdominal constituye una herramienta más para el diagnóstico del abdomen agudo quirúrgico y sus complicaciones(AU)

Introduction: intrabdominal pressure is defined as the result of the tension present within the abdominal anatomical space and is a key element in all the pathophysiological processes developed in the acute abdomen or in its complications. Objective: to evaluate the behavior of intrabdominal pressure measured by the transvesical approach in patients with acute surgical abdomen. Method: a quasiexperimental investigation was performed on the behavior of intrabdominal pressure in 200 patients with surgical acute abdomen, cared at Comandante Pinares General Teaching Hospital, during the period from April 2011 to October 2015. Some variables were controlled, such as age, sex, intrabdominal pressure, respiratory and cardiac frequency, as well as etiological diagnosis. Results: the highest incidence of patients belongs to the male sex, with ages ranging from 40 to 49 years old. The most frequent etiologic diagnosis was acute appendicitis with normal intrabdominal pressure, between 1 and 9 cm of water. The increase of intrabdominal pressure altered respiratory rate (polypnea) and heart rate (tachycardia). After performing abdominal laparotomy and decompression the intrabdominal pressure returned to normal postoperative values. Conclusions: the measurement of intrabdominal pressure is one more tool for the diagnosis of acute surgical abdomen and its complications(AU)

Consecuencias hemodinámicas y respiratorias del síndrome compartimental abdominal en un modelo experimental / Hemodynamic and respiratory alterations in an experimental abdominal compartment syndrome model

Introduction: Abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a severe and under-reported condition among the pediatric population due to inadequate warning and recognition. It can be caused by medical and surgical reasons, resulting in a high mortality rate. objective: To determine the magnitude of the initial hemodynamic and respiratory consequences triggered by the induction of ACS in an experimental model. Methods: The model consisted of twelve anesthetized pigs (4.8 +/- 0.1 kg). The ACS was induced by instillation of colloid solution in the peritoneal cavity to obtain an intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of 24.9 +/- 0.6 mmHg. In basal conditions and after the ACS induction, a conventional hemodynamic monitoring and transpulmonary thermodilution were performed. At the same time, arterial blood gases and lung mechanics analysis were measured. results: There was a reduction of cardiac output by 16 percent (5.19 +/- 0.33 to 4.34 +/- 0.28 l/min/m², p = 0.01) and abdominal perfusion pressure by 20 percent (72.3 +/- 3.2 to 57.3 +/- 4.0 mmHg, p <0.001) without changes in heart rate, arterial or central venous pressure. In addition there was an approximately 50 percent worsening of respiratory system compliance (1.28 +/- 0.09 to 0.62 +/- 0.04 ml/cmH2O/kg, p = 0.002) associated with a significant increase in intrathoracic pressure and slight decrease in oxygenation. Discussion: In this experimental model, the early development of hemodynamic and pulmonary dysfunction could be observed. A reduction of cardiac output that was not detected by conventional monitoring and a substantial deterioration of lung mechanics, characteristic of restrictive disease, associated with mild alterations in gas exchange were reported. It is essential then to monitor the IAP in patients predisposed to develop ACS, especially in the case of organ dysfunction deterioration, as severe hypotension and hypoxemia are late signs of this complication.

Introducción: El síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) es una entidad grave, de escaso reporte en población pediátrica por una inadecuada alerta y reconocimiento. Puede ser originado por causas médicas y quirúrgicas, presentando una elevada mortalidad. objetivo: Determinar la magnitud de las consecuencias hemodinámicas y respiratorias iniciales desencadenadas por la inducción de un SCA en un modelo experimental. Método: Doce cerdos anestesiados (4,8 +/- 0,1 kg). El SCA fue inducido con instilación de solución coloide en cavidad peritoneal para obtener una presión intra-abdominal (PIA) de 25 +/- 5 mmHg. En condiciones basales y posterior a inducción del SCA se realizó monitorización hemodinámica convencional y termodilución transpulmonar. Paralelamente se midió gasometría arterial y análisis de mecánica pulmonar. resultados: Hubo una reducción del gasto cardíaco en 16 por ciento (5,19 +/- 0,33 a 4,34 +/- 0,28 l/min/m², p = 0,01) y de la presión de perfusión abdominal en 20 por ciento (72,3 +/- 3,2 a 57,3 +/- 4,0 mmHg, p < 0,001) sin cambios en frecuencia cardiaca, presión arterial y venosa central. Además ocurrió un deterioro de la compliance del sistema respiratorio cercana al 50 por ciento (1,28 +/- 0,09 a 0,62 +/- 0,04 ml/cmH2O/kg, p = 0,002) asociado a un incremento significativo en las presiones intratorácicas y disminución leve de la oxigenación. Discusión: En este modelo experimental se pudo apreciar el desarrollo temprano de disfunción hemodinámica y pulmonar. Se evidenció una reducción de gasto cardiaco no detectado por la monitorización convencional y un deterioro substancial de la mecánica pulmonar, propia de una enfermedad restrictiva, asociado a alteraciones leves del intercambio gaseoso. Creemos que es fundamental monitorizar la PIA en pacientes predispuestos a desarrollar un SCA, más aún ante empeoramiento de disfunciones orgánicas dado que la hipotensión e hipoxemia grave son signos tardíos de esta complicación.

Hipertensión intra-abdominal: visión del gastroenterólogo / Intra-abdominal hypertension: perspective of the gastroenterologyst

Elevated intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) has deleterious effects in distant organ function. Sustained increase of IAP is known as intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. The aim of this article is to review basic pathophysiologic and clinical concepts about diagnosis and medical-surgical management of IAH and its most severe expression: the abdominal compartment syndrome, with emphasis on certain conditions as severe acute pancreatitis and end stage liver disease as these commonly associate with IAH.

El aumento de la presión intra-abdominal (PIA) se asocia a una serie de efectos deletéreos en la función de otros sistemas. El aumento sostenido de la PIA se denomina hipertensión intra-abdominal (HTIA) y es una entidad que aumenta la morbi-mortalidad en pacientes graves. La siguiente revisión expone los conceptos fisiopatológicos y clínicos básicos respecto al diagnóstico y manejo médico y quirúrgico de laHTIA y su grado máximo de expresión: el síndrome compartamental del abdomen, con énfasis en ciertas condiciones gastroenterológicas que se acompañan con frecuencia de HTIA como la pancreatitis aguda grave y el daño hepático crónico descompensado.

Síndrome compartimental abdominal: atualização / Abdominaol compartment syndrome: update

A síndrome compartimental abdominal (SCA) é um conjunto de alterações fisiopatológicas, principalmente sobre os sistema cardiovascular, respiratório e renal, decorrentes da elevação aguda da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA). Possui como importantes fatores desencadeantes o trauma abdominal, peritonite, pancreatite, transplante hepático, ascite volumosa, laparotomia abreviada e a cirurgia videolaparoscópica. Os autores revisam aspectos atuais acerca da fisiopatologia, etiopatogenia e terapia desta afecção

The abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) is a group of systemic alterations, mainly on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, current of the sharp elevation of the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP). Important risk factors are the abdominal trauma, peritonitis, pancreatitis, hepatic transplant, voluminous ascites, abbreviated laparotomy and the videolaparoscopic surgery. Objective: the aim of this paper is to review the main aspects of this affection