Política de asignación de recursos del Seguro Popular: análisis y recomendaciones / Resource allocation in the Seguro Popular program: analysis and recommendations

Resumen: Objetivo: Describir los mecanismos de asignación y compra del Seguro Popular, la forma en que operan y los controles que se dan sobre ellos. Discutir esquemas de incentivos que mejoren el desempeño en general, fortalezcan la atención primaria y mejoren el acceso a los hospitales de especialidades. Material y métodos: Se evalúan las reformas de 2014 a la Ley General de Salud para entender su intención, que es fortalecer los sistemas estatales y la relación con la autoridad federal. Se discuten opciones para que los mecanismos de asignación incentiven mejor la atención primaria y el acceso a los tratamientos de especialidades para avanzar hacia mejores garantías de acceso a los servicios de salud. Conclusiones: Para convertir a los Regímenes Estatales de Protección Social en Salud en agentes para la expansión de los servicios debe superarse el enfoque programático para lograr una relación más eficaz entre la Federación y los Estados.

Abstract: Objective: To describe the mechanisms of allocation and purchase of the Seguro Popular program, the way they operate and how are controls applied.To discuss incentive schemes that can improve performance in general, strengthen primary care and improve access to specialty hospitals. Materials and methods: The 2014 reforms to the General Health Law are evaluated to understand their intent, which is to strengthen State systems and the relationship with the Federal authority. Options for allocation mechanisms to encourage better primary care and access to specialty treatments towards are discussed, to guarantee access to health services. Conclusions: To make State schemes of social protection in health agents for the expansion of services, the programmatic approach shall be replaced to achieve a more effective relationship between the Federation and the States.

Custos da cadeia de procedimentos no tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio em hospitais brasileiros de excelência e especializados / Costs of the chain of treatment procedures in acute myocardial infarction in Brazilian reference and specialized hospitals

OBJETIVO: Apresenta a metodologia e os resultados de uma pesquisa de campo para avaliar os custos da cadeia de procedimentos para tratamento do Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio (IAM), realizada em 11 hospitais brasileiros de excelência e especializados. MÉTODOS: A apuração do custo utilizou o sistema de custo por procedimento e o sistema por patologia. Os procedimentos associados ao tratamento do IAM foram organizados com sua sequência lógica (protocolos), dando origem a um fluxograma. Os instrumentos de coleta da pesquisa contemplavam informações relativas aos preços e as quantidades (particular, convênios, tabela SUS e Associação Médica Brasileira - AMB), praticados no ano de 2008, bem como os custos pertinentes. RESULTADOS: De forma geral, o custo total dos procedimentos que integram o "tratamento-padrão" do IAM, totalizou R$ 12.873,69 se a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) não envolver utilização de stent. Caso este se torne necessário, o custo se eleva para R$ 23.461,87. CONCLUSÃO: Entre os resultados obtidos destacam-se: o fato de os valores dos procedimentos mais caros não apresentarem variações estatísticas significativas entre os hospitais, independentemente de sua localização, clientela predominante ou natureza jurídica; e o fato de os hospitais, que tratam predominantemente de usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde, registrar custos menores, mas não estatisticamente significativos, para toda a cadeia de procedimentos associada à patologia.

OBJECTIVE: To present the methodology and the results of a field survey to assess the chain costs of procedures for treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), carried out in 11 Brazilian reference and specialized hospitals. METHODS: The cost assessment used the cost per procedure and per pathology systems. The procedures associated with the treatment of AMI were organized and their logical sequence (protocols) was used to create a flowchart. Data collection tools gathered information on prices and quantities in 2008 (private, health insurance, SUS, and Brazilian Medical Association - AMB price lists), as well as the applicable costs. RESULTS: Overall, the total cost of the procedures involving the 'standard treatment' of AMI was R$ 12,873.69, if percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) did not involve stent use. If the stent becomes necessary, the cost increases to R$ 23,461.87. CONCLUSION: Among the results, we emphasize the fact that the costs of the more expensive procedures did not present statistically significant variations between hospitals, regardless of their location, predominant clientele or legal nature, and the fact that hospitals that treat predominantly users of the Brazilian Unified Health System registered the lowest costs, albeit not statistically significant regarding the entire chain of procedures associated with the pathology.

Quality of previous diabetes care among patients receiving services at ophthalmology hospitals in Mexico / Calidad de la atención previa de los pacientes diabéticos atendidos en hospitales de oftalmología en México

OBJECTIVE: To survey a large sample of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Mexico City to determine if patient experience, access to basic services, treatment, and outcomes differed between those with social security coverage and those without. METHODS: From 2001-2007 a total of 1 000 individuals with T2DM were surveyed in outpatient clinics of the three largest public ophthalmology hospitals in Mexico City. Patients reported information about their health status and receipt of basic diabetes services, such as laboratory glycemic monitoring and diabetes education. Rates were compared between those with (n = 461) and without (n = 539) social security. RESULTS: Almost half of the patients (46 percent) in these public facilities were social security patients that were unable to access other services and had to pay out-of-pocket for care. Half of respondents were originally identified as potentially diabetic based on symptom complaints (51 percent), including 11 percent with visual impairment. Most patients (87.9 percent) reported that their glycemic level was being monitored exclusively via fasting blood glucose testing or random capillary blood glucose tests; only 5.3 percent reported ever having a glycated hemoglobin test. While nearly all respondents reported an individual physician encounter ever, only 39 percent reported ever receiving nutrition counseling and only 21 percent reported attending one or more sessions of diabetes education in their lifetime. Processes of care and outcomes were no different in patients with and those without social security coverage. CONCLUSIONS: In Mexico, the quality of diabetes care is poor. Despite receiving social security, many patients still have to pay out-of-pocket to access needed care. Without policy changes that address these barriers to comprehensive diabetes management, scientific achievements in diagnosis and pharmacotherapy will have limited impact.

OBJETIVO: Determinar si hay diferencias en cuanto a las experiencias de atención de la diabetes, el acceso a los servicios básicos, el tratamiento y la evolución clínica entre las personas que disponen o no de seguro social de salud mediante la encuesta de una muestra amplia de pacientes que padecen diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la Ciudad de México. MÉTODOS: Se encuestó a 1 000 pacientes con diabetes tipo 2 en la consulta externa de los tres hospitales públicos de oftalmología más importantes de la Ciudad de México. Los pacientes proporcionaron información acerca de su estado de salud y su experiencia respecto de la atención básica de diabetes; por ejemplo, el control de la glucemia mediante análisis de laboratorio y la información que recibieron acerca de la enfermedad. Se compararon los datos estadísticos entre quienes disponían de un seguro social de salud (n = 461) y quienes carecían de este tipo de seguro (n = 539). RESULTADOS: Casi la mitad de los pacientes (46 por ciento) que se atienden en estos hospitales públicos disponen de seguro social de salud, pero no pudieron acceder a otros servicios y debieron pagar de su bolsillo para recibir atención. La mitad de los entrevistados (51 por ciento) eran pacientes que habían sido considerados presuntos diabéticos a partir de los síntomas que habían referido, de los cuales 11 por ciento presentaron discapacidad visual. La mayoría de los pacientes (87,9 por ciento) refirieron que solo se controlaban mediante análisis glucemia en ayunas o análisis aleatorios (sin ayunar) de una muestra de sangre capilar; solo 5,3 por ciento refirieron que alguna vez se habían efectuado el análisis de glucohemoglobina (HbA1c). Si bien prácticamente la totalidad de los encuestados refirieron haber tenido alguna consulta médica, solo 39 por ciento informaron haber recibido orientación nutricional en alguna ocasión y solo 21 por ciento refirieron haber asistido a una o más sesiones informativas sobre la diabetes. ...