Prostate MRI: a national survey of urologist's attitudes and perceptions

ABSTRACT Introduction The use of multi-parametric (MP) MRI to diagnose prostate cancer has been the subject of intense research, with many studies showing positive results. The purpose of our study is to better understand the accessibility, role, and perceived accuracy of MP-MRI in practice by surveying practicing urologists. Materials and Methods Surveys were sent to 7,400 practicing American Urological Association member physicians with a current email address. The survey asked demographic information and addressed access, accuracy, cost, and role of prostate MRI in clinical practice. Results Our survey elicited 276 responses. Respondents felt that limited access and prohibitive cost of MP-MRI limits its use, 72% and 59% respectively. Academic urologists ordered more MP-MRI studies per year than those in private practice (43.3% vs. 21.1%; p<0.001). Urologists who performed more than 30 prostatectomies a year were more likely to feel that an MP-MRI would change their surgical approach (37.5% vs. 19.6%, p-value=0.002). Only 25% of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that MP-MRI should be used in active surveillance. For patients with negative biopsies and elevated PSA, 39% reported MP-MRI to be very useful. Conclusions Our study found that MP-MRI use is most prominent among practitioners who are oncology fellowship-trained, practice at academic centers, and perform more than 30 prostatectomies per year. Limited access and prohibitive cost of MP-MRI may limit its utility in practice. Additionally, study participants perceive a lack of accuracy of MP-MRI, which is contrary to the recent literature.

Análise de Custo-efetividade do rastreamento do câncer de mama com mamografia convencional, digital e ressonância / Analysis of Cost-effectiveness of screening for breast cancer with conventional mammography, digital and magnetic resonance imaging

O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar análise de custo efetividade da intervenção das mamografias convencional e digital e da ressonância magnética no rastreamento de câncer de mama, comparando com o não rastreamento. Foi construído um modelo markoviano, numa uma coorte hipotética de 100 mil mulheres com rastreamento bianual, cuja linha de base é a história natural da doença. Modelaram-se quatro cenários distintos: (1) a história natural do câncer de mama como linha de base; (2) mamografia com filme convencional; (3) mamografia digital e (4) e ressonância magnética. Os custos dos cenários modelados variaram desde R$ 194.216,68 para a história natural, até R$ 48.614.338,31 para o rastreamento com ressonância magnética. As diferenças de efetividade entre as intervenções variaram de 300 até 78.000 anos de vida ganhos, na coorte de 100 mil mulheres. Em relação à Razão de Custo-Efetividade Incremental, em termos de custo por ano de vida ganhos, a estratégia do rastreamento mamográfico convencional produziu um ano extra por R$ 13.573,07. A Razão de Custo Efetividade Incremental (ICER) da ressonância magnética foi de R$ 2.904.328,88 em relação ao não rastreamento. O estudo mostrou que é mais custo-efetivo realizar o rastreamento com a mamografia convencional do que as outras tecnologias de intervenção.

A cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted in screening for breast cancer. The use of conventional mammography, digital and magnetic resonance imaging were compared with natural disease history as a baseline. A Markov model projected breast cancer in a group of 100,000 women for a 30 year period, with screening every two years. Four distinct scenarios were modeled: (1) the natural history of breast cancer, as a baseline, (2) conventional film mammography, (3) digital mammography and (4) magnetic resonance imaging. The costs of the scenarios modeled ranged from R$ 194.216,68 for natural history, to R$ 48.614.338,31, for screening with magnetic resonance imaging. The difference in effectiveness between the interventions ranged from 300 to 78.000 years of life gained in the cohort. The ratio of incremental cost-effectiveness in terms of cost per life-year gains, conventional mammographic screening has produced an extra year for R$ 13.573,07. The ICER of magnetic resonance imaging was R$ 2.904.328,88, compared to no screening. In conclusion, it is more cost-effective to perform the screening with conventional mammography than other technological interventions.

Estudo de caso de oferta induzindo a demanda: o caso da oferta de exames de imagem (tomografia axial computadorizada e ressonância magnética) na Unimed-Manaus / Case study of supply induced demand: the case of provision of imaging scans (computed tomography and magnetic resonance) at Unimed-Manaus

OBJETIVO: Apresentar a experiência de uma operadora de plano de saúde (Unimed-Manaus) na cidade de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, com o credenciamento de serviços de imagem e a indução de demanda pela oferta dos novos serviços (Lei de Roemer). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de uma pesquisa de caráter retrospectivo, com estudo de série temporal, abordando o período de janeiro de 1998 a junho de 2004, lapso de tempo em que ocorreu a implantação dos serviços de tomografia computadorizada e da ressonância magnética no âmbito dos serviços oferecidos por aquele plano de saúde. A análise estatística consistiu em uma parte descritiva e uma inferencial, sendo esta última utilizando teste paramétrico de média (teste t de Student e ANOVA) e o teste de correlação de Pearson. Foi adotado um alfa de 5 por cento e um intervalo de confiança de 95 por cento. RESULTADOS: Foi possível identificar na Unimed-Manaus que a oferta de novos serviços de imagem foi capaz de, por si só, gerar um aumento da demanda do serviço caracterizando o fenômeno descrito por Roemer. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados deste trabalho ressaltam a necessidade de se estar atento ao fato de que a oferta de novos serviços no setor da saúde poderá acarretar, por si só, um aumento de sua utilização sem que haja uma demanda real.

OBJECTIVE: To present the experience of a health plan operator (Unimed-Manaus) in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, with the accreditation of imaging services and the demand induced by the supply of new services (Roemer's Law). METHODS: This is a retrospective work studying a time series covering the period from January 1998 to June 2004, in which the computed tomography and the magnetic resonance imaging services were implemented as part of the services offered by that health plan operator. Statistical analysis consisted of a descriptive and an inferential part, with the latter using a mean parametric test (Student T-test and ANOVA) and the Pearson correlation test. A 5 percent alpha and a 95 percent confidence interval were adopted. RESULTS: At Unimed-Manaus, the supply of new imaging services, by itself, was identified as capable of generating an increased service demand, thus characterizing the phenomenon described by Roemer. CONCLUSION: The results underscore the need to be aware of the fact that the supply of new health services could bring about their increased use without a real demand.

Costo-efectividad del uso de resonancia magnética y radiografía convencional en pacientes con pie diabético / The cost-effectiveness of using magnetic resonance plus conventional radiography in diabetic-foot patients

Objetivo Analizar, desde la perspectiva del pagador, la costo efectividad de la adición de resonancia magnética a la radiografía convencional en pacientes con pie diabético y signos de infección, en Colombia. Métodos Mediante un modelo de Markov, se identificó la relación de costo-efectividad de la adición de resonancia magnética a la radiografía convencional en pacientes con pie diabético y signos de infección en Colombia. La perspectiva es la del pagador. Los costos se valoraron en pesos colombianos de 2008, la efectividad se mide en años de vida ajustados por discapacidad, AVAD y el umbral de costo efectividad fue el PIB per cápita colombiano de 2008, $ 10 761 691. Resultados Usar resonancia magnética además de radiografía convencional en estos pacientes tiene un indicador de costo efectividad incremental por AVAD de $ 1 532 778 y de $ 1 741 311 sin y con descuento respectivamente. Los resultados son robustos a pruebas de sensibilidad. Conclusiones La resonancia magnética unida a la radiografía convencional en la evaluación del pie diabético con signos de infección es costo-efectiva para Colombia.

Objective Performing a cost-effectiveness analysis of adding magnetic resonance to conventional radiography in patients suffering from diabetic foot and signs of infection from the payer's point of view. Material and methods The cost effectiveness (from the payer's point of view) of conventional radiography plus magnetic resonance was calculated for patients having diabetic foot and signs of infection by means of a Markov model. Costs were measured in 2008 Colombian pesos and effectiveness in terms of disability adjusted life years (DALY). The cost-effectiveness threshold was the Colombian 2008 per capita GDP, $ 10,761,691. Results Using magnetic resonance in addition to conventional radiography in this population had a $ 1,532,778 and $ 1,741,311 incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, without and with discount, respectively; the results were robust to sensitivity analysis. Conclusions Using magnetic resonance in addition to conventional radiography in patients suffering from diabetic foot and signs of infection was cost-effective for Colombia.

Screening of Brain Metastasis with Limited Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI):Clinical Implications of Using Limited Brain MRI During Initial Staging for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients

The purpose of this prospective study was to determine whether using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for early screening for brain metastases (BM) can improve quality of life, survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The study group comprised 183 patients newly diagnosed with NSCLC. All patients underwent limited brain MRI and routine workups. The control group comprised 131 patients with NSCLC who underwent limited brain MRI only if they had neurologic symptoms. The incidence of BM was 20.8% (38/183) in the study group and 4.6% (6/131) in the control group. The rate of upstaging based on the MRI data was 13.5% (15/111) overall and 15.9% (11/69) in patients that had been considered initially to be resectable surgically. There was no significant difference in survival outcome between the groups. Patients who had BM alone had a greater overall survival time (49 weeks) than those who had multiple systemic metastases (27 weeks; p=0.0307). In conclusions, limited brain MRI appears to be a useful, costeffective method to screen for BM at the time of initial staging. And it may facilitate timely treatment of patients with NSCLC and improve their survival and quality of life.

Comparação dos métodos de imagem no diagnóstico dos tumores renais e calcificações nestas neoplasias / Comparison of imaging methods for diagnosis of renal tumors and their calcifications

OBJETIVO: Tentar estabelecer uma metodologia no diagnóstico e conduta dos pacientes com massas renais sólidas e complexas, comparando os custos e benefícios dos diferentes métodos de diagnóstico por imagem. Procuramos avançar no diagnóstico diferencial entre lesões benignas e malignas, particularmente através da investigação das calcificações tumorais. MÉTODOS: Realizamos um estudo prospectivo em 31 pacientes portadores de massas renais sólidas ou complexas, todos eles submetidos à ultra-sonografia abdominal (US), ultra-sonografia doppler da massa renal (US Dop), tomografia computadorizada (TC) e ressonância magnética (RM). RESULTADOS: Encontramos 28 pacientes com massas malignas e três com massas benignas. Entre os 28 pacientes com lesões malignas, 17 mostraram calcificações pela TC; 16 deles calcificações do tipo central e um calcificação do tipo curvilinear periférica pura (casca de ovo). A urografia excretora (UGE) mostrou uma taxa de detecção para calcificações significantemente menor que a US e a TC. Massas benignas e malignas apareceram como descrito na literatura, com o US, TC e RM mostrando alta sensibilidade e especificidade no diagnóstico dos tumores renais. A exceção foi na US Dop, onde nós obtivemos menor sensibilidade para a caracterização de fluxo tumoral maligno. CONCLUSÕES: Foi surpreendente verificar que a TC revelou calcificações centrais em 51,6 por cento dos pacientes desta série, todas elas em lesões malignas, quando a literatura refere uma freqüência de calcificações entre 8 por cento e 22 por cento dos carcinomas de células renais, em estudos utilizando radiografias simples do abdômen e UGE. Este achado é de grande importância quando consideramos que estas calcificações ocorrem particularmente em neoplasias malignas. Como resultado da comparação dos diferentes métodos de diagnóstico por imagem, nós propomos uma metodologia para adequada investigação dos tumores renais.

Resonancia magnetica funcional: una nueva herramienta para explorar la actividad cerebral y obtener un mapa de su corteza / Functional magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to explore the cerebral activity and to obtain a map of its cortex

La Resonancia Magnetica Funcional permite la detección e identificación de áreas del cerebro durante su actividad, este hecho la diferencia de las imágenes tradicionales de resonancia magnética que solo aportan una visión anatómica del cerebro. El objetivo de este artículo es compatir la experiencia de una reciente estadía, en el Hospital de Niños de Miami, centro de investigación en este tema.

Imaging in hydrocephalus and spinal dysraphism.

Hydrocephalus and spinal dysraphism are two commonly encountered clinical entities where imaging plays a vital role. Sonography, Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging are the modalities used for the evaluation of hydrocephalus. Ultrasound is useful in small infants with open fontanella, is non-invasive and can be performed at cribside. However, it has limitation in identifying the etiology. CT is the most cost effective modality in the evaluation of hydrocephalus and gives detailed anatomical information. MRI offers the added advantage of multiplanar display and can also assess stenosis/patency of CSF pathways, using phase contrast cine techniques. MRI is the modality of choice for evaluating spinal dysraphism and gives excellent information regarding contents of back mass, spinal cord status and associated anomalies like Chiari malformation. Myelography coupled with CT should be reserved for equivocal cases or in centres where MRI is not available.