Cobertura y factores asociados a la vacunación contra el sarampión en niños de 12 a 59 meses en Perú: estimación basada en la encuesta demográfica y de salud familiar 2017 / Coverage and factors associated with measles vaccination in children aged 12-59 months in Peru: estimate based on the 2017 demographic and family health survey

RESUMEN Objetivos . Estimar la cobertura y determinar los factores asociados a la vacunación contra el sarampión en Perú. Materiales y métodos . Realizamos un estudio de fuente secundaria utilizando la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del 2017, la unidad informante fue una mujer en edad fértil de 15 a 49 años; la unidad de análisis fue un niño de 12 a 59 meses (para la primera dosis) o niño de 18 a 59 meses (para la dosis de refuerzo) y que contaba con datos de vacunación. Los datos de cobertura fueron obtenidos de la tarjeta de vacunación. Resultados . Según la tarjeta de vacunación, la cobertura para la primera dosis fue del 70,2% (IC95%: 68,8-71,6), para la dosis de refuerzo del 52,0% (IC95%: 50,5-53,6). Los niños de 24-35 meses tuvieron más probabilidades de ser vacunados para la primera dosis (OR: 1,59; IC95%: 1,28-1,97) y dosis de refuerzo (OR:2,04; IC95%: 1,62-2,56) comparado con los niños de 12-23 meses y 18-23 meses respectivamente. Los niños cuyo control de crecimiento y desarrollo fue en el sector privado tuvieron menores probabilidades de ser vacunados para la primera dosis (OR: 0,30; IC95%: 0,21-0,43) y dosis de refuerzo (OR: 0,26; IC95%: 0,17-0,40) comparado con los que se controlaron en el sector público. Conclusiones . Según la ENDES 2017, Perú y ninguna de sus regiones alcanzó una cobertura del 95,0% para la primera dosis y su refuerzo. El control de crecimiento y desarrollo en establecimientos del sector público está asociado con la vacunación de sarampión en su primera dosis y refuerzo.

ABSTRACT Objectives . To estimate coverage and determine factors associated with measles vaccination in Peru. Materials and Methods . We conducted a secondary source study using the 2017 Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES). The reporting unit was a woman of childbearing age, 15 to 49 years; the unit of analysis was a child, 12 to 59 months (for the first dose), or a child, 18 to 59 months (for the booster dose) who had vaccination information. Coverage data were obtained from the vaccination card. Results . According to the vaccination card, coverage for the first dose was 70.2% (95% CI: 68.8-71.6); for the booster dose, 52% (95% CI: 50.5-53.6). Children aged 24-35 months were more likely to be vaccinated for the first dose (OR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.28-1.97) and booster dose (OR 2.04, 95% CI: 1.62-2.56), compared with children aged 12-23 months and 18-23 months respectively. Children with growth and development check-ups performed in the private sector were less likely to be vaccinated for the first dose (OR 0.30, 95% CI: 0.21-0.43) and booster dose (OR 0.26, 95% CI: 0.17-0.40), compared to those being monitored in the public sector. Conclusions . According to ENDES 2017, Peru and none of its regions achieved 95.0% coverage for the first and booster doses. Growth and development monitoring in public sector facilities is associated with measles vaccination in terms of first and booster doses.

Pertussis Prevalence in Korean Adolescents and Adults with Persistent Cough

We investigated the prevalence of pertussis in Korean adolescents and adults with persistent cough. Study population was adolescents (aged 11-20 yr) and adults (> or = 21 yr old) who showed persistent cough of 1-8 weeks' duration. Pertussis was diagnosed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and serology. A total of 310 subjects participated in this study, and 76 cases (24.5%) met the criteria for laboratory-confirmed pertussis. The majority of the pertussis cases (66/76) were confirmed by serology, while 3 cases (1.0%) were diagnosed with culture, and 10 cases (3.2%) were detected with PCR. Of the 76 subjects diagnosed with pertussis, 20/86 cases were adolescents and 56/224 cases were adults. Neither adolescents nor adults received adolescent-adult booster against pertussis within the previous 5 yr. Pertussis can be a primary cause of persistent cough in Korean adolescents and adults.

Infant polio immunization; time series modeling towards coverage in Pakistan

Poliomyelitis is a highly infectious disease but preventable by effective vaccines. Children under five year of age affected by this disease as a result a permanent paralysis. To uncover the trend of infant polio immunization coverage through modeling is a significant concern to formulate an adequate vaccination strategies and program after the outbreak of new cases of polio in a recent year in Pakistan. The reported data of monthly infant polio immunization coverage to National Institute of Health, Islamabad, Pakistan from January 2008 to July 2013 for the present study has been taken from Pakistan bureau of statistics with total time series entities 67. National Institute of Health, Islamabad took the record of per month number of doses administered [0-11 months] children by the registered health centre in pakistan. January 2008 - July 2013. Pakistan bureau of statistics [Statistics House]. A set of various short term time series forecasting models namely Box-Jenkins, single moving average, double moving average, single parameter exponential smoothing, brown, Holts and winter models were carried out to expose the infant polio immunization coverage trend. Among the several forecasting models ARIMA models are chosen due to lower measure of forecast errors namely root mean square error [RMSE], mean absolute error [MAE] and mean absolute percentage error [MAPE]. ARIMA [2,1,1], ARIMA [1,0,2], ARIMA [0,1,2] and ARIMA [2,1,1] models are established as an adequate models for the prediction of OPV-0, OPV-1, OPV-2 and OPV-3 respectively. With the exception of OPV-1 the infant polio immunization coverage is expected to rise in Pakistan

Pertussis booster vaccine for adolescents and young adults in São Paulo, Brazil / Avaliação de reforços vacinais contra a coqueluche para adolescentes e adultos na cidade de São Paulo / Evaluación de refuerzos vacunales contra la tosferina para adolescentes y adultos en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil

OBJECTIVE: To develop a model to assess different strategies of pertussis booster vaccination in the city of São Paulo. METHODS: A dynamic stationary age-dependent compartmental model with waning immunity was developed. The "Who Acquires Infection from Whom" matrix was used to modeling age-dependent transmission rates. There were tested different strategies including vaccine boosters to the current vaccination schedule and three of them were reported: (i) 35 percent coverage at age 12, or (ii) 70 percent coverage at age 12, and (iii) 35 percent coverage at age 12 and 70 percent coverage at age 20 at the same time. RESULTS: The strategy (i) achieved a 59 percent reduction of pertussis occurrence and a 53 percent reduction in infants while strategy (ii) produced 76 percent and 63 percent reduction and strategy (iii) 62 percent and 54 percent, respectively. CONCLUSION: Pertussis booster vaccination at age 12 proved to be the best strategy among those tested in this study as it achieves the highest overall reduction and the greatest impact among infants who are more susceptible to pertussis complications.

OBJETIVO: Desenvolver um modelo capaz de acessar resultados de diferentes possíveis estratégias de reforço vacinal contra a coqueluche, na cidade de São Paulo. MÉTODOS: O modelo matemático dinâmico proposto é dependente da idade e considerou perda da imunidade vacinal com o avanço da idade. A matriz "who acquire infection from whom" foi utilizada para inserir as diferentes dinâmicas de contatos entre os grupos etários. Diferentes estratégias vacinais foram testadas, acrescentando reforços vacinais ao atual esquema utilizado, e três diferentes estratégias foram reportadas: (i) 35 por cento ou (ii) 70 por cento de cobertura vacinal na idade de 12 anos e (iii) coberturas vacinais de 35 por cento aos 12 anos e 70 por cento aos 20 anos ao mesmo tempo. RESULTADOS: A estratégia (i) produziu redução de 59 por cento nos casos de coqueluche e 53 por cento de redução entre os menores de um ano; a estratégia (ii) alcançou redução de 76 por cento nos casos e de 63 por cento entre os menores de um ano; a estratégia (iii) reduziu em 62 por cento o total de casos e 54 por cento entre os menores de um ano. DISCUSSÃO: Reforço vacinal contra a coqueluche aos 12 anos é a melhor estratégia dentre as testadas, pois gera maior redução de casos em todas as idades e alcança maior impacto entre os menores de um ano, os mais vulneráveis às complicações da coqueluche.

OBJETIVO: Desarrollar un modelo capaz de acceder resultados de diferentes posibles estrategias de refuerzo vacunal contra la tosferina, en la ciudad de Sao Paulo, Sureste de Brasil. MÉTODOS: El modelo matemático dinámico propuesto es dependiente de la edad y consideró pérdida de la inmunidad vacunal con el avance de la edad. La matriz "who acquire infection from whom" fue utilizada para insertar las diferentes dinámicas de contactos entre los grupos de edad. Diferentes estrategias vacunales fueron evaluadas, añadiendo refuerzos vacunales al actual esquema utilizado, e tres diferentes estrategias fueron reportadas: (i) 35 por ciento o (ii) 70 por ciento de cobertura vacunal en la edad de 12 años e (iii) coberturas vacunales de 35 por ciento a los 12 años y 70 por ciento a los 20 años al mismo tiempo. RESULTADOS: La estrategia (i) produjo reducción de 59 por ciento en los casos de tosferina y 53 por ciento de reducción entre los menores de un año; la estrategia (ii) alcanzó reducción de 76 por ciento en los casos y de 63 por ciento entre los menores de un año; la estrategia (iii) redujo en 62 por ciento el total de casos y 54 por ciento entre los menores de un año. DISCUSIÓN: Refuerzo vacunal contra la tosferina a los 12 años es la mejor estrategia entre las evaluadas, pues genera mayor reducción de casos en todas las edades y alcanza mayor impacto entre los menores de un año, los mas vulnerables a las complicaciones de la tosferina.

Tuberculin reactivity in a population of schoolchildren with high BCG vaccination coverage

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of BCG vaccination or revaccination on tuberculin skin test reactivity, in order to guide the correct interpretation of this test in a setting of high neonatal BCG vaccination coverage and an increasing BCG revaccination coverage at school age. METHODS: We conducted tuberculin skin testing and BCG scar reading in 1148 children aged 7-14 years old in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We measured the positive effect of the presence of one or two BCG scars on the proportion of tuberculin skin test results above different cut-off levels (induration sizes of > 5 mm, > 10 mm, and > 15 mm) and also using several ranges of induration size (0, 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and > 15 mm). We also measured the effects that age, gender, and the school where the child was enrolled had on these proportions. RESULTS: The proportion of tuberculin results > 10 mm was 14.2 percent (95 percent confidence interval (CI) = 8.0 percent-20.3 percent) for children with no BCG scar, 21.3 percent (95 percent CI = 18.5 percent-24.1 percent) for children with one BCG scar, and 45.0 percent (95 percent CI = 32.0 percent-58.0 percent) for children with two BCG scars. There was evidence for an increasing positive effect of the presence of one and two BCG scars on the proportion of results > 5 mm and > 10 mm. Similarly, there was evidence for an increasing positive effect of the presence of one and two scars on the proportion of tuberculin skin test results in the ranges of 5-9 mm and of 10-14 mm. The BCG scar effect on the proportion of results > 5 mm and > 10 mm did not vary with age. There was no evidence for BCG effect on the results > 15 mm. CONCLUSIONS: In Brazilian schoolchildren, BCG-induced tuberculin reactivity is indistinguishable, for results under 15 mm, from reactivity induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. BCG revaccination at school age increases the degree of BCG-induced tuberculin reactivity found among schoolchildren. This information should be taken into account in tuberculin skin test surveys intended to estimate M. tuberculosis prevalence or to assess transmission patterns as well as in tuberculin skin testing of individuals used as an auxiliary tool in diagnosing tuberculosis. Taking this information into consideration is especially important when there is increasing BCG revaccination coverage

Recently Occurring Adult Tetanus in Korea: Emphasis on Immunization and Awareness of Tetanus

Since a nationwide childhood vaccination with tetanus toxoid, tetanus has become a rare disease in Korea. However, we recently experienced 17 cases of adult tetanus in a university hospital during a 21-month period. Seventy percent of the patients were female, and the mean age was 63 yr (range, 29-87). The majority (88.2%) of the patients did not get primary vaccinations for tetanus and decennial tetanus-diph-theria toxoid booster. Most patients (88.2%), who sustained acute injury, did not seek medical care for their wounds or did not receive the prophylaxis for tetanus. Tetanus was found most frequently among farmers. Tetanus was diagnosed initially only in 53% of patients. The case-fatality ratio was 23.5%. These cases show that recently occurring tetanus in Korea is a disease, affecting the elderly and the female who may have a lower immunity against tetanus, and the farmers who are likely to be exposed to Clostridium tetani. In addition, diagnosis of tetanus is often delayed in area where cases are seen infrequently. Therefore, improved education among patients and physicians, emphasis of anti-tetanus immunization and awareness of tetanus respectively, may be essential for the prevention of disease and the reduction of its mortality.