Etiología del infarto renal: revisión sistemática de 1582 casos de la literatura / Etiology of renal infarction: a systematic review

Background: Renal infarction is a rare and usually underdiagnosed entity. Aim: To study the etiology of renal infarction in published series. Material and Methods: A systematic review was carried out selecting 28 series that included 1582 patients. Results: The proposed cause was cardiac or aortic embolism in 718 cases (45%), an arterial injury in 253 (16%), prothrombotic factors in 146 (9%) and other causes in 79 (5%). 291 cases were classified as idiopathic (18.4%). Atrial fibrillation was present in 542 of the 718 patients with cardiac or aortic embolism. Conclusions: The main cause of renal infarction is cardiac or aortic embolism and among this group, most cases are due to atrial fibrillation. One out of five cases is labeled as idiopathic.

Monoartritis del codo e infarto óseo como presentación inicial de enfermedad linfoproliferativa / Elbow monoarthritis and bone infarction as a form of presentation of B cell lymphoma: case report

We report a 68-year-old woman presenting with pain and swelling in her left elbow. An elbow magnetic resonance with gadolinium evidenced bone marrow infiltration and a bone infarct. Given these findings, a body CT scan was performed which showed multiple mesenteric adenopathies and a large retroperitoneal mass. A lymph node biopsy confirmed a B cell lymphoma. Monoarthritis with no systemic manifestations represents a highly uncommon form of presentation of lymphoma. Moreover it usually affects inferior limbs, particularly in the presence of bone infarction.

Safety and Efficacy of Transarterial Nephrectomy as an Alternative to Surgical Nephrectomy

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of transarterial nephrectomy, i.e., complete renal artery embolization, as an alternative to surgical nephrectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study included 11 patients who underwent transarterial nephrectomy due to a high risk of surgical nephrectomy or their refusal to undergo surgery during the period from April 2002 to February 2013. Medical records and radiographic images were reviewed retrospectively to collect information regarding underlying etiologies, clinical presentations and embolization outcomes. RESULTS: The underlying etiologies for transarterial nephrectomy included recurrent hematuria (chronic transplant rejection [n = 3], arteriovenous malformation or fistula [n = 3], angiomyolipoma [n = 1], or end-stage renal disease [n = 1]), inoperable renal or ureteral injury (n = 2), and ectopic kidney with urinary incontinence (n = 1). The technical success rate was 100%, while clinical success was achieved in eight patients (72.7%). Subsequent surgical nephrectomy was required for three patients due to an incomplete nephrectomy effect (n = 2) or necrotic pyelonephritis (n = 1). Procedure-related complications were post-infarction syndrome in one patient and necrotic pyelonephritis in another patient. Of four patients with follow-up CT, four showed renal atrophy and two showed partial renal enhancement. No patient developed a procedure-related hypertension. CONCLUSION: Transarterial nephrectomy may be a safe and effective alternative to surgical nephrectomy in patients with high operative risks.

Pulmonary hemorrhagic infarction due to fat embolism and thromboembolism after maxillofacial plastic surgery: a rare case report / 法医学杂志

Pulmonary fat embolism (PFE) and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) are common post-operative complications of orthopedic surgical procedures, but are reported less often following maxillofacial plastic surgical procedures, especially with respect to PFE. Thrombi, or together with fat emboli in pulmonary vessels can induce hemorrhagic infarction and cause death. Herein this report introduced a death due to pulmonary hemorrhagic infarction following maxillofacial plastic surgery. The female patient underwent several osteotomies of the mandible, zygomas and autologous bone grafting within a single operation. The operative time was longer than normal and no preventive strategies for pulmonary embolism were implemented. The patient died 20 days after hospital discharge. The autopsy confirmed pulmonary hemorrhagic infarction. The fat emboli and thrombi were also noted in the pulmonary vessels, which were thought to have resulted from the maxillofacial osteotomy. Suggestions were offered to forensic pathologists that risk factors of PFE and PTE, such as the type and length of surgery, the surgical sites, and the preventive strategies, should be considered when handling deaths after maxillofacial operations.

Recurrent diabetic myonecrosis: A rare complication of a common disease.

Spontaneous aseptic diabetic muscle infarction (DMI) is one of the rare complications of diabetes. We report a case of type 2 diabetes mellitus with advanced microvascular complications presenting with severe muscular pain. She was diagnosed as DMI on the basis of clinical presentation, radiological and histopathological investigations. She was managed conservatively. During 18 months of follow up, she had good improvement but subsequently other muscle groups were involved suggesting recurrent DMI.

Secondary Omental Infarction Related to Open and Laparoscopic-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy: Report of Two Cases

Omental infarction occurring after open and laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy with partial omentectomy for gastric cancer was a very rare disease in the past, but its incidence has increased as more partial omentectomies are now being performed. But there are few case reports or radiologic studies on its increasing incidence. It is necessary to differentiate omental infarction from carcinomatosis peritonei, since both have similar imaging findings. In this report, we describe two cases of omental infarction; each occurred after open and laparoscopic-assisted distal gastrectomy in early gastric cancer patients. Partial omentectomy was performed in both cases. Omental infarction following distal gastrectomy with partial omentectomy can be discriminated from carcinomatosis peritonei by comparing with different initial and follow up CT findings.

Características clínicas y diagnósticas en infarto renal agudo en una serie clínica / Clinical features and diagnosis in acute renal infarction in a clinical series

El infarto renal agudo constituye un diagnóstico infrecuente. Ello puede deberse a que sus síntomas son similares a los de los cálculos renales o la pielonefritis aguda. Por esa razón, el síntoma cardinal de dolor de flanco debe ser investigado en forma muy acabada. Esta serie clínica revisa seis casos de infarto renal agudo vistos en esta institución durante el año 2007.

Acute renal infarction represents an uncommon diagnosis. Its symptoms may overlap with other disorders such as renal stones or pyelonephritis. Therefore a thoroughly study of the patient with flank pain is mandatory. This clinical series assess the main diagnostic and etiologic features of patients diagnosed as acute kidney infarction.

Detección ecográfica de infartos esplénicos / Sonographic detection of splenic infartions

El infarto esplénico puede cursar de forma asintomática o frecuentemente presentar dolor abdominal en hipocondrio izquierdo. Debe sospecharse ante determinadas patologías subyacentes, entre ellas la enfermedad tromboembólica. Los medios diagnósticos empleados son la ecografía, la tomografía computada abdominal y la resonancia magnética. Por ultrasonido se visualizarán áreas triangulares, hipoecoicas, de localización periférica. El tratamiento será conservador salvo complicaciones. Se presenta un caso clínico.

Meningovasculitis luética de la médula espinal: "Spinal vascular syphilis of Singer" / Luetic meningovasculitis of spinal cord: spinal vascular syphilis of singer

La sífilis meningovascular es la forma de neurosífilis más prevalente. El compromiso meníngeo se inicia durante el período secundario de la enfermedad y el LCR suele mostrar signos inflamatorios con presencia de linfocitos y aumento de gammaglobulinas. El VDRL es altamente específico en LCR. El fenómeno inflamatorio compromete las arterias cerebro-espinales causantes del daño en el SNC. Se analiza un caso de sífilis de la médula espinal, en un hombre de 63 años, que se inicia con dolor del flanco izquierdo (angina medular), que continuó con una monoplejia crural izquierda, asociada a vejiga neurogénica y nivel sensitivo contralateral. Cumplía con los criterios diagnósticos de sífilis meningovascular. La RM de la médula espinal mostró una lesión segmentaria en la zona antero-lateral izquierda en D7-D8yla RM cerebral corroboró la presencia de una arteritis sifilítica con lesiones asintomática en ambos tálamos. Fue tratado con penicilina G endovenosa y metilprednisolona que lo mejoraron significativamente. Se concluye que estas manifestaciones de neurolúes en la médula espinal, aunque raras, siguen vigentes especialmente en paciente no tratados.

Meningovascular syphilis is the most prevalent form of neurosyphilis. The meningeal compromise begins during the secondary period of the disease and the CSF usually shows inflammatory signs with presence of lymphocytes and increase of gammaglobulins. The VDRL in CSF is highly specific. The inflammatory phenomenon compromises the cerebral and spinal arteries. We analyzed a very singular case of meningovascular syphilis of the spinal cord in 63 year-old men that expressed a left crural monoplegia associated to urinary retention and contralateral sensitive level, preceded of left flank pain (spinal cord angina) that fulfilled the diagnosis criteria of meningovascular syphilis. The MRI of the spinal cord showed enhanced antero-lateral segmental lesion at D7-D8 and cerebral MRI corroborated the presence of asymptomatic syphilitic arteritis with injuries of both thalamus. The patient was treated with endovenous penicillin G and metilprednisolona that showed significant improvement. We conclude that these manifestations of the neurosyphilis, although rare, are still a reality especially in non treated patients.

Renal and Splenic Micro-Infarctions Following Bronchial Artery Embolization with Tris-Acryl Microspheres

A bronchial artery embolization (BAE) is an important therapeutic method used to control acute and chronic hemoptysis. We report a case of multiple micro-infarcts involving both the kidneys and spleen, following a BAE with 500-700 micrometer crossed-linked tris-acryl microspheres (Embospheres) in a patient with bronchial artery pulmonary vein shunts. The superior penetration characteristics of the microspheres may have resulted in the greater tendency to cross the bronchial artery pulmonary vein shunts, which subsequently caused the systemic infarcts in our patient. We propose the use of larger sized microspheres (700-900 micrometer), which may aid in avoiding this complication.

Disección espontánea de la arteria renal e infarto renal: dos casos clínicos / Spontaneous dissection of the renal artery ano kidney infarction: report of two cases

We report two previously healthy males aged 33 and 37 years, presenting with severe pain in the right and left part of the abdomen, respectively. An abdominal CT sean showed in both a kidney infarction. An angio-CAT sean showed changes compatible with a fibromuscular dysplasia in the renal arterial wall. An angiography showed an intimal tear or complex dissection flap in both cases. Both had a satisfactory evolution with conservative treatment. The relationship between fibromuscular dysplasia and spontaneous dissection of the renal artery is discussed.

Renal infarction resulting from traumatic renal artery dissection

Renal artery dissection may be caused by iatrogenic injury, trauma, underlying arterial diseases such as fibromuscular disease, atherosclerotic disease, or connective tissue disease. Radiological imaging may be helpful in detecting renal artery pathology, such as renal artery dissection. For patients with acute, isolated renal artery dissection, surgical treatment, endovascular management, or medical treatment have been considered effective measures to preserve renal function. We report a case of renal infarction that came about as a consequence of renal artery dissection.

Síndromes dolorosas em diabéticos por comprometimento de musculatura esquelética / Painful syndromes in diabetic patients due to skeletal muscle injuries / Painful syndromes in diabetic patients due to skeletal muscle injuries

Em diabéticos, síndromes dolorosas devidas o comprometimento do músculo esquelético sem neuropatia são complicações raras. Neste relato são apresentados dois casos: Caso 1 (piomiosite em panturrilhas) e Caso 2 (infarto muscular em coxa), sendo comentadas as características clínicas e os procedimentos diagnósticos. É necessário um alto índice de suspeita, uma vez que o tratamento de ambas difere significativamente. Além disso, o diagnóstico pode ser inicialmente confundido com tromboflebite, rabdomiólise ou neoplasia, retardando o tratamento correto. O atraso no tratamento da piomiosite com antibiótico e em alguns casos com cirurgia, pode evoluir para infecção sistêmica e até óbito, enquanto o infarto muscular requer apenas repouso e analgesia. Exames de imagem e de laboratório são úteis no diagnóstico diferencial, porém pode haver superposição dos achados. É enfatizada a importância de incluir estas doenças no diagnóstico diferencial de síndromes dolorosas do membro inferior em diabéticos.

Progressive painful syndromes due to skeletal muscle injuries rather than diabetic neuropathy are unusual complications of diabetes mellitus (DM). Two clinical cases are presented: Case 1 (pyomyositis: leg location) and Case 2 (muscle infarction: thigh location). Discussion on how to proceed the diagnosis based on clinical features are included as it is critical for early and proper treatment since approaches highly differ in the two situations. These complications can mimic thrombophlebitis, rabdomyolises or a neoplasm, therefore the diagnosis of a diabetes-related disorder may be overlooked. If pyomyositis is not correctly treated with antibiotics and in some cases with surgery, systemic infection and even death may occur, whereas muscle infarction only requires rest and analgesia. Image and laboratorial investigations can be of help to differentiate these syndromes, although some findings can overlap. Thus, the present report emphasizes the importance to include these diseases when limb painful syndromes are to be investigated in a diabetic patient.

Tissue effects of fine needle aspiration on salivary gland tumours.

Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a widely used diagnostic procedure to evaluate lesions in the salivary glands. Though regarded as a safe and reliable procedure ,a variety of histological changes following FNAC have been reported. We studied the FNAC related tissue changes in 50 neoplasms of the salivary gland and the impact on subsequent histological evaluation. FNAC induced changes were found in 34% (17/50) with needle tract (10/50)and infarction (7/50) as the commonest changes .These changes did not interfere with the subsequent histological evaluation of the tumours. We conclude that knowledge of a previous FNAC and awareness of its effects on histology may avoid potential misdiagnosis, though the incidence of significant changes is small.

[Retinal artery occlusion as part of susac's syndrome]

We report a single case of Susac's syndrome wich is a microangiopathy of the brain, retina and cochlea. A 45 years old women developed central retinal artery occlusion in the left eye, associated with bilateral hearing loss that mostly involved low and middle frequencies. MRI of the brain revealed numerous under-cortical, paraventricular and callous lesions. The treatment consisted of anticoagulation and antiplatelet drugs

Efficacy of fentanyl and esmolol in the prevention of haemodynamic response to laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation

To compare the effectiveness of single bolus dose of esmolol or fentanyl in attenuating the haemodynamic responses during laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation. Randomized, placebo controlled, double blind study. Department of Anaesthesia and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Civil Hospital, Karachi, from December 1998 to November 1999. Sixty adult ASA-I and ASA-II patients undergoing elective surgery were included in the study. The patients were randomly divided into three groups i.e., A, B and C. Heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean blood pressures were recorded as 0= baseline and after administration of study drug, laryngoscopy and endotracheal intubation and 10 minutes thereafter. Study agent was injected 30 seconds before the induction of anaesthesia. Group 'A' [control] received 10 ml saline, group 'B' and group 'C' received fentanyl 2 mg/kg and esmolol 2mg/kg respectively diluted to make a total volume of 10 ml in normal saline. Readings of heart rate, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were compared with baseline and among each group. The rise in heart rate was minimal in esmolol group and was statistically significant. Following intubation, blood pressure was increased in all groups but was least in group C. Bolus injection of fentanyl 2 mg/kg 2 minutes prior to laryngoscopy and intubation failed to protect against elevation of both the heart rate and systolic blood pressure, whereas esmolol at 2mg/kg provided consistent and reliable protection against the increase of heart rate but not arterial blood pressure

Você pensa em infarto muscular no paciente diabético? / Muscle infarction: do you think about it in a diabetic patient?

O infarto muscular diabético (IMD) é uma complicação incomum do diabetes (DM) de longa duração. Esta condição pode ocorrer em pacientes com DM tipo 1 ou 2 mal controlados, com presença de microangiopatia. O quadro clínico é de dor aguda e intensa com edema do músculo afetado, que persiste por muitas semanas e tem melhora espontânea. Apesar de incerta, a etiologia é atribuída à microangiopatia com oclusão das pequenas artérias. É diagnosticado por biópsia, embora os achados em T2 na ressonância magnética sejam típicos. O tratamento de escolha é analgesia apropriada, repouso no leito e cuidadoso controle metabólico. Relatamos 3 casos de IMD admitidos em um hospital geral que não foram de imediato diagnosticados, levando a conduta e tratamentos inadequados. Enfatizamos os aspectos clínico, de imagem e histológico do IMD, permitindo o diagnóstico precoce desta condição incomum, evitando tratamento inapropriado.

A Case of Chronic Pancreatitis Associated with Liver Infarction and Acrodermatitis Enteropathica

Liver infarction and acrodermatitis enteropathica are rare complications of chronic pancreatitis. This report shows the case of a 56-year-old man who developed liver infarction due to portal vein thrombosis from chronic pancreatitis and acrodermatitis enteropathica during the course of his treatment. The rare combination of these complications in a patient with chronic pancreatitis has never previously been reported in the literature.