Hydroxymethylnitrofurazone (NFOH) decreases parasitaemia, parasitism and tissue lesion caused by infection with the Bolivia Trypanosoma cruzi type I strain in Swiss and C57BL/6 mice

Abstract The chemical hydroxymethylation of the antimicrobial nitrofurazone leads to the prodrug NFOH, also increases the anti-T. cruzi activities (in vitro and in vivo), as well as showed non-genotoxic (Ames and micronucleus assays). In the present study, we assessed the anti-T. cruzi effect of the NFOH In vivo - in acute Swiss and C57Bl/6 experimental Chagas models. The treatment started at 5 days post-infection during 20 consecutive days (orally, once day, 150mg/kg), and the parasitaemia as well as histopathology analysis were performed. In both experimental murine models, NFOH was able to reduce parasitemia blood avoiding parasitic reactivation, during immunosuppression period (dexamethasone 5mg/kg, 14 days), in 100% of the mice, and decrease tissue parasite nests, demonstrating absence of amastigote forms in all organs (100%) analyzed, data similar to benznidazole (BZN). Therefore, the results shown here pointing to the NFOH as promising compound for further preclinical studies, being a high potential drug to effective and safe chemotherapy to Chagas disease.

Riesgo de infección en pacientes con enfermedades inmunológicas y oncológicas tratados con biológicos: revisión panorámica

Biological medications are effective for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this review is to summarize the available evidence in systematic reviews or meta-analyses about the risk of infection in patients with cancer, arthritis, psoriasis and inflammatory bowel disease who use biological medications. We included systematic reviews or meta-analyses of controlled clinical trials and case/control studies that analyze infections during and after treatment with FDA-approved biological medications for the treatment of cancer, arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis, both in adults and children. The following databases were consulted: PubMed, Epistemonikos, Crochrane reviews, JIB, and Prospero. A quality guideline (AMSTAR) was applied to the selected studies. We included 26 studies. The risk of infections in patients with solid organ cancer is consistent in the literature. In psoriasis there is a risk of non-serious infections. In arthritis and other inflammatory diseases there is a risk of serious infections. In inflammatory bowel disease there is a risk for opportunistic infections. In conclusion, in patients with cancer and inflammatory diseases use biological medications entails a risk of infection. The evidence is different depending on the underlying disease of each patient.

Estudo filogenético, biológico e morfológico de isolados de Angiostrongylus cantonensis provenientes de diferentes áreas geográficas do Brasil / Phylogenetic, biological and morphological analysis of angiostrongylus cantonensis isolates from different geographical areas of Brazil

Angiostrongylus cantonensis é responsável por causar meningoencefaliteeosinofílica em humanos e casos já foram registrados em diversas partes do mundoincluindo o Brasil (ES, PE e SP). Nesse estudo, relatamos a variabilidade genéticaentre isolados de A. cantonensis do Brasil utilizando sequências do genemitocondrial COI. Foram identificados três haplótipos brasileiros de A. cantonensis,baseados em oito haplótipos conhecidos (ac1-ac8). O haplótipo brasileiro ac5 ficouagrupado com isolados do Japão e o haplótipo brasileiro ac8 (isolados do RJ, SP,PA e PE) formaram um clado distinto. Foi relatado um novo haplótipo brasileiro,haplótipo ac9, o qual se encontra intimamente relacionado com os haplótipos daChina (ac6) e do Japão (ac7). Dois isolados brasileiros de A. cantonensis, Olinda eCaju (haplótipos ac8 e ac9, respectivamente) relatados no presente estudo, tiveramsua biologia e morfologia caracterizadas após infecção experimental. Foi observadadiferença significativa com maior carga parasitária recuperada nos isolados de Cajue um número significativamente maior de larvas L1 eliminadas nas fezes no início doperíodo patente. Entretanto, quando comparado o total de larvas eliminadas não foiverificada diferença significativa entre os dois isolados...

Angiostrongylus cantonensis is responsible for causing eosinophilicmeningoencephalitis in humans and cases have been recorded in various parts ofthe world including Brazil (ES, PE and SP). In this study, we report the geneticvariability among Brazilian isolates of A. cantonensis using sequences of themitochondrial COI gene. We identified three Brazilian haplotypes of A. cantonensis,based on eight known haplotypes (ac1-ac8). The Brazilian haplotype ac5, wasclustered with isolates from Japan and the Brazilian haplotype ac8 (isolates from RJ,SP, PA and PE) formed a distinct clade. It was reported a new Brazilian haplotype,haplotype ac9, which is closely related to haplotype from China (ac6) and Japan(ac7). Two Brazilian isolates of A. cantonensis, Olinda and Caju (haplotypes ac8 andac9, respectively) reported in this study, had their biology and morphologycharacterized after experimental infection. Significant differences were observed withhigher parasite load recovered in the isolates from Caju and a significantly greaternumber of L1 larvae eliminated in the feces at the beginning of the patent period.However, when compared to the total larvae eliminated there was no significantdifference between the two isolates. The isolates from Caju showed significantdifference in the proportion of female and male specimens (0,64:1), but it was notobserved for isolates from Olinda (1,16:1)...

Fasciite necrotisante após vacina influenza: relato de caso / Necrotizing fasciitis after influenza vaccine: case report

Paciente de 30 anos, do sexo masculino, apresentou, após vacinação contra influenza comum, dor intensa, edema e eritema em membro superior esquerdo no local da aplicação e febre contínua não aferida. Foi hospitalizado, porém houve agravamento progressivo do quadro e resistência ao tratamento com anti-inflamatórios e antibióticos, culminando em queda do estado geral, formação de coleção no local e convulsão febril. Optou-se por tratamento cirúrgico, submetendo-se o paciente a procedimentos para fasciotomia, desbridamento, drenagem de coleção e sutura de extenso ferimento em membro superior esquerdo.

A 30-year-old male patient, after being vaccinated against the common influenza, presented severe pain, swelling and erythema at the site of injection on the left upper limb and had continuous fever that was not checked. He was admitted to the hospital,, but his clinical condition got worse, with no response to treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. He developed an abscess at the site of vaccine injection, and high fever with febrile seizures. Surgical treatment was chosen, and the patient underwent debridement and drainage of the abscess, upper arm fasciotomy and repair of the extensive surgical wounds of the left arm.

Experimental infection of vampire bats Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy) maintained in captivity byfeeding defibrinated blood added with rabies vírus / Infecção experimental de morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus(E. Geoffroy) mantidos em cativeiro e alimentados com sangue desfibrinado adicionado de vírus da raiva

In vampire bats, food sharing behavior would contribute for the oral transmission of rabies virus among the roostmates. To test this hypothesis, 10 captive Desmodus rotundus bats were fed defibrinateds wine blood containing mice brain suspension of PV-strain of rabies virus. Other 10 bats were fed blood mixed with a mice brain suspension of T-9/95 vampire-bat-field isolate of rabies virus. Another group of 10 bats was inoculated intramuscularly with a mice brain suspension of the T-9/95 isolate. Other 20 bats were maintained without treatment and fed defibrinated swine blood for 158 days. All animals found dead during the observation period or those sacrificed at the end of the experiment were necropsied and specimens such as the brain and non-nervous tissues were collected for rabies examination. Four bats inoculated intramuscularly developed clinical rabies, with signs lasting 1-2 days, and the survival periods ranged from 11-14 days. The initial rabies diagnosis was based on direct fluorescent antibody (dFA) and mouse inoculation test (MIT) performed only on brain specimens, and subsequently, brains andthe non-nervous materials were further reexamined by means of dFA, MIT and heminested-polymerase chain reaction (ht-PCR)technique. The intake of the PV-strain caused rabies in 2 bats, with survival period of 25 and 32 days, while the three bats ingesting theT-9/95 isolate presented periods of 26-31 days. Although discrepant results were found among the diagnostic tests, viruses have disseminated to the central nervous system and other organs, as seenin bats inoculated intramuscularly

Em morcegos hematófagos, o hábito de compartilhar alimentopoderia contribuir na transmissão oral do vírus da raiva. Para verificar esta hipótese, 10 morcegos Desmodus rotundus em cativeiro foram alimentados com sangue suíno desfibrinado, contendo suspensão de cérebros de camundongos infectados com vírus rábico PV. Outros 10 camundongos receberam sangue contendo suspensão cerebral de camundongos infectados com vírus de morcego hematófago (T-9/95). Um grupo de 10 camundongos foi inoculado intramuscularmente com suspensão de vírus T-9/95. Outros 20 morcegos foram mantidossem tratamento e alimentados com sangue desfibrinado por 158 dias. Todos os animais encontrados mortos durante o período de observação ou sacrificados no final do experimento foram necropsiados e os cérebros e órgãos não-nervosos foram colhidos para a confirmação da raiva. Quatro morcegos inoculados intramuscularmente apresentaram raiva clínica, com sinais persistind opor 1-2 dias e os períodos de sobrevivência variaram de 11-14 dias. O diagnóstico da raiva inicialmente foi realizado somente com os fragmentos do cérebro, submetendo-os às provas de imunoflurescência direta (IFD) e inoculação em camundongos (IC).Subseqüentemente, os cérebros e os órgãos não-nervosos foram reexaminados com as técnicas de IFD, IC e heminested-polymerase chain reaction (ht-PCR). A ingestão do vírus PV causou raiva em dois morcegos, com período de sobrevivência de 25 e 32 dias, enquanto que os três morcegos que ingeriram o isolado T-9/95 apresentaram períodos de 26-31 dias. Embora encontrando resultados discrepantes entre as técnicas diagnósticas utilizadas, os vírus ingeridos pelos morcegos foram detectados no sistema nervoso central e outros órgãos não-nervosos, como nos morcegos inoculados intramuscularmente

Actitudes de estudiantes de enfermería mexicanos al manejar residuos peligrosos biologico infecciosos / Attitudes of Students of Nursing to Handle Mexican Biological Infectious Hazardous Waste / Attitudes of students of nursing to handle mexican biological infectious hazards waste

El manejo de residuos peligrosos biológico infecciosos es actualmente un problema para los estudiantes de enfermería como integrantes del equipo de salud debido a su capacidad para provocar enfermedades. El propósito fue identificar las actitudes como factor de riesgo para los estudiantes de Enfermería en el manejo de los Residuos Peligrosos Biológico Infeccioso. Estudiode tipo cuanti-cualitativo con enfoque descriptivo transversal observacional. La muestra la constituyeron 403 estudiantes de 1º,2º y 3er grado de la Facultad de Enfermería durante las prácticas clínicas realizadas en hospitales de la ciudad de TolucaMéxico. Se aplicó al total de estudiantes una escala actitudinal tipo Likert, 25 entrevistas y 12 guías de observación. Teniendo como resultados con respecto a las actitudes que muestran los estudiantes durante sus prácticas clínicas la incertidumbre y temor decontraer alguna enfermedad infectocontagiosa, por no saber manejar estos residuos, indiferencia por no creer que existe riesgo, vergüenza a la crítica, coraje por sufrir accidentes con residuos, arrepentimiento por no realizar adecuadamente la clasificación.

Experimental oral chronic infection induced by actinomyces israelii and propionibacterium acnes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an experimental animal model of oral chronic infection induced by Actinomyces israelii and propionibacterium acnes in mice. Swiss/NIH mice (n=100), 21 days of age, male and female were divided into two groups of 45 animals. A. israelii (n=45) and P. acnes (n=45) were inoculated in the anterior mandibular paraperiosteal periodontal tissue associated with sodium alginate gel particles. The animals were evaluated clinically and microscopically at 1,3,7,15,21,30 and 45 days after inoculation. Actinomycotic and propioni lesions were induced in all animals. In control mice (n=10), no lesions were noted; however, differences in the clinical and histopathological evoluations of actinomycosis and propioni lesions were observed and are discussed in this study. Microorganisms entrapped in alginate gel provided a prolonged bacterial irritation, and chronic histopathologic features similar to those seen in human actinomycosis could be detected.

Infecção oral crônica experimental induzida por actinomyces israelii e propionibacterium acnes / Experimental oral chronic infection induced by actinomyces israelii and propionibacterium acnes

The purpose of this study was to evaluate an experimental animal model of oral chronic infection induced by Actinomyces israelii and propionibacterium acnes in mice. Swiss/NIH mice (n=100), 21 days of age, male and female were divided into two groups of 45 animals. A. israelii (n=45)and P. acnes (n=45) were inoculated in the anterior mandibular paraperiosteal periodontal tissue associated with sodium alginate gel particles. The animals were evaluated clinically and microscopically at 1,3,7,15,21,30 and 45 days after inoculation. Actinomycotic and propioni lesions were induced in all animals. In control mice (n=10), no lesions were noted; however, differences in the clinical and histopathological evoluations of actinomycosis and propioni lesions were observed and are discussed in this study. Microorganisms entrapped in alginate gel provided a prolonged bacterial irritation, and chronic histopathologic features similar to those seen in human actinomycosis could be detected.

Efecto de la infección experimental con Trypanosoma vivax sobre parámetros hematológicos en ovinos / Effect of experimental trypanosoma vivax infection on hematological parameters in sheep

El propósito de esta investigación fue conocer el efecto de la infección experimental de una cepa de Trypanosoma vivax, aislada en el estado Zulia, Venezuela, sobre los parámetros hematológicos en ovinos. Se utilizaron ocho ovinos. Se utilizaron ocho ovinos mestizos West-African, con edades comprendidas entre 6 meses y 1 año, los cuales fueron separados en dos grupos. El grupo experimental, conformado por cuatro animales fue inoculado por vía intravenosa con 2 mL de sangre fresca, conteniendo aproximadamente 1,3 x 10 elevado a la seis tripanosomas/mL, tomada de un ovino positivo; el grupo control, estuvo conformado por los cuatro ovinos restantes. Se evaluaron durante 90 días los parámetros: temperatura corporal parasitemia, hematocrito, emoglobina, leucocitos y proteínas totales. Todos los animales infectados presentaron tripanosomas en sangre a partir del día 2 post-inoculación, desarrollando una parasitemia de tipo ondulante y un cuadro de anemia severa que persistió hasta el final del ensayo. El curso de la infección experimental con T. vivax permitió la identificación de dos fases: la primera fase, observada en la primeras cuatro semanas del período post-infección, en la cual, los ovinos inoculados presentaron altos niveles de parasitemia, fiebre remitente y un descenso significativo (P<0,05) en los valores del hematocrito y hemoglobina con respecto al grupo control. El número total de leucocitos disminuyó principalmente en la primera semana post-infección, y permanecieron por debajo del grupo control durante todo el ensayo. La segunda fase evidenciada a partir de la quinta semana post-infección; en este período, los animales inoculados manifestaron niveles de parasitemia menores a los detectados en la fase anterior, fiebre remitente, persistencia de bajos valores del hematocrito y de la hemoglobina, además de un incremento significativo (P<0,05) de las proteínas plamáticas. Los cambios en los valores hematológicos y temperatura...

Genital coccidiosis in the golden hamster (Cricetus cricetus) produced for Eimeria genitali sp. nova

Hemos encontrado en hamsters machos (Cricetus cricetus), una infección natural de un coccidia en sus órganos genitales, el cual es capaz de diseminarse en algunas vísceras. Proponemos el nombre de Eimeira genitali sp. nova para esta especie. Realizamos infecciones experimentales en ambos sexos del hamster, donde describimos cada una de las fases de su ciclo vital (esquizogonia, gamogonia y esporogonia). Describimos también la histopatología de las infecciones naturales en el hamster macho, así como la de las infecciones experimentales de la hembra, inducida per os o por irrigación vaginal, tanto en los órganos genitales como en las otras vísceras en las cuales hemos observado diseminación del parásito