Comparison of effectiveness between a conventional catheter and a manual commercial catheter: randomized trial of simulation of intraosseous access in a biological model / Comparación de la eficacia entre un catéter convencional y un catéter comercial manual: ensayo aleatorizado de simulación de acceso intraóseo en modelo biológico

Abstract Introduction: In the emergency services an action of paramount importance in critically ill patients is to obtain an early vascular access. When vascular access is not established, an intraosseous route should be obtained; otherwise, the mortality of these critically ill patients is almost 100%. In Colombia, the intraosseous access is not used because of the high costs of the devices and the lack of training of the healthcare staff to conduct the procedure. Objective: To determine the efficacy of a low-cost device to establish intraosseous access. Materials and methods: Quantitative approach, experimental design in a simulated environment with chicken tarsus and metatarsus. An analysis was conducted using frequency tables and central tendency measurements. Likewise, further analyses were done using Fisher's exact test, Chi2, and Mann-Whitney test. Results: A total of 99% of the procedures were successful with both catheters. The average time for intraosseous access was 6.6 seconds with Insyte 14 catheter and 4.7 seconds with Din 1515x Illinois Desch device (P = 0.001). There were no significant differences in the number of attempts to secure a successful intra-osseous access using any of the 2 devices (P = 0.56). Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the Ci 14 and the Si 14 catheter to establish a successful intraosseous access in the chicken tarsus and metatarsus in a simulated environment.

Resumen Introducción: En los servicios de urgencias una acción de primordial importancia en pacientes críticamente enfermos es obtener un acceso vascular temprano. En los casos en que no se logre obtener un acceso venoso, se debe obtener una vía intraósea, o de lo contrario la mortalidad de estos pacientes críticamente enfermos asciende casi al 100%. En Colombia no se realiza el uso del acceso intraóseo por los altos costos de los dispositivos requeridos y la falta de entrenamiento del personal de salud para dicho procedimiento. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de un dispositivo de bajo costo para el acceso intraóseo. Materiales y métodos: Enfoque cuantitativo, diseño experimental en ambiente simulado con tarso-metatarso de pollo. Se realizó un análisis mediante tablas de frecuencia y medidas de tendencia central. Así mismo, se realizaron análisis mediante el test exacto de Fisher, ji cuadrado y test de Mann Whitney. Resultados: El 99% de los procedimientos fueron exitosos con los dos catéteres. La mediana del tiempo para el acceso intraóseo fue de 6.6 segundos con el catéter Insyte 14® y de 4.7 segundos con el dispositivo Din 1515x Illinois Desch® (p=0.001). No se encontraron diferencias significativas en el número de intentos para lograr un acceso intraóseo exitoso con ambos dispositivos (p = 0.56). Conclusiones: No existe diferencia significativa entre el catéter Ci 14 y el Di 15 para lograr un acceso intraóseo exitoso en el tarso metatarso del pollo en un ambiente simulado.

Limitação da utilização do acesso intraósseo: aspectos da enfermagem e da instituição de saúde / Limitation of the use of intraosseous access: aspects of nursing and health institution

Objetivo: Verificar a realização do acesso intraósseo por enfermeiros. Método: Estudo analítico transversal, realizado por meio da aplicação de um questionário. Resultados: Demonstrou-se que 97,0% dos profissionais nunca realizaram o acesso (p<0,001), e 48,5% tiveram um treinamento adequado. Apenas 9,1% relatou se sentir seguro para executar a técnica (p<0,001) e 69,7% responderam que não possuem apoio técnico, e não possuem material apropriado. Conclusão: Demonstrou-se que existe uma limitação do uso do acesso intraósseo. A falta de autonomia para realizar a técnica pode se explicar pela falta de habilidade prática e conhecimento teórico dos enfermeiros, e pela falta de protocolos e acesso à informações institucionais, treinamentos e insumos.

Objective: To verify the achievement of intraosseous access by nurses. Method: Cross-sectional analytical study, carried out through the application of a questionnaire. Results: It was demonstrated that 97,0% of the professionals never performed access (p <0.001), and 48,5% had adequate training. Only 9,1% reported feeling safe to perform the technique (p <0.001) and 69,7% answered that they do not have technical support, and do not have appropriate material. Conclusion: It has been demonstrated that there is a limitation of the use of intraosseous access. The lack of autonomy to perform the technique can be explained by the lack of practical skills and theoretical knowledge of nurses, and the lack of protocols and access to institutional information, training and inputs.

Objetivo: Verificar la realización del acceso intraóseo para las enfermeras. Método: Estudio transversal analítico realizado mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario. Resultados: Se demostró que 97,0% de los encuestados nunca hizo de acceso (p <0,001), y 48,5% tenía una formación adecuada. Sólo 9.1% reportó sentirse seguro para llevar a cabo la técnica (p <0,001) y 69,7% dijeron que no tienen soporte, y no tienen ningún material adecuado. Conclusión: Se ha demostrado que existe una limitación del uso de la vía intraósea. La falta de autonomía para llevar a cabo la técnica puede explicarse por la falta de habilidades prácticas y conocimientos teóricos de las enfermeras, y la falta de protocolos y el acceso a la información institucional, la capacitación y los insumos.

Acceso vascular intraóseo: evaluación de los conocimientos anatómicos de los sitios de abordaje en profesionales de la salud / Intraosseous vascular access: evaluation of the anatomical knowledge of the boarding sites in health professionals

Introducción: El acceso intraóseo es considerado actualmente como una alternativa rápida y eficaz en situaciones en las cuales no es posible lograr un acceso intravenoso en un tiempo preestablecido, principalmente en pacientes que presenten shock grave o paro cardiorrespiratorio, siendo de vital importancia los conocimientos relacionados con su colocación, desde los reparos anatómicos hasta los dispositivos utilizados para su realización. Objetivos: Determinar los conocimientos que poseen los profesionales de la salud acerca del acceso intraóseo. Material y Metodo: Estudio descriptivo y transversal. Encuestas al personal de la salud que concurre a la institución. Resultados: Se realizaron 222 encuestas a enfermeros (37), estudiantes de enfermería (86), médicos (46) y estudiantes de medicina (53). El rango etario fue de 21-59 años. 27, 03% (60) conoce la vía intraósea como acceso vascular; 25, 22% (56) han recibido algún tipo de formación acerca de la colocación de accesos intraóseos, siendo la misma cantidad de profesionales los que pudieron enumerar los sitios anatómicos correspondientes. Sólo un 13, 06% pudieron indicar precisamente los reparos anatómicos necesarios para su colocación y, por último, únicamente 23, 42% de los encuestados conocía si su lugar de desempeño disponía de sets para la colocación de dicha vía. Conclusión: Son muy pocos los profesionales de la salud que tienen conocimientos acerca de la colocación del acceso vascular intraóseo, siendo escasamente promovidos durante su formación. Es de suma importancia promover programas de instrucción para la utilización de dicho acceso, ya que es bien sabido la gran utilidad que presenta el mismo, más aún en casos de riesgo de vida en el que no es posible contar con otro acceso vascular.

Introduction: Intraosseous access is currently considered a quick and effective alternative in situations in which it is not possible to achieve intravenous access in a pre-established time, mainly in patients presenting with severe shock or cardiorespiratory arrest, being of vital importance the knowledge related to its placement, from the anatomical repairs to the devices used for its realization. Objectives: To determine the knowledge held by health professionals about intraosseous access. Material and Method: Descriptive and transversal study. Surveys to health personnel who attend the institution. Results: 222 surveys were carried out to nurses (37), nursing students (86), doctors (46) and medical students (53). The age range was 21-59 years. 27, 03% (60) know the intraosseous route as vascular access; 25, 22% (56) have received some type of training about the placement of intraosseous accesses, with the same number of professionals being able to list the corresponding anatomical sites. Only 13, 06% could precisely indicate the anatomical repairs necessary for their placement and, finally, only 23, 42% of the respondents knew if their place of performance had sets for the placement of said route. Conclusion: Very few health professionals have knowledge about the placement of intraosseous vascular access, being poorly promoted during their training. It is very important to promote instructional programs for the use of such access, since it is well known that it is very useful, especially in cases of life risk in which it is not possible to have another vascular access.

Intraosseous anomalous drainage: a rare case of pretibial varicose vein / Drenagem anômala intraóssea: um caso raro de varizes pré-tibiais

ABSTRACT Valve failure with reflux and post-thrombotic syndrome are the factors most commonly correlated with varicose disease. Other rare etiologies can be put forward when these two main causes are ruled out. We report a case in which a young man presented chronic pain in the left tibia, varicose veins in the lower limbs and frequent occurrences of erysipelas. During investigation of the etiology of the varicose veins, radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging of the left leg were requested. These showed images suggestive of an osteolytic lesion in the tibia, but led us to the diagnosis of an intraosseous vein with anomalous drainage. This was confirmed through vascular examinations comprising Doppler venous flow measurement and phlebography. Recognition of this rare intraosseous anomaly is fundamental for proper patient management, but an intraosseous surgical approach is unnecessary.

RESUMO Incompetência valvar com refluxo e síndrome pós-trombótica são os fatores mais comumente relacionados à doença varicosa. Outras raras etiologias podem ser levantadas quando essas duas principais causas são descartadas. Relatamos o caso de um homem jovem com dor crônica na tíbia esquerda, varizes em membros inferiores e erisipela de repetição. Durante investigação da etiologia das varizes foram solicitadas radiografias e ressonância da perna esquerda, que evidenciaram imagens sugestivas de uma lesão osteolítica na tíbia, mas que nos levaram ao diagnóstico de veia intraóssea com drenagem anômala, confirmado pelos exames vasculares de dopplerfluxometria venosa e flebografia. O reconhecimento dessa rara anomalia intraóssea é fundamental para o manejo adequado do paciente, não necessita de abordagem cirúrgica intraóssea.

Conocimientos sobre el uso de la vía intraósea en situaciones de emergencia del profesional de enfermería que realiza la Especialidad de Emergencias y Desastres en la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos / Knowledge about the use of intraosseous route in emergency situations of the professional nursing who performs the Specialty of Emergencies and Disasters in the Greatest National University of San Marcos

Determinar los conocimientos sobre el uso de la vía intraósea en situaciones de emergencias en el profesional de Enfermería de la especialidad de Emergencias y Desastres en la UNMSM e identificar los conocimientos sobre la técnica de punción intraósea y el uso de los dispositivos intraóseos. Material y Método: El estudio es de nivel aplicativo, tipo cuantitativo, método descriptivo simple de corte transversal. La población estuvo conformada por 35 profesionales de Enfermería. La técnica fue la encuesta y el instrumento el cuestionario aplicado previo consentimiento informado. Resultados: Del 100 por ciento (35), 11 por ciento (4) tienen conocimiento alto, 31 por ciento (11) medio y 57 por ciento (20) bajo. En cuanto a la técnica de punción intraósea, 6 por ciento (2) poseen conocimientos alto, 14 por ciento (5) medio y 80 por ciento (28) bajo. Respecto al uso de los dispositivos de punción intraósea, 11 por ciento (4) tienen conocimiento alto, 17 por ciento (6) medio y 72 por ciento (25) bajo. Conclusiones: Los conocimientos sobre el uso de la vía intraósea en situaciones de emergencia en el profesional de Enfermería no es el adecuado por lo que la mayoría tiene de medio a bajo referido a que no reconocen el tipo de vía al que pertenece el intraóseo, las indicaciones en niños y adultos, las zonas recomendadas, las ventajas y desventajas, sustancias que se pueden infundir, complicaciones y contraindicaciones. De igual modo en lo referido a la técnica de punción intraósea no conocen acerca de los pasos a seguir para la colocación de un catéter intraóseo, las medidas de asepsia, la comprobación de la correcta colocación del catéter. Sobre el uso de dispositivos intraóseos la mayoría no conocen los existentes actualmente en el mercado y sus principales características...

Objectives: To determine knowledge about using the intraosseous route in emergencies in professional nursing specialty Emergency Disaster San Marcos and identify the knowledge of intraosseous puncture technique and use of intraosseous devices. Material and Methods: The study is level application, quantitative, simple descriptive cross-sectional method. The population consisted of 35 nursing professionals. The technique was the survey instrument and the questionnaire administered prior informed consent. Results: 100 per cent (35), 11 per cent (4) have high awareness, 31 per cent (11) medium and 57 per cent (20) low. As regards the intraosseous puncture technique, 6 per cent (2) have high knowledge, 14 per cent (5) medium and 80 per cent (28) low. Regarding the use of the intraosseous needle devices, 11 per cent (4) have high awareness, 17 per cent (6) medium and 72 per cent (25) low. Conclusions: Knowledge about the use of intraosseous emergency in professional nursing is not adequate for what most have medium to low relative to not recognize the type of road to which the intraosseous part, the on-children and adults, the recommended areas, advantages and disadvantages, substances that can be infused, complications and contraindications. Similarly with regard to the technique of intraosseous puncture do not know about the steps for placing an intraosseous catheter aseptic measures, checking the correct placement of the catheter. On the use of intraosseous devices most do not know the present state of the market and its key features...

Educational effect of intraosseous access for medical students / 한국의학교육

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the educational effects of intraosseous (IO) vascular access for medical students and analyze the possibility of including IO access in medical education. METHODS: A before-and-after study was conducted in a course with 50 participating medical students. The course comprised a 1-hour didactic lecture and a 1-hour hands-on session with a battery-operated EZ-IO device (Vidacare Corp.) and artificial tibia. After the course, the participant skills were tested (final success rate, mean procedural time, and detailed skills) with regard to IO access. Before and after the course, the knowledge, possibility of clinical use, and adequacy of medical education on IO access were examined in a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: The final success rate of insertion was 88% (n=44), and the mean procedural time for the first trial was 78.1+/-20.6 seconds. "Combination needle with drill" and "proper angle during insertion" were the procedures that were performed the best, and "dressing on insertion site" was the worst-performed procedure. "Proper location of landmarks" was the only significant skill factor that was related to the success of IO access between those who succeeded and failed (p<0.05). In the analysis of the structured questionnaire, median knowledge score, possibility for clinical use, and adequacy of IO access in medical education increased significantly after the course (p<0.01). CONCLUSION: The educational effect of IO access for medical students was tremendous, and the knowledge of and attitude toward IO access improved significantly after the training course. We consider IO access to be adequate for medical education in Korea.

Experience of Using the Intraosseous Access to Critical Pediatric Patients in a Tertiary Emergency Department

PURPOSE: Intraosseous infusion is a safe and effective vascular access route in critically ill patients, especially in the pediatric population. Use of intraosseous access has shown a recent increase in Korea, but this procedure is not well reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of intraosseous infusion. METHODS: This study was a retrospective chart review of pediatric patients who received intraosseous infusion at a tertiary emergency department between April 2010 and March 2014. Their clinical characteristics and outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: A total of 30 patients participated; 25 patients were cardiac arrest, three were status epilepticus, one was septic shock, and one was severe hypovolemic shock. Final procedure success rate was 90% and average 1.63 attempts were performed per child. Finally 12 patients survived over 24 hours. In particular, all patients of non-cardiac arrest survived and were discharged successfully from our hospital. Median maintenance time of the intraosseous device among survived patients was 112 minutes. No complications were reported. CONCLUSION: Intraosseous infusion in the emergency department was a very effective procedure for cardiac arrested patients and critically ill patients in whom access to the vascular route was difficult.

Punção intra-óssea: uma proposta de protocolo para o atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel / Intraosseous puncture: a proposal of protocol for the mobile prehospital care

O presente estudo objetivou relatar a experiência da elaboração de um protocolo referente ao procedimento de punção intra-óssea para o atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel. Trata-se de um relato de experiência realizado em um serviço de atendimento móvel de urgência, situado no município de Natal, no período de novembro de 2011 a fevereiro de 2012. A elaboração do protocolo baseou-se na experiência em atendimento pré-hospitalar e na necessidade vivenciada pelos enfermeiros assistenciais e do Núcleo de Educação Permanente de um Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência. É fundamental que os profissionais habilitados ao procedimento tenham conhecimento acerca da punção intra-óssea. Dessa forma, o protocolo proposto poderá fornecer subsídios para a normatização desse procedimento no âmbito dos serviços de atendimento pré-hospitalar móvel.

Anestesia intraóssea em estudo hemodinâmico em criança cardiopata / Intraosseous anesthesia in hemodynamic studies in children with cardiopathy / Anestesia intraosea en estudio hemodinamico en nino cardiopata

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O acesso intraósseo (IO) tem sido utilizado com bons resultados em situações de emergência quando não há acesso venoso disponível para a administração de fluidos e fármacos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar se o acesso IO é uma técnica útil para a administração de anestesia e fluidos no estudo hemodinâmico quando é impossível obter acesso periférico. Este estudo foi realizado na Unidade de Hemodinâmica de um hospital universitário, com 21 lactentes que apresentavam doença cardíaca congênita agendados para estudo hemodinâmico diagnóstico. MÉTODOS: Este estudo comparou a efetividade do acesso IO em relação ao EV para a infusão de anestésicos (cetamina, midazolam e fentanil) e fluidos durante estudo hemodinâmico. Tempo de indução anestésica, duração do procedimento, tempo de recuperação da anestesia, hidratação e complicações das punções EV e IO foram comparados entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: O tempo de punção foi significativamente menor no grupo IO (3,6 minutos) do que no grupo EV (9,6 minutos). O tempo de início da ação do anestésico foi mais rápido no grupo EV (56,3 segundos) do que no grupo IO (71,3 segundos). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os dois grupos em relação à hidratação (grupo EV 315,5 mL vs. grupo IO 293,2 mL) e o tempo de recuperação da anestesia (grupo IO 65,2 min vs grupo EV 55,0 min). O sítio da punção foi reavaliado após 7 e 15 dias, não apresentando sinais de infecção ou outras complicações. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstraram superioridade da infusão IO em relação ao tempo de punção. Devido à sua manipulação bastante fácil e à sua eficiência, a hidratação e a anestesia feitas através de infusão IO se revelaram satisfatórias para estudos hemodinâmicos sem a necessidade de outros acessos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Intraosseous (IO) access has been used with good results in emergency situations, when venous access is not available for fluids and drugs infusion. The objective of this study was to evaluate IO a useful technique for anesthesia and fluids infusion during hemodynamic studies and when peripheral intravascular access is unobtainable. The setting was an university hospital hemodynamics unit, and the subjects were twenty one infants with congenital heart disease enrolled for elective hemodynamic study diagnosis. METHODS: This study compared the effectiveness of IO access in relation to IV access for infusion of anesthetics agents (ketamine, midazolam, and fentanyl) and fluids during hemodynamic studies. The anesthetic induction time, procedure duration, anesthesia recovery time, adequate hydration, and IV and IO puncture complications were compared between groups. RESULTS: The puncture time was significantly smaller in IO group (3.6 min) that in IV group (9.6 min). The anesthetic onset time (56.3 second) for the IV group was faster than IO group (71.3 second). No significant difference between groups were found in relation to hydration (IV group, 315.5 mL vs IO group, 293.2 mL), and anesthesia recovery time (IO group, 65.2 min vs IV group, 55.0 min). The puncture site was reevaluated after 7 and 15 days without signs of infection or other complications. CONCLUSIONS: Results showed superiority for IO infusion when considering the puncture time of the procedure. Due to its easy manipulation and efficiency, hydration and anesthesia by IO access was satisfactory for hemodynamic studies without the necessity of other infusion access.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El acceso intraoseo (IO), se ha venido utilizando con buenos resultados en situaciones de emergencia, cuando no existe el acceso venoso disponible para la administracion de fluidos y farmacos. El objetivo del presente estudio es evaluar si el acceso IO es una tecnica util para la administracion de anestesia y de fluidos en el estudio hemodinamico cuando el acceso periferico es imposible de obtenerse. Ese estudio fue realizado en el laboratorio de hemodinamica de un hospital universitario, con 21 lactantes portadores de enfermedad cardiaca congenita que fueron seleccionados para un estudio hemodinamico diagnostico. MÉTODOS: Este estudio comparo la efectividad del acceso IO con relacion al EV para la infusion de anestesicos (quetamina, midazolam y fentanil), y de fluidos durante el estudio hemodinamico. El tiempo de induccion anestesica, la duracion del procedimiento, el tiempo de recuperacion de la anestesia, la adecuada hidratacion y las complicaciones de las punciones EV e IO se compararon entre los grupos. RESULTADOS: El tiempo de puncion fue significativamente menor en el grupo IO (3,6 minutos) que en el grupo EV (9,6 minutos). El tiempo de inicio de la accion de la anestesia fue mas rapido en el grupo EV (56,3 segundos) que en el grupo IO (71,3 segundos). No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos con relacion a la hidratacion (grupo EV 315,5 mL vs. grupo IO 293,2 mL), y sobre el tiempo de recuperacion de la anestesia (grupo IO 65,2 min vs, grupo EV 55,0 min). El sitio de la puncion se evaluo nuevamente despues de 7 a 15 dias, y no presento senales de infeccion u otras complicaciones. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados comparativos arrojaron una superioridad de la infusion IO con relacion al tiempo de puncion. Debido a su eficiencia y manipulacion bastante facil, la hidratacion y la anestesia que se hicieron por medio de la infusion IO demostraron ser satisfactorias para los estudios hemodinamicos sin la necesidad de otros accesos.

An observational, prospective study to determine the ease of vascular access in adults using a novel intraosseous access device

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Intraosseous access is an alternative to conventional intravenous access when access is difficult or impossible in the adult population. The EZ-IO is a novel intraosseous access device designed for use in adults, utilising a powered driver.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A prospective, observational study involving a convenience sample of 25 medical students, physicians and nursing staff recruited as study subjects to secure intraosseous access using the EZIO powered drill device, on a bone model.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Twenty-three (92%) of the 25 study subjects required only 1 attempt at placing the EZ-IO. There were 24 (96%) successful placements of the EZ-IO. The average time taken to place the EZ-IO was 13.9 seconds. Twenty (87%) of 23 participants reported easier placement with the EZ-IO than an intravenous cannula. The average time taken for the physicians, nursing staff and medical students was 3.71 (+/- SD 1.70) seconds, 7.88 (+/- SD 4.02) seconds and 33.7 (24.5), respectively. Overall mean difficulty of insertion score (VAS) was 3.1 (+/- SD 1.9).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The intraosseous access device evaluated in this study appears to be easy to use with high success rates of insertion with inexperienced participants. There is potential for use in the Emergency Department.</p>

Induction of general anaesthesia with intraosseous injection of thiopental in rabbits

The technique of intraosseous [IO] infusion has been reemerged as an alternative route of intravascular access for the delivery of fluids and some medications. Complications of IO infusion occur rarely and include fractures and osteomyelitis after long-term use of IO access. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficiency of induction of anaesthesia by a standard intravenous route and an intraosseous route. Ten healthy rabbits were assigned to one of two treatments: thiopental 20 mg/kg administered intravenously via marginal vein of ear and thiopental 20 mg/kg administered intraosseously into the bone marrow of proximal tibia. In each rabbit, the heart and respiratory rates and palpebral, corneal, pinch and withdrawal reflexes were recorded before and every 2 min, for 34 min after induction of anaesthesia. Neither the clinical parameters nor the reflexes showed any significant difference [P>0.05] between the treatment groups. In addition, no adverse reaction was seen in rabbits anaesthetized by intraosseous access. The results of this study showed that the intraosseous injection of thiopental is a rapid, simple, safe and effective alternative option for induction of general anaesthesia in rabbits

Intraosseous line insertion education effectiveness for pediatric and emergency medicine residents / 소아과

PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess current knowledge of and training experiences with the intraosseous (IO) line among emergency medicine (EM) and pediatric residents who care for critically ill children and to evaluate the educational effectiveness of the IO line workshop. METHODS: During May and June 2008 , a workshops on IO line insertion was held for EM and pediatric residents. The workshop comprised a 45-min lecture and a 15-min hands-on session. Asemi-drill type EZ-IO machine was used for education. Self-assessment questionnaires gauged residents knowledge of and experiences with IO line insertion or bone marrow (BM) examination and their confidence with IO line insertion before and after the workshop. Performance tests were completed for skill evaluation. RESULTS: Forty-five pediatric residents and 22 EM residents participated in the workshop. The pre-educational questionnaire revealed that EM residents had more educational experience in IO line insertion than pediatric residents (p<0.001), while pediatric residents reported more experience in BM examination (p<0.001). The post-educational questionnaire showed a statistically significant higher percentage of correct answers (p<0.001). Although the pediatric residents inserted an IO line more quickly (P=0.001), most residents (88.7%) succeeded in IO line insertion on their first attempt; there was no difference in the groups success rates. Both groups showed higher confidence in performing IO line insertion after training (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Observed educational effectiveness in both knowledge and confidence of IO line insertion skill suggest educational opportunities for pediatric and EM residents should be increased.

Difficult Situation on Complete Response to Sudden Infant Death in Korea - Suggestion of Plans to Overcome

PURPOSE: To call on health authorities to construct an organized surveillance and investigation system with national financial support for sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) in Korea. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study was conducted on 19 SUID cases, including an analysis of vital statistics for Korean infants, estimation of costs, and suggestion of plans. RESULTS: SUID is the second most common cause of infant deaths in the ER. Most of the deceased infants in this study were discovered in a prone position and bystanders had not in any of the cases started cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) at the scene. Immediate intraosseous (IO) access was not performed in the ER. All cases were categorized as "unclassified sudden infant death" according to the San Diego definition because autopsies and various screening tests were not performed. The assumed rate of incidence of SUID in Korea is 0.3~0.56 per 1000 live births per year. The cost for a response per SUID case was estimated to be over one million won. CONCLUSION: 1) Immediate launching of nation-wide "back-to-sleep campaign" is urgent. 2) Certification in infant resuscitation and prevention of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) should be required for workers in day care centers, orphanages or caregivers companies. 3) IO access should be performed immediately for infant cardiac arrest cases in the ER. 4) A nation-wide campaign would also be helpful to change irrational ideas about dead bodies, get public agreement on performing autopsies and raising the autopsy rate. 5) Legislation should be promoted to mandate autopsies and to organize and maintain a surveillance and investigation system with multi-agency support.

Current Status of Intraosseous Infusion Technique Use at Emergency Departments in Korea

PURPOSE: Gaining vascular access is difficult and time-consuming in critically ill children, so nowdays, in many countries, intraosseous vascular access is frequently used for rapid vascular access in critically ill children. Its pharmacokinetics is close to that of the peripheral intravenous route, but its infusion flow rate is faster. The purpose of this study was to determine how widely the intraosseous infusion technique was being used in Korean emergency departments. METHODS: We telephoned forty-two (42) randomly selected university-affiliated hospitals. We asked physicians if they use the intraosseous infusion technique. Responders were emergency and pediatric residents and emergency faculty. If they responded that they were not using the intraosseous infusion technique, we asked the reason. Also, we asked about their experiences with the intraosseous infusion technique. RESULTS: Forty-two (42) hospitals were enrolled in this study. No hospital used the intraosseous infusion technique on a regular basis. However, 8 hospitals used the intraosseous infusion technique occasionally. None of the responders had experience with the intraosseous infusion technique. CONCLUSION: The intraosseous infusion technique is currently underrepresented at emergency departments in Korea.

Progress of research and application on hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by intra-bone marrow injection--review / 中国实验血液学杂志

The purpose of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation by intra-bone marrow injection (IBM-HSCT) is to facilitate the homing of HSC. It has been recently proven in many animal experiments that different kinds of donor cells could efficiently home and engraft into the bone marrow by IBM-HSCT, which led to the rapid hemopoietic and immune recovery of recipients, preventing the development of GVHD, inducing the donor-specific tolerance in allogeneic organ transplantation, and promoting the survival rate of recipients. In this review, the effect of IBM-BMT and IBM-UCBT, the application of IBM injection technique in the study on HSC's biological characteristics, and its prospect for clinical HSCT were summarized.

Infusion and bolus administration of cisatracurium - effects on histamine release

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of Cisatracurium Besilat [CB], and the method of its administration during laparotomies on adult patients, to determine whether CB caused cutaneous, systemic or chemical evidence of histamine release. This study was conducted as a randomized, double-blind clinical trial on 38 patients [ASA I-II]. After a standard anesthetic induction with fentanyl and propofol, patients received an i.v. bolus CB [0.15 mg/kg in Group A [n=20] or Group B [n=18]. In Group B, 0.18 mg/kg/h infusion was started. Following reaching stable muscle relaxations for intraabdominal operation and for recovery, Group A [Bolus group] and Group B [Infusion group] were compared. Train-of-four fade during recovery of block were recorded after administration of CB. The heart rate and arterial blood pressure were monitored noninvasively. There were no significant hemodynamic differences among the groups. 25%-75% spontaneous recoveries were [X +/- s] 12.75 +/- 4.52, 16.11 +/- 9.20 minutes for Group A, Group B. 70% TOF Ratios were [X +/- s] 1.07 +/- 0.13, 1.39 +/- 0.38 hours for the same groups. There was no consistent correlation between hemodynamic changes, cutaneous manifestations and histamine concentrations. - We conclude that CB does not cause systemic or cutaneous histamine release. The infusion method of cisatracurium has a stable level of curarization without side effect and there were no significant recovery time differences between the groups