The clinical impact of tricuspid regurgitation in patients with a biatrial orthotopic heart transplant / 医学前沿

In this study, we aim to elucidate the clinical impact and long-term course of tricuspid regurgitation (TR), taking into account its dynamic nature, after biatrial orthotopic heart transplant (OHT). All consecutive adult patients undergoing biatrial OHT (1984-2017) with an available follow-up echocardiogram were included. Mixed-models were used to model the evolution of TR. The mixed-model was inserted into a Cox model in order to address the association of the dynamic TR with mortality. In total, 572 patients were included (median age: 50 years, males: 74.9%). Approximately 32% of patients had moderate-to-severe TR immediately after surgery. However, this declined to 11% on 5 years and 9% on 10 years after surgery, adjusted for survival bias. Pre-implant mechanical support was associated with less TR during follow-up, whereas concurrent LV dysfunction was significantly associated with more TR during follow-up. Survival at 1, 5, 10, 20 years was 97% ± 1%, 88% ± 1%, 66% ± 2% and 23% ± 2%, respectively. The presence of moderate-to-severe TR during follow-up was associated with higher mortality (HR: 1.07, 95% CI (1.02-1.12), p = 0.006). The course of TR was positively correlated with the course of creatinine (R = 0.45). TR during follow-up is significantly associated with higher mortality and worse renal function. Nevertheless, probability of TR is the highest immediately after OHT and decreases thereafter. Therefore, it may be reasonable to refrain from surgical intervention for TR during earlier phase after OHT.

Late tricuspid regurgitation after percutaneous transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defect: an educational presentation

Abstract Transcatheter closure of ventricular septal defects (VSD) is not out of complications. Late complications are rare, but important, and sometimes require surgical correction. Herein, we report a case of tricuspid regurgitation as a complication of transcatheter VSD closure. The patient underwent successful surgery. Postoperative course was satisfactory. Echocardiographic examination revealed well-functioning tricuspid valve. We present this case since valve regurgitation after transcatheter procedure requiring surgery is an uncommon but significant complication due to heart failure risk. Even in the absence of any clinical finding, post-procedural close follow-up is important for early diagnosis of the problem to prevent the aforementioned risk.

Reparación de la insuficiencia tricuspídea: resultados a largo plazo en 114 pacientes / Repair of tricuspid valve insufficiency: long-term results in 114 patients

Resumen Antecedentes la reparación de la insuficiencia tricuspídea funcional está indicada en casos de insuficiencia cardíaca, generalmente, asociada a enfermedades de las válvulas cardíacas izquierdas y en algunos casos de enfermedad coronaria o cardiopatías congénitas. Objetivo : evaluar los resultados a largo plazo de la reparación tricuspídea en pacientes operados en la región centro sur de Chile. Pacientes y métodos : estudio retrospectivo de registros clínicos y operatorios en 114 pacientes con edad promedio 57.8 (DE 13) años (72 mujeres) sometidos a reparación tricuspídea asociada a otros procedimientos quirúrgicos entre 2009 y 2017. Resultados : la etiología de la insuficiencia tricuspídea fue debida a enfermedad reumática inactiva en 45% y a endocarditis infecciosa en 2.6%. 63% estaban en fibrilación auricular y 75% en capacidad funcional NYHC III. 15.8% tenían cirugía valvular cardíaca previa. El ecocardiograma mostró insuficiencia severa en 56% de los casos y había hipertensión pulmonar severa en 39.5%. La cirugía consistió en la implantación de un anillo semi-rígido en forma concomitante a reemplazo o reparación de lesión valvular mitral, reemplazo valvular aórtico, cierre de comunicación interauricular, cirugía coronaria o resección de tumor intra cardíaco. La mortalidad post operatoria global fue 16%, debido a falla multisistémica en 6%, insuficiencia cardíaca en 5% y hemorragia cerebral en 4.3%. El seguimiento promedio fue 78.8 (DS 7.2) meses. La supervivencia actuarial fue 74% a los 60 y 68% a los 96 meses. Conclusión : La cirugía de reparación de la insuficiencia tricuspídea moderada o severa, asociada a otras enfermedades cardíacas provee una buena recuperación sintomática, con excelente sobrevida alejada.

Abstract Background : Surgery for functional tricuspid valve insufficiency is indicated in cases of congestive heart failure usually associated to left heart valve diseases or as a concomitant surgery for other causes such as congenital or coronary disease. Aim : To assess and report the long-term results of tricuspid valve repair in adult patients in a regional cardiac surgery center in south Chile. Patients and Methods : Retrospective review of clinical and operative records of 114 patients aged 57.8 +/- 13 years (72 women) subjected to tricuspid reparative surgery concomitant with other cardiac procedures between 2009 to 2017. Results : In 45% of cases etiology was due to inactive rheumatic disease and 2.6% was due to endocarditis. 63% presented with atrial fibrillation and 75% were in NYHC CFIII. 15.8% had a previous cardiac valve surgery. Preoperative echocardiography showed severe tricuspid insufficiency in 56% of cases and pulmonary hypertension was severe in 39.5%. In all cases tricuspid repair was performed through the insertion of a semi rigid ring as a concomitant procedure for mitral repair/replacement in most cases, aortic valve replacement, surgical closure of an ASD, CABG surgery and the resection of cardiac tumors. Overall postoperative mortality was 16% due to multi-organic dysfunction in 6%, cardiac failure in 5% and cerebral hemorrhage in 4.3%. Mean long term follow up was 78.8+/- 7.2 months. Actuarial survival was 74% at 60 and 68% at 96 months. Conclusion: Surgical tricuspid valve repair for moderate to severe tricuspid insufficiency isolated or associated to other cardiac diseases provides a good symptomatic recovery, with an excellent long term survival.

Rol de los marcadores ecográficos secundarios de primer trimestre para la detección de trisomía 21 / Role of first trimester secondary ultrasound markers for trisomy 21 detection

OBJETIVO: Analizar los resultados de los marcadores ecográficos secundarios (hueso nasal, onda a del ductus venoso y regurgitación tricuspídea) y valorar su efectividad para la detección de trisomía 21 y su utilidad para la reducción del número de pruebas invasivas. MÉTODOS: Tras la realización del test combinado de primer trimestre a toda paciente con un riesgo entre 1/101-1/1000 se realizó la valoración de los marcadores secundarios. RESULTADOS: Desde Enero de 2014 a Mayo de 2015 se realizaron 2.660 test combinados del primer trimestre valorándose la edad materna, la traslucencia nucal y la PAPP-A y ßhCG, teniendo una sensibilidad del 90% y una tasa de falsos positivos del 3,2%. Hubo 10 fetos con trisomía 21. La sensibilidad de hueso nasal, ductus venoso y regurgitación tricuspídea fue del 22,2%, 50% y 50% y la especificidad del 99,8%, 96,9% y 98,8% respectivamente. La sensibilidad global del test contingente fue del 90%, con una reducción de la tasa de falsos positivos al 1,6%, lo que se reduciría de 171 a 148 el número de amniocentesis. CONCLUSIÓN: El test contingente es una buena herramienta para reducir la tasa de falsos positivos respecto al test combinado sin disminuir la tasa de detección y con ello reducir la tasa de pruebas invasivas.

AIMS: To analyze the results of the secondary sonographic markers (nasal bone, wave ductus venosus and tricuspid regurgitation) and evaluate its effectiveness for the detection of trisomy 21 and thus reduce the number of invasive tests. METHODS: After completing the first trimester combined test, all patients with a risk between 1/101-1/1000 were evaluated the secondary sonographic markers. RESULTS: From January 2014 to May 2015 2660 combined test being assessed maternal age, nuchal translucency and PAPP-A and ßhCG were performed, with a sensitivity of 90% and a false positive rate of 3.2%. 10 fetuses with trisomy 21 were observed. The sensitivity of nasal bone, ductus venosus and tricuspid regurgitation was 22.2%, 50% and 50% and specificity was 99.8%, 96.9% and 98.8% respectively. The overall sensitivity of contingent test was 90%, with a reduction in false positive rate to 1.6%, which would decrease the number of amniocentesis from 171 to 148. CONCLUSION: The contingent test is a good tool to reduce the rate of false positives with respect to the combined test without decreasing the detection rate and thereby reduce the rate of invasive testing.

Iatrogenic hemorrhage from left umbilical vein after cardiac surgery: An unusual complication.

Postoperative bleeding is a concern for all patients undergoing heart surgery, which could be due to surgical causes or coagulation disorder. The patients at risk for coagulopathy include those patients with complex or prolonged procedures, those exposed to preoperative anticoagulants and, to a lesser extent, patients with a preoperatively elevated prothrombin time and activated clotting time. However, intraabdominal bleeding after cardiac surgery is rare (0.3-2%). As the mortality rate of patients exposed to these complications is high (11-59%), timely recognition and prompt management is vital for patient's safety and for avoidance of postoperative complications. Here, we present a case of free intraabdominal hemorrhage as sequelae of pacing wire insertion in open heart surgery and its successful management.

Trans-esophageal echocardiography for tricuspid and pulmonary valves.

Transesophageal echocardiography has been shown to provide unique information about cardiac anatomy, function, hemodynamics and blood flow and is relatively easy to perform with a low risk of complications. Echocardiographic evaluation of the tricuspid and pulmonary valves can be achieved with two-dimensional and Doppler imaging. Transesophageal echocardiography of these valves is more challenging because of their complex structure and their relative distance from the esophagus. Two-dimensional echocardiography allows an accurate visualization of the cardiac chambers and valves and their motion during the cardiac cycle. Doppler echocardiography is the most commonly used diagnostic technique for detecting and evaluating valvular regurgitation. The lack of good quality evidence makes it difficult to recommend a validated quantitative approach but expert consensus recommends a clinically useful qualitative approach. This review ennumerates probe placement, recommended cross-sectional views, flow patterns, quantitative equations including the clinical approach to the noninvasive quantification of both stenotic and regurgitant lesions.

Trans-esophageal echocardiography in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting.

The two features of off-pump coronary artery bypass (OPCAB) grafting that lead to haemodynamic instability are, transient occlusion of the coronary arteries during distal anastomosis construction and displacement of the heart to provide access to the distal coronary arteries. The position of the heart as seen by trans-oesophageal echocardiography (TOE) can often provide an indication as to how much compression of the right or left ventricle has occurred. If either chamber is not filling, repositioning of the heart will be necessary. Close observation of the heart with TOE during periods of coronary occlusion may facilitate detection of worsening cardiac function as evidenced by weakening contraction, ventricular dilatation, or increasing mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. Haemodynamic change are more pronounced with displacement of the heart to access posterior than the anterior coronary arteries. Cardiac manipulations along with transient occlusion of coronary arteries during distal anastomosis may cause transient hypotension with increased filling pressures. TOE is helpful in this scenario as it helps to differentiate between cardiac dysfunction secondary to myocardial ischaemia (in which regional wall motion abnormalities will be present) from a much more common scenario where the increase in filling pressure is secondary to extra-cardiac compression and provides the ability to detect mitral regurgitation with a colour flow Doppler as well as assess the right heart function.

Normal offset of the tricuspid septal leaflet in Thai fetuses.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the correlation between gestational age and the normal distance between the insertion of the medial leaflets of the mitral valve and tricuspid valve in Thai fetuses. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective study was constructed using an apical 4-chamber view at end diastole to measure the mitral valve-tricuspid valve distance (MTD) in 169 confirmed-dated singleton normal fetuses between 18 and 40 weeks of gestation at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital from August 2005 to July 2006. The recorded distances were plotted against gestational ages. The 5th, 50th, and 95th centile of MTD were calculated and the relationship between MTD and gestational age was determined with regression model. One hundred and forty-seven measurements were validated for analyses. RESULTS: Regression analysis demonstrated a linear correlation of MTD with gestational age with each increase of 1 week in gestational age, there was an increase of 0.12 mm of MTD (p <. 001). The linear regression curve that correlated MTD with gestational age showed a gradual slope (r = 0.84; p < 0.001). The MTD range from 1.3 to 5.1 mm (mean +/- SD = 2.6 +/- 0.9). A significant difference in MTD was noted on comparing to the data in Western study. Intra-observer reliability was 0.92. CONCLUSION: The present findings support the positive correlation between MTD and advancing gestational age. However, clinically significant differences of MTD between the presented population and Caucasian fetuses underline the need for employing a locally derived data on assigning the fetal cardiac abnormality.