Factores de riesgo asociados al mal control metabólico en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tratados con insulina / Risk factors associated with poor metabolic control in patients with diabetes mellitus treatedwith insulin

Introducción: la diabetes mellitus (DM) constituye un problema de salud pública prioritario, tanto por su incidencia, prevalencia y la morbimortalidad que de ella derivan. Objetivo: determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al mal control metabólico en pacientes con DM tratados con insulina e internados en la sala de Clínica Médica del Hospital Nacional. Metodología: diseño de casos (diabéticos con mal control metabólico al alta) y controles (diabéticos con buen control metabólico al alta). Muestreo no probabilístico de casos consecutivos. Resultados: ingresaron al trabajo 119 pacientes, con una edad media de 60 años, el 57% de ellos de sexo femenino y el 43% masculino. El tipo de DM predominante fue el tipo 2 (96,5 %). Todos se encontraban en tratamiento con insulina tanto rápida, intermedia y prolongada. El tipo de insulina no influyó sobre el control metabólico. La insulina NPH fue la de uso predominante. El grupo control utilizó menor dosis promedio de insulina. Se analizó los efectos de la hipertensión arterial, la enfermedad renal crónica e infecciones en el control glicémico y ninguna de ellas influyó sobre el control de la misma al alta. Conclusión: el único factor estadísticamente significativo para el buen control metabólico al alta fue el mayor tiempo de internación.

Introduction: diabetes mellitus (DM) is a priority public health problem, both for its incidence, prevalence, morbidity and mortality that derive from it. Objective: to determine the risk factors associated with poor metabolic control in patients with DM treated with insulin and admitted to the Internal Medicine Department of the Hospital Nacional. Metodology: cases design (diabetics with poor metabolic control at discharge) and control group. (Diabetics with metabolic control at discharge).Non-probabilistic sampling of consecutive cases.Results: 119 patients were recruited, with an average age of 60 years, 57% of them female and 43% male. The predominant type 2 DM was (96.5%). All were treated with both fast, intermediate and prolonged insulin. The type of insulin had no influence on metabolic control. NPH insulin was the predominant use. The control group used insulin doses lower than average. The effect of hypertension was analyzed, chronic kidney disease and infections in glycemic control and none of them influenced the control at discharge. Conclusion: the only statistically significant factor for good metabolic control at discharge was a longer hospital stay.

Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 con tendencia a la cetosis: Caso clínico / Ketosis prone type 2 diabetes (KPD)

Ketosis prone type 2 diabetes (KPD) is presently a well-defined clinical entity, characterized by a debut with severe hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis similar to the presenting form of Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). However, it appears in subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) phenotype. This situation is caused by an acute, reversible dysfunction of the beta cell in individuals with insulin resistance. Once the acute stage subsides, patients behave as having a DM2 and do not require insulin treatment. They should be kept on a diet and oral hypoglycemic drugs due to their susceptibility to have recurrent acute ketotic decompensations.

Substituição da insulina NPH por insulina glargina em uma coorte de pacientes diabéticos: estudo observacional / Switching of NPH insulin to glargine therapy in a cohort of poorly controlled diabetic patients: observational study

Este estudo avaliou o impacto da introdução da insulina glargina na terapia basal/bólus em pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 (DM1) e do tipo 2 (DM2), com controle inadequado (A1c > 6,9 por cento) em uso prévio de insulina basal NPH. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, não-controlado, com 49 pacientes (28F/21M), idade média 24,7 ± 16,5 anos, tempo de diabetes de 13,2 ± 10,1, sendo 93,1 por cento dos pacientes com DM1, que receberam insulina glargina combinada com insulina ultra-rápida (aspart/lispro) pré-refeições, durante 90 dias de seguimento. Foram analisados dose total de insulina, incidência de hipoglicemias, crises convulsivas, complicações hiperglicêmicas (cetoacidose) e níveis de A1c antes e após três meses do uso da insulina glargina. Os valores de A1c foram determinados pelo método HPLC, com valores de referência de 4,3 por cento a 6,9 por cento. Após 3 meses da modificação do esquema basal para insulina glargina, observou-se redução significativa dos níveis de A1c (10,2 ± 2,0 vs. 9,1 ± 1,8 por cento; p= 0,019). Além disso, verificou-se redução de 0,11 U/kg/dia na dose total de insulina utilizada (NPH: 0,75 U/kg para 0,64 U/kg de insulina glargina; p< 0,05). O uso da insulina glargina associou-se com redução das crises hipoglicêmicas (p= 0,02), crises convulsivas por hipoglicemia grave (p= 0,023) e nenhum caso de cetoacidose (p= 0,001). Este estudo corrobora a eficácia da introdução da insulina glargina em pacientes diabéticos mal controlados, em uso prévio de insulina NPH, com redução importante dos níveis de A1c. Estima-se uma melhora da qualidade de vida desses pacientes, marcada pela redução de eventos hipoglicêmicos (inclusive os graves), episódios de cetoacidose e utilização de menor dose diária de insulina, com provável impacto em políticas de saúde pública.

This study examined the impact of insulin glargine introduction in basal-bolus therapy in type 1 and type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate metabolic control (A1c > 6.9 percent) using previous NPH insulin regime. In this uncontrolled, retrospective study, 49 patients (28F/21M), average age 24.7 ± 16.5, mean duration of DM 13.2 ± 10.1 yrs., 93.1 percent DM1 patients, received insulin glargine plus mealtime rapid-acting insulin (lispro or aspart) followed by 90-day treatment. We analyzed mean total insulin dose, incidence of hypoglycemic events, convulsive crisis, hyperglycemic complications and A1c levels before and after three months of introduction of glargine therapy. A1c values were determined using the HPLC instrument, with a normal range of 4.3 percent to 6.9 percent. After switching to insulin glargine therapy, mean A1c dropped from 10.2 ± 2.0 to 9.1 ± 1.8 percent, with significant impact (p= 0.019). We observed a significant reduction of 0.11U/kg/day in total insulin dose, dropped from 0.75U/kg of NPH to 0.64U/kg of glargine, with significant correlation (p< 0.05). The introduction of glargine therapy was coincident with a decrease of hypoglycemic crisis (p= 0.02), convulsive events due to hypoglycemia (severe hypoglycemic crisis) (p= 0.023) and ketosis (p= 0.001) switching MDI-treated patients with improvement of metabolic control (reduction of A1c levels). This therapy improved quality of life in these patients due to a significant reduction of hypoglycemic (including severe) events, ketosis episodes and total daily insulin dose, with important impact on health public services.

Concomitant use of insulin glargine and NPH in type I diabetes.

In a prospective study on 11 patients with Type 1 diabetes we evaluated the glycaemic control and hypoglycaemic episodes on a combination therapy of pre-mixed and glargine insulin. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C), fasting (FPG) and Post Prandial blood glucose (PPG) levels were recorded at baseline and three monthly intervals for a period of 6 months. The mean HbA1C reduced from 9.5 to 7.3 %, incidence of hypoglycemias from 1.6 to 0.8, mean FPG from 146.5 to 90.4 and mean PPG from 258.4 to 184 over a six-month observation period. This regimen also helps to avoid injection of insulin before lunch so that child's school schedule is minimally disturbed and yet the incidence of hypoglycemia is not increased.

Spotted dermopathy in a diabetic patient due to insulin allergy.

A rare case of diabetic patient who developed multiple cutaneous hyperpigmented spots following bovine isophane (NPH) insulin injection is described here.