Intoxicación por monóxido de carbono: estudio observacional de pacientes que acudieron a Urgencias durante 2020 / Carbon monoxide poisoning: an observational study of patients admitted to Emergency Department during 2020

El objetivo fue describir las intoxicaciones monóxido de carbono. Se diseñó un corte transversal que incluyó una muestra consecutiva de mediciones de carboxihemoglobina (COHb), realizadas Enero y Diciembre 2020 en la Central de Emergencias del Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Se utilizaron bases secundarias y revisión manual de historias clínicas para recolección de varia-bles de interés. Durante el período de estudio hubo 20 pacientes confirmados, con media de 50 años (DE 20), 55% sexo masculino, 20% tabaquistas, y una única embarazada. El 70% correspondieron al trimestre Junio-Julio-Agosto. La fuente de intoxicación más frecuente se debió a accidentes domésticos (calefón, estufa, brasero, hornalla, salamandra) que representaron el 50% de los casos, 30% por incendios, y el 20% restante explicado por tabaco o factor desconocido. Los estudios de laboratorio más solicitados fueron: 95% recuento de glóbulos blancos, 85% glucemia, 70% CPK, y 55% troponina. Los hallazgos relevantes fueron COHb con mediana de 7.15%, CPK con mediana de 89 U/mL, y troponina con mediana de 8.5 pg/mL. La totalidad se realizó electrocardiograma: 15% presentaron arritmia como hallazgo patológico, y ninguno isquemia. En cuanto la presentación clínica: 30% presentó cefalea, 15% síncope, 15% coma, 10% mareos y 10% convulsiones. Sólo 25% tuvieron tomografía y 15% resonancia de cerebro, sin hallazgos críticos. Sin embargo, 15% fueron derivados para trata-miento con cámara hiperbárica. La mayoría ocurrieron en invierno y explicados por accidentes domésticos. Será necesario un fortalecimiento del rol preventivo que apunte al control de la instalación y el buen funcionamiento de artefactos, como mantener los ambientes bien ventilados (AU)

The objective was to describe carbon monoxide poisoning. A cross sectional was designed, which included a consecutive sample of carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) measurements, carried from January to December 2020 at the Emergency Department of tHospital Italiano de Buenos Aires. Secondary databases and manual review of medical records were used to collect variables of interest. During the study period there were 20 confirmed patients, with a mean age of 50 (SD 20), mostly male (55%), 20% smokers, and only one pregnant woman, 70% corresponded to June-July-August. The most frequent source of poisoning was explained to domestic accidents (water heater, stove, brazier, stove, salamander) which represented 50% of cases, 30% due to fires, and the remaining 20% by tobacco or unknown factor. The most laboratory studies were: 95% white blood cell count, 85% glycemia, 70% CPK, and 55% troponin. Meanwhile, relevant findings were carboxyhemoglobin with a median of 7.15%, CPK with a median of 89 U/mL, and troponin with a median of 8.5 pg/mL. All underwent an electrocardiogram: 15% presented arrhythmia as a pathological finding, and none ischemia. Regarding the clinical presentation: 30% presented headache, 15% syncope, 15% coma, 10% dizziness and 10% seizures. Only 25% had brain tomography and 15% MRI, without pathological findings. However, 15% were referred for treatment with a hyperbaric chamber. Most of the cases occurred in winter and explained by domestic accidents. It will be necessary to strengthen the preventive role that aims to control the installation and the proper functioning of devices, such as keeping rooms well ventilated (AU)

Poisonous substances and geographical distribution of poisoning in hospitalized children based on data from 25 hospitals in China from 2016 to 2020 / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To investigate the poisonous substances and geographical distribution of poisoning in children in China. Methods: A cross-sectional study. The clinical data of 8 385 hospitalized children from January 2016 to December 2020 were extracted from the FUTang Updating Medical Records database. These children aged 0 to 18 years and were admitted due to poisoning. They were grouped according to age (newborns and infants, toddlers, preschoolers, school-age children, adolescents), place of residence (Northeast China, North China, Central China, East China, South China, Southwest China, Northwest China), and mode of discharge (discharge under medical advice, transfer to another hospital under medical advice, discharge without medical advice, death, other). The poisonous substance and causes of poisoning in different groups were analyzed. Results: Among these 8 385 children, 4 734 (56.5%) were male and 3 651 (43.5%) female, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.3∶1. The age was 3 (2, 7) years. The prevalence of poisoning was 51.8% (4 343/8 385) in toddlers, 16.5% (1 380/8 385) in adolescents, 14.8% (1 242/8 385) in preschoolers, 14.4% (1 206/8 385) in school-age children, and 2.5% (214/8 385) in newborns and infants. Drug poisoning accounted for 43.5% (3 649/8 385) and pesticide accounted for 26.8% (2 249/8 385). Drug poisoning was more common in adolescents (684/1 380, 49.6%) and toddlers (2 041/4 343, 47.0%); non-drug poisoning was more common in school-age children (891/1 206, 73.9%), of which carbon monoxide was mainly in newborns and infants (41/214, 19.2%) and food poisoning in children of school age (241/1 206, 20.0%). Regarding regional characteristics, drug poisoning was more frequent in South China (188/246, 64.2%) and non-drug poisoning was more frequent in Southwest China (815/1 123, 72.5%). For drugs, anti-epileptic drugs, sedative-hypnotic drugs and anti-Parkinson's disease drugs had a higher proportion of poisoning in North China (138/1 034, 13.0%) than that in other regions. For non-drug poisoning, pesticides (375/1 123, 33.3%), food poisoning (209/1 123, 18.6%) and contact with poisonous animals (86/1 123, 7.7%) were more common in Southwest China than in other regions; carbon monoxide poisoning was more common in North China (81/1 034, 7.6%) and Northwest China (65/1 064, 6.3%). In Central China, poisoning happened more in toddlers (792/1 295, 61.2%) and less in adolescents (115/1 295, 8.8%) than in other regions. Regarding different age groups, poisoning in adolescent happened more in Northeast China (121/457, 26.5%), North China (240/1 034, 23.2%), and Northwest China (245/1 064, 23.0%). The rate of discharge under medical advice, discharge without medical advice, and mortality rate within the 5 years were 77.0% (6 458/8 385), 20.8% (1 743/8 385), 0.5% (40/8 385), respectively. Conclusions: Poisoning is more common in male and toddlers. Poisonous substances show a regional characteristic and vary in different age groups, with drugs and insecticides as the most common substances.

Intoxicación aguda con monóxido de carbono (ICO) secundaria a pipa de agua (Narguile). Reporte de un caso / Carbon monoxide poisoning caused by water pipe smoking (Narghile). A case report

Resumen Dentro de las formas alternativas de consumo de tabaco, se describe el uso de pipas de agua (también llamadas hookah, shisha o narguile) como implementos de uso. Esta forma de uso es una forma emergente en nuestro medio, con uso en estudiantes universitarios y secundarios. Debido a que utiliza carbón para quemar el tabaco, junto a largos períodos de uso, presenta riesgo de intoxicación por monóxido de carbono, especialmente si se utiliza en ambientes cerrados. En este artículo presentamos el caso de una paciente femenina de 19 años, quién fue traída al hospital con una intoxicación grave por monóxi do de carbono secundaria a uso de pipa de agua, requiriendo tratamiento con oxígeno en cámara hiperbárica. Realizamos una revisión de la bibliografía.

Abstract Amongst the alternative ways of tobacco use, water pipes (also called hookah, shisha or narghile) have been used as implements. This type of use is an emergent one in our environment, being used by high school and college students. Due to the use of charcoal as a way to burn the tobacco, and the long using times it presents, the users are at risk of being poisoned by carbon monoxide, especially if they smoke in enclosed spaces. In this paper, we present the case of a 19-year-old female patient, who was brought to the hospital with a severe case of carbon monoxide poisoning, requiring treatment with oxygen in a hyperbaric chamber. We make a review of the literature.

Relación Dosis de oxígeno-Celeridad en la oxigenación hiperbárica para intoxicación con monóxido de carbono / Oxygen Dose-Implementation Celerity relationship in hyperbaric oxygenation for carbon monoxide poisoning

Resumen Se realiza una revisión narrativa que plantea una reflexión acerca del rol de la oxigenación hiperbárica en la recuperación de los intoxicados con monóxido de carbono (ICO). La relación presión de tratamiento de oxigenación hiperbárica (TOHB), o sea dosis de oxígeno, y demora en su implementación son descriptas en esta revisión. Se presentan 9 casos de pacientes con ICO tratados con TOHB a 1,45 ATA (Atmósferas absolutas) por falta de acceso a TOHB de alta presión. Si bien es necesario investigación adicional, sugerimos que esta modalidad terapéutica a 1,45 ATA para ICO debe ser elegida frente al oxígeno normobárico, y considerada cuando las instalaciones de alta presión no están disponibles a distancias razonables.

Abstract A narrative review that raises a reflection about the role of hyperbaric oxygenation in the recovery of monoxide carbon (CO) poisoning is carried out. A description of the relationship of the pressure of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT), oxygen dosage, and the delay in its implementation was done. Nine cases of intoxications treated with HBOT at 1.45 ATA due to lack of access to high-pressure HBOT were presented. While additional research is necessary, we suggest that this therapeutic modality at 1.45 ATA (Absolute Atmospheres) should be chosen instead of normobaric oxygen therapy for CO poisoning, and considered when high pressure facilities are not available at reasonable distances.

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning with coexisting cerebral and myocardial infarction: The brain-heart connection and challenges of management in resource-limited settings / Intoxicación aguda por monóxido de carbono con infarto cerebral y de miocardio coexistente: la conexión cerebro-corazón y los desafíos del manejo en entornos con recursos limitados

Carbon monoxide poisoning pose significant public health consequence and management can be challenging in resource-poor countries. This is a commentary of a 40 year-old farmer with a five day history of loss of consciousness following overnight inhalation of carbon monoxide. Neuroimaging and electrophysiologic studies showed bilateral internal capsule and myocardial infarction. He had unsuccessful treatment with normobaric oxygen therapy in the absence of hyperbaric oxygen. This case depicts the brain-heart connection in carbon monoxide poisoning and highlights the challenges of management in a resource poor setting.

La intoxicación por monóxido de carbono representa un significativo problema para la salud pública de cualquier país y su manejo puede resultar en un gran desafío en los países emergentes, con escasez de recursos para la atención de este tipo de pacientes. Se presenta el caso de un agricultor de 40 años de edad, con antecedentes de cinco días previos de pérdida de la conciencia, posterior a la inhalación de monóxido de carbono. Las evaluaciones realizadas: tomografía axial computada de cerebro y electrocardiograma, mostraron la presencia concomitante de infarto cerebral, con compromiso de ambas cápsulas internas e Infarto de miocardio, respectivamente. Se inició tratamiento con oxígeno normobárico, falleciendo el paciente dentro de las 24 horas posteriores a su admisión. Este caso representa la conexión en la afectación de corazón y cerebro, en intoxicaciones por monóxido de carbono y sirve para destacar los desafíos de su manejo en entornos con limitaciones de recursos.

Intoxicacion por monoxido de carbono / Carbon monoxide poisoning

Resumen:La intoxicación por monóxido de carbono o "asesino silente" es la intoxicación mortal más común, encontrándose en fuentes de exposición muy comunes como automóviles, tabaquismo y combustión de gases o combustibles.La principal característica nociva aguda del gas se basa en su alta afinidad por la hemoglobina, mientras que los efectos crónicos se basan en su interacción con otras proteínas. Ante la clínica inespecífica del cuadro, se debe tener un alto grado de sospecha diagnóstica, para iniciar el tratamiento adecuado o oxigenoterapia normobárica o hiperbárica según corresponda.

Abstract:Carbon monoxide poisoning or "silent killer" is the most common fatal poisoning, found in very common sources of exposure such as cars, smoking and gas or fuel combustion. The main acute harmful characteristic of gas is based on its high affinity for hemoglobin, while the chronic effects are based on its interaction with other proteins.Before the nonspecific clinic of the table, must have a high degree of diagnostic suspicion, to start the appropriate treatment or normobaric or hyperbaric oxygen therapy as appropriate.

Serum neuron-specific enolase and S-100β levels as prognostic follow-up markers for oxygen administered carbon monoxide intoxication cases.

Serum neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100β levels are considered novel biochemical markers of neuronal cell injury. In this study, the initial and post-treatment levels of NSE and S-100β were compared in carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning patients, who received normorbaric oxygen (NBO) or hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy. Forty consecutive patients with acute CO poisoning were enrolled in this prospective, observational study. According to their clinical symptoms and observations, twenty patients were treated with NBO, and the other twenty with HBO. Serum S-100β and NSE levels were measured both at time of admission and 6 h later (post-treatment). Serum NSE and S-100β values decreased significantly in both of the therapeutic modalities. The initial and post-treatment values of NSE and S-100β in NBO or HBO patients were comparable. A clear negative correlation was observed between the decrease of NSE and S-100β levels and initial blood carboxyhemoglobin levels. In conclusion, the present results suggested the use of serum S-100β and NSE levels as indicators for brain injury. Due to the significant increase of their values with oxygen therapy, they may also be useful as prognostic follow-up markers. However, the current findings reflected no difference between the efficacy of NBO or HBO therapy.

Comparative analysis of 607 autopsy cases of poisoning death / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To provide references for forensic expertise by investigating the kinds of toxicant, routes of exposure and manners of poisoning deaths, etc.@*METHODS@#Six hundred and seven autopsy cases of poisoning deaths from 1957 to 2008 in Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College (Tongji Forensic Science Identification Center of Hubei), were comparatively reviewed.@*RESULTS@#In 218 cases from 1999 to 2008, more than 50% of decedents were male in the ages of 30-49. The toxicants are usually taken orally and the most common manner of death was accidental. The common substances involved in poisoning death were rodenticide, poisoning gas and insecticide. Compared to the data of 1983-1998 and 1957-1982, the common toxic agents had changed significantly. The number of cases involving insecticide and cyanide poisoning decreased in recent years, and the number of cases of rodenticide, poisoning gas, alcohols poisoning displayed an increase tendency, especially for drugs abuse.@*CONCLUSION@#Poisoning deaths of pesticides remain a major public health problem for a long time and the awareness of prevention need to be raised, especially for the prevention of deaths from multiple poisons.