Dentifrícios branqueadores contendo Blue covarine: revisão de literatura / Bleaching dentifrices containing "Blue covarine" literature review

Introdução: O efeito branqueador dos dentifrícios contendo Blue covarine é fundamentado no seu mecanismo de ação, caracterizado pela sua deposição na superfície dentária, alterando a percepção da cor. Objetivo: Revisar a literatura e buscar evidência científica sobre o efeito branqueador do Blue Covarine em tecidos mineralizados e materiais restauradores estéticos. Materiais e métodos: Para a revisão da literatura foram feitas buscas nas bases de dados PubMed, LILACS, BBO, SciELO e MEDLINE para identificar estudos clínicos e laboratoriais que avaliassem a ação branqueadora do agente óptico Blue covarine. Como estratégia de busca foram utilizados os descritores "Blue covarine", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes", "Blue covarine and toothpaste", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios", "Blue covarine and dentifrices", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios branqueadores", "Blue covarine and whitening dentifrices", "Blue covarine e dentifrícios clareadores", "Blue covarine and bleaching dentifrices", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes branqueadoras", "Blue covarine and whitening toothpaste", "Blue covarine e pasta de dentes clareadoras", "Blue covarine and bleaching toothpaste". Resultados: Dois pesquisadores selecionaram e analisaram criticamente 31 artigos, sendo 2 revisões da literatura, 4 estudos clínicos e 25 estudos laboratoriais. Divergências quanto ao desenho de estudo, métodos, amostra, critérios clínicos e parâmetros laboratoriais foram observados, além de conflitos de interesse. Conclusão: O Blue Covarine presente nos dentifrícios branqueadores parece ser efetivo na promoção do branqueamento dentário apenas quando associado aos agentes abrasivos presentes nas formulações, evidenciando que ensaios clínicos e laboratoriais, com metodologias semelhantes, são necessários para se obter evidência científica conclusiva sobre o efeito deste agente branqueador.(AU)

Introduction: The whitening effect of dentifrices containing Blue Covarine is based on its mechanism of action, characterized by its deposition on the tooth surface, altering the perception of color. Objective: To review the literature and seek scientific evidence on the whitening effect of Blue Covarine on mineralized tissues and aesthetic restorative materials. Materials and methods: For the literature review, searches were carried out in the PubMed, LILACS, BBO, SciELO and MEDLINE databases, in order to identify clinical and laboratory studies that evaluated the whitening action of the optical agent Blue Covarine. As a search strategy, the descriptors "Blue Covarine", "Blue Covarine and toothpaste", "Blue Covarine and dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and whitening dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and bleaching dentifrices", "Blue Covarine and whitening toothpaste", "Blue Covarine and bleaching toothpaste". Results: Two researchers selected and critically analyzed 31 articles, including 2 literature reviews, 4 clinical studies and 25 laboratory studies. Differences in study design, methods, sample, clinical criteria and laboratory parameters were observed, in addition to conflicts of interest. Conclusion: Blue Covarine present in whitening dentifrices seems to be effective in promoting dental whitening only when associated with abrasive agents present in the formulations, showing that clinical and laboratory tests, with similar methodologies, are necessary to obtain conclusive scientific evidence on the effect of this bleaching agent.(AU)

A randomized controlled trial of indobufen versus aspirin in the prevention of bridging restenosis after coronary artery bypass grafting / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To compare the efficacy and safety between indobufen and aspirin in the prevention of restenosis of bridge vessels at 1 year after off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: This study was a prospective cohort study. We selected 152 patients who received coronary artery bypass grafting in Beijing Anzhen Hospital from December 2016 to December 2018. Patients were divided into the indobufen group and the aspirin group. Patients in the aspirin group were treated with aspirin and clopidogrel, and patients in the indobufen group were treated with indobufen and clopidogrel. During the 1-year follow-up, the rate of restenosis of saphenous vein bridge and internal mammary artery bridge, the rate of adverse cardiac events and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. The levels of fibrinogen (FIB), D-dimer (D-D), thrombomodulin (TM) and thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) were compared before and after antiplatelet therapy. Results: There were 76 cases in the indobufen group, including 57 males (75.0%), aged (60.3±6.6) years. There were 76 cases in the aspirin group, including 62 males (81.6%), aged (59.7±7.2) years. Baseline data were comparable between the two groups (P>0.05). During the follow-up, 3 cases were lost to follow up. Follow-up was completed in 74 patients in the indobufen group and 75 in the aspirin group. A total of 268 bridging vessels were grafted in the indobufen group and 272 in the aspirin group. One year after surgery, the patency rates of great saphenous vein bridge and internal mammary artery bridge were 94.5% (189/200) and 97.1% (66/68) in the indobuphen group, and 91.3% (189/207) and 96.9% (63/65) in the aspirin group, respectively. There was no significant difference in patency rate of great saphenous vein bridge and internal mammary artery bridge between the two groups (χ²=0.282, 0.345, P>0.05). The total incidence of adverse cardiac events was 5.4% (4/74) in the indobufen group and 6.7% (5/75) in the aspirin group (χ²=0.126, P>0.05). The overall incidence of gastrointestinal adverse reactions was significantly lower in the indobufen group than in the aspirin group (4.1% (3/74) vs. 13.3% (10/75), χ²=4.547, P<0.05). The levels of FIB, D-D, TM and TAFI in the two groups were lower than those before surgery (P<0.05), and there was no statistical significance between the two groups at baseline and post-operation (P>0.05). Conclusion: The efficacy of indobufen combined with clopidogrel in the prevention of 1-year restenosis after coronary artery bypass graft is similar to that of aspirin combined with clopidogrel, but the incidence of adverse reactions is lower, and the safety is higher in patients treated with indobufen combined with clopidogrel compared to aspirin combined with clopidogrel strategy.

Whitening toothpaste containing activated charcoal, blue covarine, hydrogen peroxide or microbeads: which one is the most effective?

Abstract The efficacy of whitening toothpastes is questionable and controversial. Clinicians, patients and researchers have expressed concern with whitening toothpastes due to the risk of wearing the dental structure and the potential for disappointment if the advertised cosmetic results are not achieved. Objective: This study compared the whitening performance of toothpastes with different whitening technologies after initial and continued use. Material and Methods: Ninety bovine incisors were stained using a concentrated solution of black tea. They were randomly distributed into 6 groups, according to the toothpaste whitening technology: activated charcoal (B&W), blue covarine (WAD), hydrogen peroxide (LWA), microbeads (Oral B 3D White Perfection - 3DW) and optimized abrasives (XW4D). They were compared to a traditional toothpaste without a whitening agent (TA - control). Specimens underwent a brushing machine with controlled pressure, time and temperature. A calibrated examiner measured the color using a VITA-Classical scale before the first brushing cycle (T0), after the first brushing cycle (TI), and after a brushing cycle that simulates continuous use (TCU). Whitening performance was evaluated by the difference of shades (ΔSGU) between T0-TI and T0-TCU timepoints, using the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's non-parametric test. The Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate the cumulative effect (α=0.05). Results: Statistically significant differences were observed between toothpastes in both TI and TCU (p<0.05). The time of use also had a significant effect (p<0.05). Conclusion: Only WAD and 3DW showed whitening performance after the first use (TI). The greatest whitening performance after continuous use was obtained by WAD, followed by LWA and 3DW. The use of conventional toothpaste (TA) promotes no tooth whitening. Clinical relevance: Microbead abrasives (3DW) and blue covarine (WAD) were the active technology tested that presented the best global tooth whitening performance.

Does a toothpaste containing blue covarine have any effect on bleached teeth? An in vitro, randomized and blinded study

Abstract The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of bleaching toothpastes, both conventional and those containing the new whitening agent Blue Covarine, on teeth previously bleached by conventional techniques (in-office and at-home). Squared bovine enamel/dentin blocks (6.0 x 6.0 x 2.0 mm) were randomly distributed in 6 groups (n = 15), according to the technique used to bleach them (in-office: HP35%; at-home: PC10%) and the type of bleaching toothpaste (none: control; Blue Covarine containing: BC; and without Blue Covarine: NBC). Experimental groups denominated HP35%, HP35%BC and HP35%NBC received in-office tooth bleaching before toothbrushing, and groups PC10%, PC10%BC and PC10%NBC were subjected to at-home tooth bleaching prior to toothbrushing. After bleaching treatment, groups HP35%BC, PC10%BC, HP35%NBC and PC10%NBC underwent daily tooth brushing in a brushing machine for 3 minutes (150 strokes/min, with a load of 375 g). Tooth color alteration was measured by reflectance spectroscopy (Vita EasyShade, Vident, Brea, CA, USA) at: T0 (baseline) - after in-office or at-home bleaching treatment; T1 - immediately after tooth brushing; T2 - 7 days and T3 - 14 days after tooth brushing. Data was analyzed by repeated measures mixed ANOVA and the Bonferroni post hoc test, with a significance level of 5%. Statistically significant differences were found between different experimental groups, evaluation times and for the interaction between them (p < 0.001). Tooth brushing using either bleaching toothpaste (conventional or with Blue Covarine) showed no color alteration on teeth previously bleached by in-office and at-home tooth bleaching. The use of bleaching toothpastes on previously bleached teeth did not produce a color alteration.

Can a bleaching toothpaste containing Blue Covarine demonstrate the same bleaching as conventional techniques? An in vitro, randomized and blinded study

ABSTRACT Objective The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the efficacy of a bleaching toothpaste containing Blue Covarine vs. conventional tooth bleaching techniques using peroxides (both in-office and at-home). Material and Methods Samples were randomly distributed into five experimental groups (n=15): C - Control; BC – Bleaching toothpaste containing Blue Covarine; WBC – Bleaching toothpaste without Blue Covarine; HP35 - In-office bleaching using 35% hydrogen peroxide; and CP10 – At-home bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide. The dental bleaching efficacy was determined by the color difference (ΔE), luminosity (ΔL), green-red axis (Δa), and blue-yellow axis (Δb). The CIELab coordinates were recorded with reflectance spectroscopy at different times: T0 - baseline, T1 – immediately after bleaching, T2 - 7 days, T3 - 14 days, and T4 - 21 days after the end of treatments. Data were analyzed by a repeated measures mixed ANOVA and post hoc Bonferroni test, with a significance level of 5%. Results No significant differences were found between the treatment groups C, BC, and WBC. The groups HP35 and CP10 showed significantly higher whitening efficacy than groups C, BC, and WBC. Conclusions There were no significant differences in the whitening efficacy between a Blue Covarine containing toothpaste, a standard whitening toothpaste, and a control. Neither of the whitening toothpastes tested were as effective as in-office or at-home bleaching treatments.

Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,3 dioxolo 4,5-fisoindolone derivatives / 药学学报

A series of [1,3]dioxolo[4,5-f]isoindolone derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterases (AChE). Furthermore, their effects on memory impairment of mice induced by scopolamine were investigated with step-through test. The results suggested that most of the target compounds exhibited potential inhibition on AChE with IC50 values at micromolar range. Compounds I1 (IC50 value of 0.086 μmol · L(-1)) and I2 (IC50 value of 0.080 μmol · L(-1)) showed the strongest AChE inhibitory activity, which are equipotent to donepezil (IC50 value of 0.094 μmol · L(-1)). Moreover, compounds I1-I4 could improve the memory impairment induced by scopolamine in mice.

Design, synthesis and pharmacological investigation of isoindoline derivatives as 5-HT/NE double reuptake inhibitors / 药学学报

A series of isoindoline derivatives were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their double inhibitory activities. All of them were new compounds, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR and HR-MS. Preliminary in vitro pharmacological tests showed that all compounds exhibited 5-HT or NE reuptake inhibition activity. Among the tested compounds, compound I-3 exhibited potent inhibitory activity against 5-HT and NE reuptake in vitro, and exhibited potent antidepressant activity in vivo. These compounds designed can be further optimized for finding more potent 5-HT/NE dual reuptake inhibitors and antidepressant candidates as well.

Trends in Scientific Literature on Atypical Antipsychotics in South Korea: A Bibliometric Study

OBJECTIVE: We have carried out a bibliometric study on the scientific publications in relation to atypical or second-generation antipsychotic drugs (SGAs) in South Korea. METHODS: With the EMBASE and MEDLINE databases, we selected those publications made in South Korea whose title included the descriptors atypic* (atypical*) antipsychotic*, second-generation antipsychotic*, clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, ziprasidone, quetiapine, sertindole, aripiprazole, paliperidone, amisulpride, zotepine, asenapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, perospirone and blonanserin. We applied some bibliometric indicators of paper production and dispersion with Price's law and Bradford's law, respectively. We also calculated the participation index (PI) of the different countries, and correlated the bibliometric data with some social and health data from Korea (such as total per capita expenditure on health and gross domestic expenditure on research and development). RESULTS: We collected 326 original papers published between 1993 and 2011. Our results state fulfilment of fulfilled Price's law, with scientific production on SGAs showing exponential growth (correlation coefficient r=0.8978, as against an r=0.8149 after linear adjustment). The most widely studied drugs were risperidone (91 papers), aripiprazole (77), olanzapine (53), and clozapine (43). Division into Bradford zones yielded a nucleus occupied by the Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (36 articles). A total of 86 different journals were published, with 4 of the first 10 used journals having an impact factor being greater than 4. CONCLUSION: The publications on SGAs in South Korea have undergone exponential growth over the studied period, without evidence of reaching a saturation point.

Recent advances in the pharmacotherapy of psychiatric disorders

Psychopharmacology has developed over approximately the past five decades. The remarkable proliferation of information in this area has made it difficult for clinicians to understand the characteristics of various psychotropic agents. Atypical antipsychotics including amisulpride, asenapine, aripiprazole, blonanserin, clozapine, iloperidone, lurasidone, olanzapine, paliperidone, quetiapine, risperidone, ziprasidone, and zotepine cause fewer extrapyramidal problems and have many clinical applications, but they can cause metabolic disturbances. Mood stabilizers and lamotrigine are widely used for bipolar disorder. Other novel anticonvulsants such as topiramate, oxcarbazepine, gabapentin, tiagabine, pregabalin, vigabatrin, levetiracetam, and riulzole have also been tested with diverging or inconclusive results. Antidepressants are commonly used in the clinical treatment of depression and anxiety disorder. However, the mechanism of action of medications used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders remains unclear. Understanding the mechanisms of action and clarifying the diagnosis may enhance the treatment outcome in psychiatry. In this review, we analyzed clinical pharmacology data for each drug within a class and discussed clinical strategies for administering currently available antipsychotics, mood stabilizer/anticonvulsants, and antidepressants widely used for various psychiatric indications.

Asymmetric synthesis of atorvastatin intermediate by Pichia pastoris X-33 / 生物工程学报

Ethyl (R)-3-hydroxy-5-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-pentanoate is a potential intermediate for the synthesis of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (atorvastatin) that can lower the cholesterol level in human blood. In this study, in order to synthesize ethyl (R)-3-hydroxy-5-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-pentanoate by bioreduction, the yeast strains in our lab were screened. Ethyl (R)-3-hydroxy-5-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-pentanoate was found to be produced efficiently from ethyl 5-(1,3-dioxoisoindolin-2-yl)-3-oxopentanoate by Pichia pastoris X-33. The effects of initial substrate concentration, reaction time, co-substrate, amount of yeast cells, pH, as well as the temperature on the yield and enantiomeric excesses (e.e. value) of product were examined in mono-phase system. The optimal reaction conditions are as fallows: substrate concentration 7 g/L, cell concentration 120 g/L, glucose concentration 120 g/L, pH 6.5, temperature 35 degrees C, reaction time 12 h, and the yield 93.12% with the high e.e. value of 98.55%.

Determination of plasma concentration of N-methylcantharidimide by HPLC and its pharmacokinetics after intravenous administration in dogs / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To establish a HPLC method for determination of N-methylcantharidimide in dogs' plasma and to study the pharmacokinetics of N-methylcantharidimide in dogs'.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The plasma samples were extracted by methanol. The acetonitrile and the purified water composed mobile phase. The flow rate was 0. 7 mL x min(-1), ultraviolet detection wavelength was at 212 nm.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The calibration curve was linear over the range from 0.01-10.0 mg x L(-1) with a correlation coefficiency of 0.996 3. The lower limit of quantitation was 0.01 mg x L(-1). The mean recovery was 92.3%. the relative standard deviation (RSD) of intra-day and inter-day were all less than 10%. After intravenous administration of N-methylcantharidimide with 3 dosages of 10, 15, 20 mg x kg(-1) to dogs, the corresponding distribution half-livers (t1/2alpha) were 1.8, 2.1, 1.7 min, and the elimination half-lives (t1/2beta) were 144,139, 146 min, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This method is convenient, accurate and reliable. It can be used for determination of N-methylcantharidimide in dogs' plasma and pharmacokinetic studies.</p>

Genetic Polymorphisms in Dopamine- and Serotonin-Related Genes and Treatment Responses to Risperidone and Perospirone

We investigated the possible association between genetic polymorphisms in the dopamine receptor and serotonin transporter genes and the responses of schizophrenic patients treated with either risperidone or perospirone. The subjects comprised 27 patients with schizophrenia who were clinically evaluated both before and after treatment. The genotyping of the polymorphisms of the dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) (rs1801028 and rs6277), the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) (120-bp tandem repeats and rs1800955), and serotonin transporter gene (5HTT)(variable number of tandem repeats; VNTR) were performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. In DRD2 and 5HTT-VNTR, there were no significant correlations between clinical response and polymorphism in the case of risperidone, and for perospirone treatment it was impossible to analyze the clinical evaluation due to the absence of genotype information. On the other hand, in DRD4 there were significant correlations in the two-factor interaction effect on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) between the two drugs [120-bp tandem repeat, p=0.003; rs1800955, p=0.043]. Although the small sample represents a serious limitation, these results suggest that variants in DRD4 are a predictor of whether treatment will be more effective with risperidone or with perospirone in individual patients.

Synthesis and insulinotropic activity of 2-benzylidenesuccinic acid derivatives / 药学学报

<p><b>AIM</b>To design and synthesize new compounds of prandial glucose regulator with more simple structure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The target compounds were synthesized from diethyl succinate and benzaldehyde or 4-fluorobenzaldehyde by four-step reactions. Thus 18 compounds were synthesized. Their structures were comfirmed by NMR, MS and IR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Seventeen compounds had different hypoglycemic activity in mice, among them, 9 compounds had higher hypoglycemic activity and 6 compounds had character of prandial glucose regulator.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Part of the compounds have higher hypoglycemic activity deserve to be further investigated.</p>