Exploring the environmental diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates in the high-throughput DNA sequencing era

The class Kinetoplastea encompasses both free-living and parasitic species from a wide range of hosts. Several representatives of this group are responsible for severe human diseases and for economic losses in agriculture and livestock. While this group encompasses over 30 genera, most of the available information has been derived from the vertebrate pathogenic genera Leishmaniaand Trypanosoma. Recent studies of the previously neglected groups of Kinetoplastea indicated that the actual diversity is much higher than previously thought. This article discusses the known segment of kinetoplastid diversity and how gene-directed Sanger sequencing and next-generation sequencing methods can help to deepen our knowledge of these interesting protists.

Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Targeting 18S Ribosomal DNA for Rapid Detection of Azumiobodo hoyamushi (Kinetoplastea)

Ascidian soft tunic syndrome (AsSTS) caused by Azumiobodo hoyamushi (A. hoyamushi) is a serious aquaculture problem that results in mass mortality of ascidians. Accordingly, the early and accurate detection of A. hoyamushi would contribute substantially to disease management and prevention of transmission. Recently, the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) method was adopted for clinical diagnosis of a range of infectious diseases. Here, the authors describe a rapid and efficient LAMP-based method targeting the 18S rDNA gene for detection of A. hoyamushi using ascidian DNA for the diagnosis of AsSTS. A. hoyamushi LAMP assay amplified the DNA of 0.01 parasites per reaction and detected A. hoyamushi in 10 ng of ascidian DNA. To validate A. hoyamushi 18S rDNA LAMP assays, AsSTS-suspected and non-diseased ascidians were examined by microscopy, PCR, and by using the LAMP assay. When PCR was used as a gold standard, the LAMP assay showed good agreement in terms of sensitivity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). In the present study, a LAMP assay based on directly heat-treated samples was found to be as efficient as DNA extraction using a commercial kit for detecting A. hoyamushi. Taken together, this study shows the devised A. hoyamushi LAMP assay could be used to diagnose AsSTS in a straightforward, sensitive, and specific manner, that it could be used for forecasting, surveillance, and quarantine of AsSTS.

Whole-cell antigenicity data support sequence-based kinetoplastid taxonomy

Early immunological data, obtained by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis, on the whole-cell antigenicity of kinetoplastid protozoa were retrieved and used to construct a dendrogram of antigenic distances. Remarkably, they supported the same taxonomic conclusions as analyses based on DNA and protein sequence data.

Caracterização morfológica, bioquímica e molecular de vickermania itaguaiensis n gen, n sp (protozoa, kinetoplastida) / Morphological, biochemical and molecular vickerman itaguaiensis n o gen, n sp (Protozoa, Kinetoplastida)

A família Trypanosomatidae inclui parasitas de uma grande variedade de vertebrados, invertebrados (principalmente insetos), plantas e algumas espécies de protozoários, sendo, depois do nematóides, os de maior distribuição de hospedeiros na natureza. No presente trabalho, um novo isolado foi obtido por coprocultivo de trato intestinal de Leptoglossus stigma Herb, 1784 (Hemíptera, Coreidae), capturado no município de Itaguaí/RJ. O isolado original e três clones (obtidos por citometria de fluxo) foram depositados na “Coleção de Flagelados do Laboratório de Transmissores de Leishmanioses.” Um clone foi caracterizado por diversas abordagens em comparação com espécies de referência de diferentes gêneros. Foi analisado o crescimento em meio de cultivo em intervalos de 24 h, entre 48-144 h, a diferenciação celular e a morfometria dos principais estágios evolutivos encontrados. A análise de isoenzimas foi realizada utilizando-se os seguintes sistemas: GPI, PGM, 6PGDH, HK, ACON, MPI, FUM, IDH, MDH e ACON. RAPD-PCR foi realizado utilizando-se 6 iniciadores, conjuntamente com outros tripanosomatídeos. Os dados destas análises foram processados numericamente e submetidos à análise computacional utilizando-se o coeficiente de associação Jaccard e o SSU rRNA e o fragmento analisado foi alinhado com vinte e uma seqüências depositadas no GenBank, gerando uma árvore filogenética resultante do pareamento. O conjunto de resultados deste trabalho sugere que a amostra obtida constitui nova espécie, pertencendo a um novo gênero, nomeada Vickermania itaguaiensis.

Phylogeny of the kinetoplastida: taxonomic problems and insights into the evolution of parasitism

To further investigate phylogeny of kinetoplastid protozoa, the sequences of small subunit (18S) ribosomal RNA of nine bodonid isolates and ten isolates of insect trypanosomatids have been determined. The root of the kinetoplastid tree was attached to the branch of Bodo designis and/or Cruzella marina. The suborder Trypanosomatina appeared as a monophyletic group, while the suborder Bodonina was paraphyletic. Among bodonid lineages, parasitic organisms were intermingled with free-living ones, implying multiple transitions to parasitism and supporting the `vertebrate-first hypothesis'. The tree indicated that the genera Cryptobia and Bodo are artificial taxa. Separation of fish cryptobias and Trypanoplasma borreli as different genera was not supported. In trypanosomatids, the genera Leptomonas and Blastocrithidia were polyphyletic, similar to the genera Herpetomonas and Crithidia and in contrast to the monophyletic genera Trypanosoma and Phytomonas. This analysis has shown that the morphological classification of kinetoplastids does not in general reflect their genetic affinities and needs a revision