Correlation between the cephalometric measurements and acoustic properties of /s/ sound in Turkish

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the acoustic properties of the /s/ sound in individuals with different occlusion types and to investigate relationships between these properties and cephalometric measurements. Methodology Sixty patients were divided into three groups based on malocclusion. Group 1 included 20 patients (mean age: 14.85±2.01 years) with Class I skeletal and dental relationships. Group 2 included 20 patients (mean age: 13.49±1.78 years) with Class II skeletal and dental relationships. Group 3 included 20 patients (mean age: 12.46±2.62 years) with Class III skeletal and dental relationships. Cephalometric tracings were obtained from cephalometric radiographs. All included patients were native speakers of Turkish. The /s/ sound was selected for center of gravity analysis. Correlations between cephalometric values and acoustic parameters were also investigated. Results The center of gravity of the /s/ sound had the lowest value in Group 2 (p<0.05). For the /s/ sound in Group 3, moderate positive correlations were found between center of gravity and Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion angle (p<0.05, r=0.444) Lower incisor to Nasion-B point (p<0.023, r=0.505), and Lower incisor to Nasion-B point angle (p<0.034; r=0.476). No correlation was found in other cephalometric measurements. Conclusions The /s/ sound was affected by malocclusion due to the changing place of articulation. Therefore, referral to an orthodontist for malocclusion treatment especially patients with class III in the early period is suggested for producing acoustically ideal sound.

Quando exercícios de fortalecimento da língua refletem na região cervical / When tongue strength exercises reflect in the cervical region

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o impacto do exercício isocinético "sucção da língua contra o palato" na região cervical em participantes Classe I e Classe II/2.ª Divisão, considerando a média e a simetria do Root Means Square (RMS) dos músculos supra-hióideos e suboccipitais, e relatos sensoriais cervicais. Método: Onze participantes Classe I e 19 Classe II/2.ª Divisão, ambos os gêneros, média de idade 33,4 ±14,1 anos. Para análise da média do RMS e da simetria, realizou-se eletromiografia dos músculos suboccipitais e supra-hióideos, bilateralmente, no repouso e na sucção de água nas fases inicial, intermediária e final. A sensação cervical foi avaliada qualitativamente durante os exercícios. Resultados: A média do RMS não apresentou diferença entre Classes (p=0,7), mas revelou, na fase intermediária, elevação na musculatura suboccipital (p=0,0001) e diminuição na musculatura supra-hióidea. Na simetria, a musculatura supra-hióidea mostrou diferença significativa entre classes (p=0,0001) durante a fase intermediária. No participante Classe I, foi restabelecida a simetria na fase final, fato que não ocorreu na Classe II/2.ª Divisão. Em relação à sensação cervical, somente os Classe II/2.ª Divisão apresentaram queixas expressivas. Conclusão: O exercício isocinético de sucção da língua contra o palato repercutiu de forma expressiva com relatos de desconforto e dor cervical nos participantes Classe II/2.ª Divisão. Na média do RMS, não houve diferença entre as classes, mas, na fase intermediária, a musculatura suboccipital apresentou elevação de atividade significativa. A simetria na musculatura supra-hióidea teve diferença significativa entre as classes e assimetria na fase intermediária.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the impact of isokinetic exercise (tongue suction on the palate) in the cervical region of Class I and Class II / 2nd Division participants, considering the average and the symmetry of Root Means Square (RMS) of suprahyoid and suboccipital muscles and cervical sensory reports. Method: 11 participants Class I and 19 Class II / 2nd Division, both genders, mean age 33.4 ± 14.1 years. For the analysis of RMS average and symmetry, electromyography was performed in the suboccipital and suprahyoid muscles, bilaterally, at rest and suction of water in the initial, intermediate and final phases. The cervical sensation was evaluated qualitatively during the exercises. Results: the mean RMS did not differ between Classes (p=0.7), but showed an increase in the intermediate phase in the suboccipital musculature (p=0.0001) and decrease in the suprahyoid musculature. In symmetry, the suprahyoid musculature showed a significant difference between classes (p=0.0001) during the intermediate phase. In the Class I participant the symmetry was reestablished in the final phase, a fact that did not occur in Class II / 2nd Division. Regarding the cervical sensation, only the Class II / 2nd Division had expressive complaints. Conclusion: The Isokinetic suctioning exercise of the tongue against the palate, had an expressive repercussion with reports of discomfort and neck pain in the Class II / 2nd Division participants. On average RMS, there was no difference between the classes, but in the intermediate phase, the suboccipital muscles showed a significant increase in the activity. Symmetry in the suprahyoid musculature had a significant difference between the classes and asymmetry in the intermediate phase.

Tongue function and swallowing in individuals with temporomandibular disorders

Abstract The tongue participates in the oral phase of swallowing by pushing the food bolus toward the oropharynx. This relationship between tongue function and swallowing is little addressed addressed in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD). Objective: To analyze the association of functional tongue conditions on swallowing in individuals with TMD. Methodology: After approval by the Institutional Review Board, the study was conducted on 30 individuals of both sexes, aged 18 to 28 years, with TMD, and not treated for the disorder. Tongue function was assessed as to the mobility, pressure, and oral motor control. Swallowing was analyzed by clinical assessment during ingestion of solid (wafer biscuit) and liquid (water). Data regarding mobility and swallowing were collected using the orofacial myofunctional evaluation protocol. Tongue pressure was measured by the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument, during elevation, protrusion, swallowing, and resistance test. The oral motor control was assessed by the oral diadochokinesis (DDK) test by rapid and repeated emissions of syllables "ta" and "ka". Data were statistically analyzed by the Spearman correlation coefficient, at a significance level of 5%. Results: Relationships were found between tongue function and swallowing for the following aspects: mobility (r=0.741), pressure in protrusion (r=-0.366), swallowing of saliva (r=-0.499), mean DDK rate in emissions "ta" (r=-0.424) and "ka" (r=-0.446), and mean DDK period in emissions "ta" (r=0.424) and "ka" (r=0.446). Thus, the greater the change in tongue mobility, the lower the tongue pressure in protrusion and swallowing of saliva, the lower the emissions per second, the longer the mean time between vocalizations, and the worse the swallowing of individuals with TMD. Conclusion: The functional conditions of the tongue regarding mobility, pressure, and oral DDK were associated with swallowing in individuals with TMD.

Relação entre a etiologia da respiração oral e a pressão máxima da língua / Relationship between mouth breathing etiology and maximum tongue pressure

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a existência de relação entre pressão máxima da língua e a etiologia da respiração oral em crianças respiradoras orais atendidas em um Ambulatório do Respirador Oral. Método Foi conduzido um estudo transversal observacional descritivo e analítico com 59 crianças respiradoras orais com idades entre três e 12 anos (média de 6,5 anos e DP=2,4). Para a coleta da pressão de língua, foi utilizado o Iowa Oral Performance Instrument - (IOPI) e dados sobre a etiologia da respiração oral e oclusão dentária foram coletados nos prontuários desses pacientes para análise. As associações entre a pressão máxima da língua e a etiologia da respiração oral, idade, gênero e oclusão dentária foram verificadas pelo teste T, ANOVA, coeficiente de Spearman e Teste de Tuckey, utilizando-se nível de significância de 5%. Resultados Houve correlação moderada e positiva entre idade e pressão máxima, verificou-se que houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre a pressão máxima da língua e as variáveis hipertrofia da tonsila faríngea e hipertrofia das tonsilas palatinas. Não foram verificadas diferenças estatísticas entre as outras variáveis. Conclusão Conclui-se que as obstruções mecânicas, dentre elas a hipertrofia das tonsilas faríngea e palatinas alteram a pressão máxima de língua em crianças respiradoras orais.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the relationship between maximum tongue pressure and the etiology of oral breathing in oral breathing children attended at the Oral Respiratory Outpatient Clinic. Methods A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was accomplished with 59 mouth breathing children aged 3 to 12 years (mean age 6.5 years and SD: standard deviation= 2.4). To collect tongue pressure, the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) was used and data regarding the etiology of oral breathing and dental occlusion were collected in the records of these patients for analysis. The associations between the maximum tongue pressure and the etiology of oral breathing, age, gender and dental occlusion were verified by the T test, ANOVA, Spearman's coefficient and Tuckey's test, using a significance level of 5%. Results There was a moderate and positive correlation between age and maximum pressure, it was verified that there was a statistically significant difference between the maximum tongue pressure and the variables pharyngeal tonsil hypertrophy and palatine tonsil hypertrophy. There were no statistical differences between the other variables. Conclusion It was concluded that mechanical obstructions, among them the pharyngeal and palatine tonsil hypertrophy alter the maximum tongue pressure in oral breathing children.

Reabilitação da força da língua utilizando biofeedback: relato de caso / Tongue strength rehabilitation using biofeedback: a case report

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve o objetivo de relatar um caso clínico em que foi realizada a reabilitação da força lingual com estratégia de biofeedback. Trata-se de uma paciente de 20 anos de idade, cuja avaliação miofuncional orofacial evidenciou diminuição grave de força do terço anterior da língua e alterações na mobilidade e na coordenação linguais. A quantificação da pressão lingual foi realizada por meio do Iowa Oral Performance Instrument durante a elevação, a protrusão e a lateralização, tendo se verificado redução nos valores obtidos em todas as direções medidas em comparação aos padrões de normalidade. Foram realizadas 11 sessões de terapia, com frequência semanal, utilizando estratégia de biofeedback que consistia em jogos computacionais acionados pela língua. Um instrumento encaixado na cavidade oral funcionava como um joystick, sendo método de entrada para jogos digitais específicos. Em casa, a paciente realizou exercícios isométricos de pressão de ponta de língua contra espátula, retração exagerada de língua, afilamento lingual e isotônico de tocar comissuras e lábios alternadamente, diariamente. Após oito sessões, em relação à pressão na elevação, houve melhora de 28,6% para o ápice e 7,1% para o dorso. Quanto à protrusão, houve melhora de 123,5%. Nas medidas de lateralizações esquerda e direita, os valores aumentaram 53,8% e 7,4%, respectivamente. Após 12 sessões, percebeu-se melhora, em relação à avaliação inicial, de 35,7%, 7,4%, 164%, 76,9% e 40,7%, para elevação de ápice, de dorso, protrusão, lateralizações esquerda e direita, respectivamente. Apesar do aumento, valores preconizados na literatura, como normalidade para o sexo e a idade, não foram atingidos com 12 sessões.

ABSTRACT This research had the objective of reporting a clinical case in which the rehabilitation of tongue strength with biofeedback strategy was performed. This case report addresses a 20-year-old patient whose orofacial myofunctional evaluation revealed a severe decrease in the force of the anterior third of the tongue and changes in lingual mobility and coordination. The measurement of tongue pressure was performed using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI) during elevation, protrusion and lateralization, and it was verified a reduction in the values ​​obtained in all measured directions, compared with normality patterns. We performed 11 sessions of therapy, with weekly frequency, using a biofeedback strategy that consisted of computer games controlled by the tongue. An instrument embedded in the oral cavity functioned as a joystick as the input method for specific digital games. The patient performed at home the isometric exercises of pressing the tip of the tongue against a spatula, exaggerated retraction of tongue, tongue tapering, and isotonic exercise of touching the commissures and lips alternately, daily. After eight sessions, in relation to the elevation pressure, there was an improvement of 28.6% for the apex and 7.1% for the dorsum. As for protrusion, there was an improvement of 123.5%. In the measurements of left and right lateralization, the values ​​increased 53.8% and 7.4%, respectively. After twelve sessions, it was observed an improvement of 35.7%, 7.4%, 164%, 76.9% and 40.7% in relation to the initial evaluation, for apex elevation, dorsum elevation, protrusion, and lateralization to left and right, respectively. Despite the increase, values ​​recommended in the literature as normal for sex and age were not reached after 12 therapy sessions.

State-dependent changes in the upper airway assessed by multidetector CT in healthy individuals and during obstructive events in patients with sleep apnea / Alterações nas vias aéreas superiores avaliadas por TC multidetectores durante a vigília e o sono em indivíduos saudáveis e em pacientes com apneia do sono durante eventos obstrutivos

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine whether airway narrowing during obstructive events occurs predominantly at the retropalatal level and results from dynamic changes in the lateral pharyngeal walls and in tongue position. Methods: We evaluated 11 patients with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and 7 healthy controls without OSA during wakefulness and during natural sleep (documented by full polysomnography). Using fast multidetector CT, we obtained images of the upper airway in the waking and sleep states. Results: Upper airway narrowing during sleep was significantly greater at the retropalatal level than at the retroglossal level in the OSA group (p < 0.001) and in the control group (p < 0.05). The retropalatal airway volume was smaller in the OSA group than in the control group during wakefulness (p < 0.05) and decreased significantly from wakefulness to sleep only among the OSA group subjects. Retropalatal pharyngeal narrowing was attributed to reductions in the anteroposterior diameter (p = 0.001) and lateral diameter (p = 0.006), which correlated with an increase in lateral pharyngeal wall volume (p = 0.001) and posterior displacement of the tongue (p = 0.001), respectively. Retroglossal pharyngeal narrowing during sleep did not occur in the OSA group subjects. Conclusions: In patients with OSA, upper airway narrowing during sleep occurs predominantly at the retropalatal level, affecting the anteroposterior and lateral dimensions, being associated with lateral pharyngeal wall enlargement and posterior tongue displacement.

Resumo Objetivo: Determinar se o estreitamento das vias aéreas durante eventos obstrutivos ocorre predominantemente na região retropalatal e resulta de alterações dinâmicas nas paredes laterais da faringe e na posição da língua. Métodos: Avaliamos 11 pacientes com apneia obstrutiva do sono (AOS) grave (grupo AOS) e 7 indivíduos saudáveis sem AOS (grupo controle) durante a vigília e o sono natural (documentado por meio de polissonografia completa). Por meio de TC multidetectores rápida, obtivemos imagens das vias aéreas superiores no estado de vigília e de sono. Resultados: O estreitamento das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono foi significativamente maior na região retropalatal do que na região retrolingual no grupo AOS (p < 0,001) e no grupo controle (p < 0,05). O volume da via aérea retropalatal foi menor no grupo AOS do que no grupo controle durante a vigília (p < 0,05) e diminuiu significativamente da vigília ao sono apenas no grupo AOS. O estreitamento retropalatal da faringe foi atribuído à redução do diâmetro anteroposterior (p = 0,001) e lateral (p = 0,006), que se correlacionou com o aumento do volume das paredes laterais da faringe (p = 0,001) e o deslocamento posterior da língua (p = 0,001). Não ocorreu estreitamento retrolingual da faringe durante o sono no grupo AOS. Conclusões: Em pacientes com AOS, o estreitamento das vias aéreas superiores durante o sono ocorre predominantemente na região retropalatal e afeta as dimensões anteroposterior e lateral, além de estar relacionado com aumento das paredes laterais da faringe e deslocamento posterior da língua.

Effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy on masticatory function in individuals submitted to orthognathic surgery: a randomized trial

Abstract Objectives: The esthetic and functional results of orthognathic surgery of severe dentofacial deformities are predictable, however there are differences regarding the effects on stomatognathic system. The aim was to investigate the effects of orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT) on the masticatory function in individuals with dentofacial deformity submitted to orthognathic surgery (OGS). Material and Methods: Forty-eight individuals (18-40 years) were evaluated, 14 undergoing OMT (treated group-TG), 10 without this treatment (untreated group-UTG) and 24 in a control group with normal occlusion; for clinical aspects the data of an individual was missed (n=46). Chewing was performed using the Expanded protocol of orofacial myofunctional evaluation with scores (OMES-E). Muscle tone and mobility were also analyzed before (P0), three (P1) and six months (P2) after OGS. Surface electromyography of the masseter and temporalis muscles was performed, considering the parameters amplitude and duration of act and cycle, and the number of masticatory cycles. The OMT consisted of ten therapeutic sessions along the postoperative period. The results were compared using parametric and non-parametric tests. Results: TG showed higher scores in P1 and P2 than P0; for the masticatory type the scores in P2 were significantly higher than P0. In addition, the proportion of individuals with adequate tone of lower lip and adequate tongue mobility for TG increased significantly from P1 and P2 in relation to P0. The EMG results showed a decrease in act and cycle duration in P2 in relation to P0 and P1 for the TG; furthermore the values were close to controls. An increase in the number of cycles from P0 to P2 was also observed, indicating faster chewing, which may be attributed to an improvement of balanced occlusion associated with OMT. Conclusion: There were positive effects of OMT on the clinical and electromyography aspects of chewing in individual submitted to orthognathic surgery.

Comparative study of oral and salivary parameters in patients with and without loss of bone mass

Abstract Osteoporosis is an insidious and increasingly prevalent disease that can cause fractures and affect patients' quality of life. The current study comparatively evaluates patients with and without loss of bone mass in terms of salivary calcium, viscosity, and pH. A controlled cross-sectional study was conducted in two groups of 32 postmenopausal women subjected to a bone densitometry scan and later referred for dental management at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The patients were assigned to two groups: Group 1 - patients with low bone mineral density (BMD) and Group 2 - patients without bone mineral changes. The following salivary parameters were evaluated: calcium concentration, flow rate, viscosity, pH, and average total protein. An oral examination was performed for assessment of DMFT variables and tongue coating. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting a p-value < 0.05. The patients' mean age was 60 years (± 7.35). Salivary flow, pH, and viscosity were similar among the groups. Average total protein was 14.8 mg/mL and 19.0 mg/mL in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Tongue coating and salivary calcium levels were significantly higher in Group 1 (p < 0.001). Salivary calcium is an important screening tool and may eventually be used for the diagnosis of bone mineral changes.

Identificação das alterações de deglutição: percepção de pacientes com doenças neurodegenerativas / Identification of swallowing disorders: the perception of patients with neurodegenerative diseases

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar a percepção de indivíduos com doenças neurodegenerativas quanto às alterações de deglutição, e conhecer as sensações ao deglutir que podem favorecer a identificação precoce de disfagia. Método Trata-se de um estudo transversal com 44 sujeitos com doenças neurodegenerativas. Todos responderam a um questionário para investigação da sensação percebida ao deglutir e mensuração da intensidade da sensação. Foram questionados quanto à presença de fadiga por meio da Fatigue Severity Scale. Para detecção de queixas de deglutição, foi utilizada a versão traduzida e adaptada para o português brasileiro do Swallowing Disturbance Questionaire. A Funcional Oral Intake Scale foi utilizada para classificar o nível de ingestão oral. Realizou-se videofluoroscopia da deglutição para verificar a correspondência entre a percepção dos participantes e a fisiopatologia da deglutição. Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva e exploratória. Resultados Houve correspondência entre os achados da videofluoroscopia e a percepção dos sujeitos em 76,5% casos. Sensações como desconforto, cansaço e incômodo foram percebidas ao engolir, especialmente, na consistência sólida. Tais sensações foram referidas, predominantemente, na região da garganta, da metade para o final das refeições. Houve associação entre fadiga durante a alimentação e odinofagia. A fadiga durante a deglutição foi associada à pior funcionalidade oral. Conclusão A maioria dos participantes percebeu as alterações presentes em sua deglutição. Sensações como ardor, desconforto, incômodo, cansaço, dor, câimbra ou irritação foram referidas pelos participantes e se mostraram associadas com sinais e sintomas que sugerem risco de aspiração laringotraqueal, especialmente, devido à fadiga muscular decorrente de fraqueza, incoordenação e/ou rigidez da musculatura.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the perception of patients with neurodegenerative diseases regarding swallowing changes and to know the perceptions of swallowing sensations that can promote the early identification of dysphagia. Methods It is a cross-sectional study with 44 patients with neurodegenerative diseases. All of them answered a questionnaire to know the sensation perceived during swallowing and its intensity. The Fatigue Severity Scale was applied to measure fatigue and the Swallowing Disturbance Questionnaire was applied to detect swallowing complaints. The Functional Oral Intake Scale was used to classify the swallowing functionality. Videofluoroscopic swallowing study (VFSS) was performed to verify the correspondence between the patient's perceptions and swallowing physiopathology. A descriptive and exploratory statistical analysis was performed. Results There was correspondence between VFSS findings and the patient's perception in 76.5% of the cases. Sensations such as discomfort and fatigue were perceived during swallowing, especially with solids. Such feelings have predominantly been reported in the throat, from the half to the end of the meal. There was association between fatigue and odynophagia. Fatigue during swallowing was associated with worse functionality of oral intake. Conclusion Most participants perceived the disorders in their swallowing. Sensations such as burning, discomfort, tiredness, pain, cramp, or irritation were perceived by participants and were associated with symptoms that may suggest risk of aspiration due to fatigue resulting from weakness, incoordination, and/or stiffness of muscles.

Implementation of a standardized out-of-hospital management method for Parkinson dysphagia

Summary Objective: Our objective is to explore the effectiveness and feasibility of establishing a swallowing management clinic to implement out-of-hospital management for Parkinson disease (PD) patients with dysphagia. Method: Two-hundred seventeen (217) voluntary PD patients with dysphagia in a PD outpatient clinic were divided into a control group with 100 people, and an experimental group with 117 people. The control group was given dysphagia rehabilitation guidance. The experimental group was presented with the standardized out-of-hospital management method as overall management and information and education materials. Rehabilitation efficiency and incidence rate of dysphagia, as well as relevant complications of both groups were compared after a 6-month intervention. Results: Rehabilitation efficiency and the incidence rate of dysphagia including relevant complications of patients treated with the standardized out-of-hospital management were compared with those seen in the control group. The differences have distinct statistics meaning (p<0.01). Conclusion: Establishing a swallowing management protocol for outpatient setting can effectively help the recovery of the function of swallowing, reduce the incidence rate of dysphagia complications and improve the quality of life in patients with PD.

Simple motor tasks independently predict extubation failure in critically ill neurological patients / Tarefas motoras simples predizem independentemente a falha de extubação em pacientes neurológicos críticos

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of simple motor tasks such as hand grasping and tongue protrusion as predictors of extubation failure in critically ill neurological patients. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted in the neurological ICU of a tertiary care hospital in the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. Adult patients who had been intubated for neurological reasons and were eligible for weaning were included in the study. The ability of patients to perform simple motor tasks such as hand grasping and tongue protrusion was evaluated as a predictor of extubation failure. Data regarding duration of mechanical ventilation, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, mortality, and incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia were collected. Results: A total of 132 intubated patients who had been receiving mechanical ventilation for at least 24 h and who passed a spontaneous breathing trial were included in the analysis. Logistic regression showed that patient inability to grasp the hand of the examiner (relative risk = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.01-2.44; p < 0.045) and protrude the tongue (relative risk = 6.84; 95% CI: 2.49-18.8; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for extubation failure. Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II scores (p = 0.02), Glasgow Coma Scale scores at extubation (p < 0.001), eye opening response (p = 0.001), MIP (p < 0.001), MEP (p = 0.006), and the rapid shallow breathing index (p = 0.03) were significantly different between the failed extubation and successful extubation groups. Conclusions: The inability to follow simple motor commands is predictive of extubation failure in critically ill neurological patients. Hand grasping and tongue protrusion on command might be quick and easy bedside tests to identify neurocritical care patients who are candidates for extubation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a utilidade de tarefas motoras simples, tais como preensão de mão e protrusão da língua, para predizer extubação malsucedida em pacientes neurológicos críticos. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo de coorte realizado na UTI neurológica de um hospital terciário em Porto Alegre (RS). Pacientes adultos que haviam sido intubados por motivos neurológicos e que eram candidatos ao desmame foram incluídos no estudo. O estudo avaliou se a capacidade dos pacientes de realizar tarefas motoras simples como apertar as mãos do examinador e pôr a língua para fora seria um preditor de extubação malsucedida. Foram coletados dados referentes ao tempo de ventilação mecânica, tempo de internação na UTI, tempo de internação hospitalar, mortalidade e incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica. Resultados: Foram incluídos na análise 132 pacientes intubados que haviam recebido ventilação mecânica durante pelo menos 24 h e que passaram no teste de respiração espontânea. A regressão logística mostrou que a incapacidade dos pacientes de apertar a mão do examinador (risco relativo = 1,57; IC95%: 1,01-2,44; p < 0,045) e de pôr a língua para fora (risco relativo = 6,84; IC95%: 2,49-18,8; p < 0,001) foram fatores independentes de risco de extubação malsucedida. Houve diferenças significativas entre os pacientes nos quais a extubação foi malsucedida e aqueles nos quais a extubação foi bem-sucedida quanto à pontuação obtida no Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (p = 0,02), pontuação obtida na Escala de Coma de Glasgow no momento da extubação (p < 0,001), abertura dos olhos em resposta ao comando (p = 0,001), PImáx (p < 0,001), PEmáx (p = 0,006) e índice de respiração rápida e superficial (p = 0,03). Conclusões: A incapacidade de obedecer a comandos motores simples é preditora de extubação malsucedida em pacientes neurológicos críticos. Preensão de mão e protrusão da língua em resposta ao comando podem ser testes rápidos e fáceis realizados à beira do leito para identificar pacientes neurológicos críticos que sejam candidatos à extubação.

Análise quantitativa das curvas de língua na avaliação ultrassonográfica da fala para o som [j] em adultos e crianças / Ultrasound analysis of tongue contour for the sound [j] in adults and children

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar e comparar os contornos médios de língua e os gestos articulatórios na produção do [j] em adultos e crianças com desenvolvimento típico e crianças com desenvolvimento atípico de fala. As crianças com desenvolvimento atípico de fala apresentavam desordens nos sons da fala caracterizadas como desvio fonológico. Método O diagnóstico foi determinado pelas avaliações fonoaudiológicas. Desse modo, a amostra foi constituída por três grupos: 30 adultos com desenvolvimento típico de fala (idades entre 19 e 44 anos), 30 crianças com desenvolvimento típico de fala e 30 crianças com desvio fonológico, denominadas neste estudo como atípicas (idades entre quatro anos e oito anos e onze meses). Para todos os grupos, foi realizada avaliação ultrassonográfica dos movimentos da língua. A pesquisa comparou os contornos médios de língua entre os três grupos em diferentes contextos vocálicos seguintes ao som [j]. Para a delimitação dos gestos, considerou-se a elevação máxima da ponta da língua, utilizando-se software Articulate Assistant Advanced (AAA) e imagens no plano sagital/Modo B. Os pontos que interceptaram as curvas de língua foram analisados pela ferramenta estatística R. Os gráficos dos contornos de língua foram obtidos através do cálculo de intervalo com 95% de confiança. Depois dessa etapa, foram obtidas as regiões com diferenças significativas (p-valor ≤ 0,05) entre os grupos de CT e CA. Resultados Os contornos médios de língua demonstraram o gesto para a semivogal [j] na comparação entre crianças típicas e atípicas. Para a semivogal [j], há um gesto de língua, de dorso, em direção à área central do palato duro, sendo observadas diferenças significativas entre as crianças. Conclusão Os resultados permitiram concluir que existem diferenças entre os grupos de crianças quanto à capacidade de refinar os gestos articulatórios.

ABSTRACT Purpose Analyze and compare the mean tongue contours and articulatory gestures in the production of the sound [j] in adults and children with typical and atypical speech development. The children with atypical development presented speech sound disorders. Methods The diagnosis was determined by speech assessments. The study sample was composed of 90 individuals divided into three groups: 30 adults with typical speech development aged 19-44 years (AT), 30 children with typical speech development (CT), and 30 children with speech sound disorders, named as atypical in this study, aged four years to eight years and eleven months (CA). Ultrasonography assessment of tongue movements was performed for all groups. Mean tongue contours were compared between three groups in different vocalic contexts following the sound [j]. The maximum elevation of the tongue tip was considered for delimitation of gestures using the Articulate Assistant Advanced (AAA) software and images in sagittal plane/Mode B. The points that intercepted the language curves were analyzed by the statistical tool R. The graphs of tongue contours were obtained adopting a 95% confidence interval. After that, the regions with significant statistical differences (p<0.05) between the CT and CA groups were obtained. Results The mean tongue contours demonstrated the gesture for the sound [j] in the comparison between typical and atypical children. For the semivowel [j], there is an articulatory gesture of tongue and dorsum towards the center of ​​the hard palate, with significant differences observed between the children. Conclusion The results showed differences between the groups of children regarding the ability to refine articulatory gestures.

Alteration of taste buds in experimental cirrhosis. Is there correlation with human hypogeusia? / Alteração de paladar em um modelo experimental de cirrose. Existe correlação com hipogeusia humana?

ABSTRACT Background The inherent complications of cirrhosis include protein-calorie malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies.Changes in taste are detrimental to the nutritional status, and the mechanism to explain these changes is not well documented in the cirrhotic patients. Objective To evaluate the taste buds of cirrhotic rats. Methods Fourteen male Wistar rats were evaluated. After 16 weeks, the liver was removed to histologically diagnose cirrhosis, and blood was collected to perform liver integrity tests. The tongue was removed for histological examination and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against protein gene product PGP 9.5 and the sweet taste receptors T1R2 and T1R3. Morphological changes were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Serum zinc levels were measured. Results The cirrhotic animals, but not the control animals, exhibited zinc deficiency. In both groups, there was positive immunoreactivity for type II and III cells and T1R2 receptors. The cirrhotic animals had no immunoreactivity for T1R3 receptors. Scanning electron microscopy analysis of the cirrhotic group revealed a uniform tapering of the gustatory papillae. Conclusion In conclusion the experimental cirrhosis model mimicked the biochemical and histological parameters of human cirrhosis, therefore enabling a study of the gustatory papillae and taste buds.

RESUMO Contexto As complicações inerentes de cirrose incluem a desnutrição proteico-calórica e deficiências de micronutrientes. Alterações no paladar são prejudiciais para o estado nutricional e o mecanismo para explicar essas mudanças não é bem documentada nos pacientes cirróticos. Objetivo Avaliar as papilas gustativas de ratos cirróticos. Métodos Foram avaliados 14 ratos Wistar machos. Após 16 semanas, o fígado foi removido para diagnosticar histologicamente cirrose, e o sangue foi colhido para efetuar testes de integridade hepática. A língua foi removida para exame histológico e imuno-histoquímica utilizando anticorpos contra o gene da proteína PGP 9.5 e os receptores de sabor doce T1R2 e T1R3. As alterações morfológicas foram determinadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e os níveis de zinco no soro foram medidos. Resultados Os animais cirróticos, em relação aos animais controle, apresentaram deficiência de zinco significativa. Em ambos os grupos, houve imunorreatividade positiva para o tipo II e células III e receptores T1R2. Os animais cirróticos não tinham imunoreactividade para receptores T1R3. Microscopia eletrônica de varredura do grupo cirrótico revelou um afilamento uniforme das papilas gustativas. Conclusão O modelo de cirrose experimental imitou os parâmetros bioquímicos e histológicos de cirrose humana, portanto, permitindo um estudo das papilas gustativas e paladar.

Analysis of speech and tongue motion in normal and post-glossectomy speaker using cine MRI

ABSTRACT Objective Since the tongue is the oral structure responsible for mastication, pronunciation, and swallowing functions, patients who undergo glossectomy can be affected in various aspects of these functions. The vowel /i/ uses the tongue shape, whereas /u/ uses tongue and lip shapes. The purpose of this study is to investigate the morphological changes of the tongue and the adaptation of pronunciation using cine MRI for speech of patients who undergo glossectomy. Material and Methods Twenty-three controls (11 males and 12 females) and 13 patients (eight males and five females) volunteered to participate in the experiment. The patients underwent glossectomy surgery for T1 or T2 lateral lingual tumors. The speech tasks “a souk” and “a geese” were spoken by all subjects providing data for the vowels /u/ and /i/. Cine MRI and speech acoustics were recorded and measured to compare the changes in the tongue with vowel acoustics after surgery. 2D measurements were made of the interlip distance, tongue-palate distance, tongue position (anterior-posterior and superior-inferior), tongue height on the left and right sides, and pharynx size. Vowel formants Fl, F2, and F3 were measured. Results The patients had significantly lower F2/Fl ratios (F=5.911, p=0.018), and lower F3/F1 ratios that approached significance. This was seen primarily in the /u/ data. Patients had flatter tongue shapes than controls with a greater effect seen in /u/ than /i/. Conclusion The patients showed complex adaptation motion in order to preserve the acoustic integrity of the vowels, and the tongue modified cavity size relationships to maintain the value of the formant frequencies.

Função de língua e funções orofaciais em indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular / Tongue function and orofacial functions in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência das condições funcionais da língua nas funções de mastigação, deglutição e fala em indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) articular (deslocamento de disco com redução) e possível componente muscular associado. A amostra foi formada por 45 indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, de 18 a 28 anos, divididos em dois grupos: DTM (n=30) e Controle (n=15). A função de língua foi averiguada quanto à tonicidade, mobilidade, pressão e diadococinesia oral. As funções de mastigação, deglutição e fala foram avaliadas a partir do exame clínico. Os dados referentes à tonicidade, mobilidade e às funções orofaciais foram coletados por meio do protocolo MBGR. A função mastigatória foi analisada, também, com a eletromiografia de superfície, sendo que os índices eletromiográficos foram obtidos durante mastigação unilateral. A pressão da língua foi mensurada utilizando-se o Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI), durante as provas de elevação, lateralização, protrusão, deglutição e teste de fadiga. A análise da diadococinesia (DDC) oral foi realizada com o uso do Programa Motor Speech Profile Advanced (MSP). Para comparar os grupos e analisar as correlações, testes estatísticos pertinentes foram aplicados adotando-se nível de significância de p<0,05. Ao comparar os grupos DTM e Controle, não foi encontrada diferença entre eles para a tonicidade, mobilidade e pressão de língua, bem como para as funções de mastigação, deglutição e fala e índices eletromiográficos. No entanto, para a diadococinesia oral, o grupo DTM apresentou menor velocidade nas emissões por segundo (p=0,019) e maior tempo entre as vocalizações (p=0,024) na emissão [ta] em relação ao grupo Controle. Dentre as relações evidenciadas no grupo DTM, foi observada correlação entre mobilidade de língua e deglutição (r=0,741); pressão de língua na protrusão (r=-0,366) e na deglutição de saliva (r=-0,499) e deglutição; média da taxa da DDC e deglutição nas emissões [ta]...

This study objective was to verify the influence of the functional conditions of the tongue in chewing, swallowing and speech functions in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) with articular disorders (disk displacement with reduction) and with possible associated muscle components. The sample consisted of 45 individuals of both genders, aged 18 to 28 years old, divided into two groups: TMD (n=30) and Control (n=15). The tongue function was verified as to the tone, mobility, pressure and oral diadochokinesia. The chewing, swallowing and speech functions were evaluated starting from the clinical examination. Data referring to tone, mobility and orofacial functions were collected through the MBGR Protocol. The chewing function was also analyzed using the surface electromyography, and the electromyographic indices were obtained during unilateral chewing. The tongue pressure was measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI), during the trials of lifting, lateralization, protrusion, swallowing and fatigue test. The oral diadochokinesia (DDK) was analyzed using the Motor Speech Profile Advanced (MSP) program. In order to compare groups and analyze correlations, relevant statistical tests were applied with a significance level of p?0.05. When comparing the TMD and Control groups, no difference was found between them for tone, mobility and pressure of the tongue, as well as for the chewing, swallowing and speech functions and electromyographic indices. However, regarding the oral diadochokinesia, the TMD group presented lower velocity in emissions per second (p=0.019) and longer time between the vocalizations (p=0.024) in the emission [ta] compared with the Control group. Among the relations evidenced in the TMD group, a correlation was observed between tongue mobility and swallowing (r=0.741); tongue pressure in protrusion (r=-0.366) and in the saliva swallowing (r=-0.499) and swallowing; mean rate of DDC and swallowing...

Função de língua e funções orofaciais em indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular / Tongue function and orofacial functions in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a influência das condições funcionais da língua nas funções de mastigação, deglutição e fala em indivíduos com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) articular (deslocamento de disco com redução) e possível componente muscular associado. A amostra foi formada por 45 indivíduos, de ambos os gêneros, de 18 a 28 anos, divididos em dois grupos: DTM (n=30) e Controle (n=15). A função de língua foi averiguada quanto à tonicidade, mobilidade, pressão e diadococinesia oral. As funções de mastigação, deglutição e fala foram avaliadas a partir do exame clínico. Os dados referentes à tonicidade, mobilidade e às funções orofaciais foram coletados por meio do protocolo MBGR. A função mastigatória foi analisada, também, com a eletromiografia de superfície, sendo que os índices eletromiográficos foram obtidos durante mastigação unilateral. A pressão da língua foi mensurada utilizando-se o Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI), durante as provas de elevação, lateralização, protrusão, deglutição e teste de fadiga. A análise da diadococinesia (DDC) oral foi realizada com o uso do Programa Motor Speech Profile Advanced (MSP). Para comparar os grupos e analisar as correlações, testes estatísticos pertinentes foram aplicados adotando-se nível de significância de p<0,05. Ao comparar os grupos DTM e Controle, não foi encontrada diferença entre eles para a tonicidade, mobilidade e pressão de língua, bem como para as funções de mastigação, deglutição e fala e índices eletromiográficos. No entanto, para a diadococinesia oral, o grupo DTM apresentou menor velocidade nas emissões por segundo (p=0,019) e maior tempo entre as vocalizações (p=0,024) na emissão [ta] em relação ao grupo Controle. Dentre as relações evidenciadas no grupo DTM, foi observada correlação entre mobilidade de língua e deglutição (r=0,741); pressão de língua na protrusão (r=-0,366) e na deglutição de saliva (r=-0,499) e deglutição; média da taxa da DDC e deglutição nas emissões...

This study objective was to verify the influence of the functional conditions of the tongue in chewing, swallowing and speech functions in individuals with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) with articular disorders (disk displacement with reduction) and with possible associated muscle components. The sample consisted of 45 individuals of both genders, aged 18 to 28 years old, divided into two groups: TMD (n=30) and Control (n=15). The tongue function was verified as to the tone, mobility, pressure and oral diadochokinesia. The chewing, swallowing and speech functions were evaluated starting from the clinical examination. Data referring to tone, mobility and orofacial functions were collected through the MBGR Protocol. The chewing function was also analyzed using the surface electromyography, and the electromyographic indices were obtained during unilateral chewing. The tongue pressure was measured using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument (IOPI), during the trials of lifting, lateralization, protrusion, swallowing and fatigue test. The oral diadochokinesia (DDK) was analyzed using the Motor Speech Profile Advanced (MSP) program. In order to compare groups and analyze correlations, relevant statistical tests were applied with a significance level of p?0.05. When comparing the TMD and Control groups, no difference was found between them for tone, mobility and pressure of the tongue, as well as for the chewing, swallowing and speech functions and electromyographic indices. However, regarding the oral diadochokinesia, the TMD group presented lower velocity in emissions per second (p=0.019) and longer time between the vocalizations (p=0.024) in the emission [ta] compared with the Control group. Among the relations evidenced in the TMD group, a correlation was observed between tongue mobility and swallowing (r=0.741); tongue pressure in protrusion (r=-0.366) and in the saliva swallowing (r=-0.499) and swallowing; mean rate of DDC and swallowing...

Effects of chin advancement surgery in hyoid bone and tongue positions and in the dimension of the oropharynx

INTRODUÇÃO: a cirurgia de avanço de mento isolado tem sido cada vez mais indicada para a correção de deficiência anterior da mandíbula, harmonizando o perfil e gerando alterações funcionais. OBJETIVO: essa pesquisa teve a finalidade de avaliar os efeitos da cirurgia de avanço de mento no tamanho da orofaringe e nas posições do osso hioide e da língua. MÉTODOS: a amostra constou de 22 radiografias cefalométricas de perfil de 11 indivíduos que se submeteram à cirurgia de mentoplastia de avanço isolada. Dessas radiografias, 11 retratavam o período imediatamente pré-cirúrgico (T0) e 11 o pós-cirúrgico de, pelo menos, quatro meses (T1). As radiografias foram digitalizadas e transferidas para o programa Radiocef Studio 2.0, por meio do qual foram feitas as medições entre os pontos demarcados. RESULTADOS: verificaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre T0 e T1 quanto à posição do osso hioide e da língua no sentido horizontal e ao tamanho da orofaringe. O osso hioide se apresentou posicionado mais anterior em T1 (p = 0,01), assim como a língua, aumentando o tamanho da orofaringe (p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: houve aumento do espaço aéreo da orofaringe com o posicionamento mais anterior da base da língua, bem como a reposição do osso hioide anteriormente.

INTRODUCTION: Advancement genioplasty has been increasingly indicated for the correction of anterior mandibular deficiency as it balances the patient's profile and generates functional changes. OBJECTIVE: Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of advancement genioplasty in the oropharyngeal size and in the position of the hyoid bone and tongue. METHODS: The sample comprised 22 lateral cephalometric radiographs of 11 individuals who had undergone advancement genioplasty alone. Eleven of these radiographs depicted the immediate preoperative period (T0) and the other 11 the postoperative period after at least four months (T1). The radiographs were scanned and exported to the Radiocef Studio 2.0® software (Radio Memory Ltda., Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil). The landmarks were then identified and automatically measured by the program. RESULTS: The results showed statistically significant differences between the horizontal position of the hyoid bone and tongue and in the oropharyngeal size. The hyoid bone and tongue were repositioned anteriorly after surgery (p = 0.01), thereby increasing the dimension of the oropharyngeal airspace (p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The oropharyngeal dimension increased as the tongue base and hyoid bone were repositioned more anteriorly.

Caracterização do posicionamento e ação motora de língua em pacientes com fissura labiopalatina em um serviço de referência de Porto Alegre / Characterization of the positioning and motor action of the tongue in patients with cleft lip and palate in a reference service in Porto Alegre

Introdução: As fissuras labiopalatinas apresentam-se como a anomalia congênita mais frequente na face, ocorrendo como transtornos isolados ou associados a outras anormalidades, podendo repercutir em alterações fonoaudiológicas ligadas à fala e motricidade orofacial. Este estudo objetivou caracterizar aspectos do exame orofacial correlacionando o tipo de fissura com o posicionamento de língua em repouso e na deglutição, bem como seu desempenho na realização de praxias orofaciais, em sujeitos com fissura labiopalatina acompanhados no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica Craniomaxilofacial do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, realizado por meio de pesquisa documental, realizada nos registros dos prontuários de casos de fissura labiopalatina, atendidos no HCPA.Dos 123 prontuários selecionados, foram estratificados dados de 34 pacientes, por apresentarem avaliação orofacial completa nos aspectos selecionados. Resultados: Prevaleceu a fissura labiopalatal unilateral (32,4%), havendo predomínio discreto do sexo masculino (55,9%) e faixa etária de 6 a 10 anos de idade (26,5%). A posição de língua no repouso manifestou-se alterada na maioria dos casos apresentados, bem como na função de deglutição. A limitação e assimetria de língua na realização das praxias orofaciais manifestaram-se igualmente na maioria dos casos. Conclusão: Não foi encontrada associação estatística significativa quando relacionada à classificação das fissuras com a postura de língua na deglutição, postura de língua nas praxias e respiração. Contudo, correlacionaram-se as fissuras labiais unilaterais e palatais apenas com a postura da língua em repouso na papila palatina, o mesmo apresentou relação estatisticamente significativa (p 0,008)

Introduction: Cleft lip and clef palate are the most common congenital anomalies of the face, occurring as isolated disorders or in association with other abnormalities, which may lead to speech-language disorders related to orofacial changes. This study aimed to characterize aspects of the orofacial examination by correlating cleft type with the positioning of the tongue at rest and during swallowing, as well as performance of orofacial movements, in subjects with cleft lip/palate cared for at the Department of Plastic Craniomaxilofacial Surgery of the Hospital de Clinicas of Porto Alegre (HCPA). Methods: This was a cross-sectional study based on an analysis of the medical records of cases of cleft lip/palate treated at the HCPA. Of the 123 records selected, we stratified data of 34 patients who had undergone complete orofacial evaluation in selected aspects. Results: Unilateral cleft lip and palate prevailed (32.4%), with a slight predominance of males (55.9%) and the 6-10-year age bracket (26.5%). In most of the cases, the resting position of the tongue as well as the swallowing function were found to be changed. Limitation and asymmetry of the tongue in performing orofacial movements were seen in most cases as well. Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association as related to the classification of the clefts with the positioning of the tongue in swallowing, tongue posture during movements, and breathing. However, unilateral cleft lip and palate correlated only with resting tongue posture in the palatine papilla, which was statistically significant (p 0.008)

Cysticercosis in experimentally and naturally infected pigs: parasitological and immunological diagnosis / Cisticercose em suínos infectados experimentalmente e naturalmente: diagnósticos parasitológico e imunológico

Our objective was to evaluate the diagnosis of swine cysticercosis by examining "ante mortem" (inspection of the tongue), "post mortem" (inspection and detailed necropsy) and ELISA for research in serum of antibodies (Ab-ELISA) and antigens (Ag-ELISA). Seven (7) pigs were experimentally infected orally with eggs of Taenia solium and another 10 were naturally infected. In the pigs experimentally infected, inspection of the tongue was negative in all animals, in the routine inspection detailed necropsy and cysticercis were identified in all of them. In pigs with heavy natural infection, inspection of the tongue identified cysticerci in two (20%), while at inspection with necropsy the parasites were identified in large quantities in all animals. In ELISA for antibody search (Ab-ELISA) TS-14 recombinant protein was used, and in search for antigen (Ag-ELISA) a monoclonal antibody against this protein. In animals experimentally infected, blood was collected weekly for 140 days. The Ab-ELISA identified an increase in titers of antibody to cysticerci 21 days after infection, and at the end of the experimental period six animals (86%) were positive to the test. The search for circulating antigens (Ag-ELISA) was positive in two pigs 28 to 91 days after infection. All naturally infected pigs were positive for Ag-ELISA and Ab-ELISA. The search for antibodies and antigens by ELISA in serum from 30 pigs of a local farm and without history of cysticercosis was negative. Thus, the use of TS-14 antigen in ELISA test (Ab-ELISA) can be useful for the diagnosis of cysticercosis in pigs with low infection.

Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o diagnóstico de cisticercose suína através do exame "ante mortem" (inspeção da língua), "post mortem" (inspeção e necropsia detalhada) e teste de ELISA para a pesquisa no soro de anticorpos (Ab-ELISA) e antígenos (Ag -ELISA). Sete (7) suínos foram infectados experimentalmente por via oral com ovos de Taenia solium e outros 10 eram portadores de infecção natural generalizada. Nos suínos experimentalmente infectados, a inspeção da língua foi negativa em todos os animais, na inspeção 4 (57%) estavam infectados, a necropsia detalhada identificou cisticercos em todos os animais. Nos animais com infecção natural generalizada, a inspeção da língua identificou cisticercos em 2 (20%), enquanto que a inspeção e a necropsia os parasitas foram identificados em grande quantidade em todos os animais. No teste de ELISA para a pesquisa de anticorpos (Ab-ELISA) foi utilizada a proteína recombinante TS-14 e para a pesquisa de antígenos (Ag-ELISA) um anticorpo monoclonal produzido contra esta proteína. Nos animais experimentalmente infectados o sangue foi coletado semanalmente por um período de 140 dias. O Ab-ELISA identificou um aumento nos títulos de anticorpos para cisticercos 21 dias após a infecção, sendo que no final do período experimental 6 animais (86%) foram positivos ao teste. A pesquisa de antígenos circulantes (Ag-ELISA), foi positiva em 2 animais, entre os dias 21 e 91 após a infecção . Todos os suínos com infecção natural generalizada foram positivos para Ag-ELISA e Ab-ELISA.A pesquisa de anticorpos e antígenos pelo ELISA realizada no soro de 30 suínos procedentes de uma criação local sem historia de cisticercose foi negativa. Assim o uso do antígeno TS-14 (Ac-ELISA), pode ser útil para o diagnóstico da cisticercose em suínos com baixa infecção.

Histopathological study of lingual circumvallate papillaeand associated tissues in brazilian smoker and non-smoker individuals

The circumvallate papillae differ from other gustatory structures in the number of taste buds and the presenceof a secretory apparatus associated with specialized serous glands, the Von-Ebner’s glands. This study evaluatedthe histopathological alterations in these structures and their associated tissues in relation to the smokinghabit. Thirty-two tongues, from a previously selected sample of 45 were studied, of which 16 belonged tosmokers and 16 to non-smoker individuals. They were obtained at necropsies from the morgue of the DeathVerification Service of UFPE, in agreement with the Secretary of Health of Pernambuco in Recife. A totalof 94 circumvallate papillae were studied. The samples were classified in two groups: smokers (S) and nonsmokers(NS). Three main alterations - inflammation, hyperplasia, and hyperkeratosis - were more frequentlyobserved in the analyzed samples. Many of these alterations can also be the result of other external factorsrather than cigarette smoking.