Efeito do treinamento de força e suplementação da dieta com leucina no tecido adiposo de ratos com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Effect of resistance training and diet supplementation with leucine in the adipose tissue of type 1 diabetic rats

A diabetes mellitus (DM) é considerada uma das principais epidemias mundiais deste século, sendo responsável direta ou indiretamente pelo óbito de 123 mil diabéticos no Brasil em 2010. Na diabetes mellitus do tipo 1 (DM1), que corresponde a 5-10% dos casos, há ausência ou um relativo déficit de insulina circulante, acarretando aumento na glicemia e em produtos glicosilados, que por sua vez, podem estar relacionados à perda de visão e doenças cardiovasculares. Além disso, a marcante perda de tecido adiposo verificada na DM1 também pode acarretar hipercolesterolemia e esteatose hepática, além de possivelmente contribuir para a inflamação crônica característica da doença. Neste contexto, o objetivo principal do presente estudo foi examinar o efeito do treinamento de força e suplementação da dieta com leucina no tecido adiposo de ratos portadores de diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Para a realização do estudo, ratos Wistar machos foram aleatoriamente distribuídos em quatros grupos: i) Grupo DA (controle) (n=8) - sem treinamento (sedentário) e suplementado com uma mistura de aminoácidos não-essenciais (água ad libitum); ii) Grupo DL (n=8) - sem treinamento (sedentário) e suplementado com leucina (água ad libitum); iii) Grupo DTA (n=8) - com treinamento de força e suplementado com uma mistura de aminoácidos não-essenciais (água ad libitum); iv) Grupo DTL (n = 8) - com treinamento de força e suplementado com leucina (água ad libitum). Após 12 semanas de intervenção, os animais foram eutanasiados. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: lactato, tolerância à glicose, sensibilidade à insulina, consumo semanal de ração e água, evolução semanal do peso total dos animais, peso total do tecido adiposo e dos diferentes coxins; no soro: triacilglicerol (TAG), lipoproteína de alta densidade (HDL), colesterol total, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, leptina, adiponectina e insulina; no tecido adiposo retroperitoneal: expressão gênica de mTOR, Akt, 4E-BP, eif4E, p70s6k, PPARy, LPL, leptina, adiponectina e CEBP-α; concentração total de TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, e IL-1ß. A tolerância à glicose, o consumo de ração e água, a concentração total do TAB e do TARP, assim como a expressão gênica de mTOR, 4E-BP1, eif4E, p70S6k, PPARγ e CEBP-α encontraram-se melhorados nos grupos DL, DTA e DTL em comparação ao grupo DA; e as concentrações de HDL, colesterol total, IL-10 e adiponectina no soro, bem como a expressão gênica de adiponectina e a concentração total de IL-10 no TARP apresentaram-se aumentadas somente nos grupos DTA e DTL quando comparados ao grupo DA. Como conclusão, ambas intervenções foram capazes de atenuar as alterações fisiológicas verificadas na DM1, dentre eles as perdas excessivas do TAB. No entanto, por servir de estímulo para uma maior síntese de citocinas e hormônios antiinflamatórios por parte TAB, o treinamento de força foi o principal responsável pela redução da inflamação sistêmica dos animais

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is considered one of the most important world epidemics of this century, being responsible directly or indirectly for the death of 123000 diabetics in Brazil in 2010. In type 1 diabetes (DM1), which corresponds to 5-10% of cases, there is absence or relative deficit of circulating insulin, leading to an increased glycemia and glycosilated products, which might be related to loss of vision and cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the marked loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) associated with DM1 might induce liver steatosis and hypercholesterolemia, besides possibly contributing to an increased chronic systemic inflammation. In this context, the main objective of the present study was examine the effect of resistance training and supplementation with leucine in the adipose tissue of type 1 diabetic rats. To conduct this study, Wistar male rats were randomly distributed in 4 groups: i) DA group (control of the experiment) (n=8) - without RT and supplemented with a mixture containing non-essential amino acids (water ad libitum); ii) DL group - without RT and supplemented with leucine (water ad libitum); iii) DTA group (n=8) - with RT and supplemented with a mixture containing non-essential amino acids (water ad libitum); iv) DTL group - with RT and supplemented with leucine (water ad libitum). After 12 weeks of intervention, animals were euthanized. The following parameters were analyzed: blood lactate, glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, weekly consumption of chow and water, evolution of total weight, WAT total weight and depots; concentration of triacylglycerol, high density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1ß, adiponectin, leptin and insulin in the serum; gene expression of mTOR, 4E-BP1, eif4E, p70S6k, PPARγ, CEBP-α, LPL, leptin and adiponectin; in addition to the concentration of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and IL- 1ß in the retroperitoneal adipose tissue. Glucose tolerance, weekly consumption of chow and water, WAT and RPAT total weight, such as gene expression of mTOR, Akt, 4E-BP1, eif4E, p70S6k, PPARγ and CEBP-α were improved in DL, DTA and DTL groups in comparison with DA group; and the concentrations of HDL, total cholesterol, IL-10 and adiponectin in the serum, as well as gene expression of adiponectin and total concentration of IL-10 in the serum were increased only in DTA and DTL groups when compared to DA group. In conclusion, both interventions were capable of improving some DM1 physiological alterations, including the excessive loss of WAT. However, because resistance training stimulates an increased synthesis of antiinflammatory cytokines and hormones by WAT, this intervention might be the main responsible by the reduction of systemic inflammation of the animals

Effect of branched-chain amino acids, valine, isoleucine and leucine on the biosythesis of bitespiramycin 4"-O-acylspiramycins

Bitespiramycin, a group of 4"-O-acylated spiramycins with 4"-O-isovalerylspiramycins as the major components, was produced by recombinantspiramycin-producing strain Streptomyces spiramyceticus harboring a 4"-O-acyltransferase gene. The experiment was initially performed in synthetic medium with 0.5 g l-1 Valine, Isoleucine or Leucine feeding at 36 h cultivation. When valine was fed, the biological titer of bitespiramycin was 45.3 percent higher than that of the control group, but the relative content of total isovalerylspiramycin components decreased by 22.5 percent. In the case of ilecine, the biological titer of bitespiramycin and the total isovalerylspiramycins alone were 85 percent and 72.1 percent of the control group, respectively. In contrast, the relative content of other acylated spiramycins increased by 54.41 percent. However, leucine feeding increased the relative content of total isovalerylspiramycins by 41.9 percent while the biological titer of bitespiramycin was nearly equal to that of the control group. The improvement effect of leucine on the biosynthesis of isovalerylspiramycins was further confirmed by feeding of 2.0 g l-1 leucine to the culture with complex medium. After batch feeding with a total amount of 2.0 g l-1 leucine to the culture from 70 h to 90 h, the biological titer of bitespiramycin was almost unreduced, and the final relative content of total isovalerylspiramycins increased from 31.1 percent to 46.9 percent.

Utilization of guava seeds [Psidium guajava L.] in some food products

ANALYSIS of guava seed powder revealed that guava seed contained ether extract 7.97%, protein 9.37%, crude fiber 57.6%, dietary fiber 79.37%, lignin 20.37%, cellulose 41.28% and hemicellulose 17.7%. The characteristics of guava seed oil were, acid value 0.85 mg [KOH/g oil], peroxide value 1.15 [meq O[2]/kg oil], saponification value 185.23; unsaponifiable matter 1.21% and iodine value 119.5 [g I[2]/100g oil]. Moreover, the most abundant saturated fatty acid was palmatic. However, the most predominant unsaturated fatty acid was linoleic acid which indicates that the oil is considered as semi drying oil. With regard to protein evaluation of guava seed, results showed that leucine was the predominant essential amino acid with a value of 2.2 [mg/g], while the predominant non-essential amino acid was glutamic acid 6.2 [mg/g]. Biological value of guava seed protein was 56.96 and PER was 0.32. Addition of guava seed powder to rice grits for extrusion caused reduction of the expansion ratio [ER], decrease in the bulk density [BD], slight increase of the water absorption index and decrease in the breaking strength [BS] of the extrudate. The sensory evaluation of the new products indicated that good extrudates were obtained by adding up to 8% of guava seeds powder to rice grits. Adding guava seed powder to semolina flour to produce high fiber macaroni caused decrease in the BS values. The results obtained showed that the absorbed water and solid substance were increased as the level of addition of guava seed powder was increased. The sensory evaluation indicated that macaroni product with excellent and very good grade could be obtained by adding guava seeds powder up to 12%