Defensa de los derechos adquiridos: luchas y albures del ejercicio de la homeopatía en Colombia (1905-1950) / Defending entitlement: struggles and fate of the practice of homeopathy in Colombia (1905-1950)

Resumen El artículo analiza la práctica y el estatuto profesional de los homeópatas colombianos en el siglo XX, según las solicitudes de licencia de la serie "Teguas" del Archivo General de la Nación. Desde el contexto histórico del ejercicio de la medicina en Colombia, se estudia la práctica homeopática en su inserción en el debate entre medicina diplomada y medicina permitida. Ahí aparece la homeopatía como un campo subordinado a la medicina universitaria y los homeópatas como conjunto de practicantes no homogéneo ni organizado, pero caracterizado por compartir la lucha por el "derecho adquirido" a ejercer y por la defensa de un estatuto profesional mediante la judicialización constante de la reprobación oficial.

Abstract This article analyzes the practice and professional status of Colombian homeopaths in the twentieth century, based on applications for licenses in the "Teguas" series in the Archivo General de la Nación. Within the historical context of the practice of medicine in Colombia, it studies homeopathic practice within the framework of the debate between licensed and permitted medicine. In that context, the field of homeopathy was subordinate to university medicine and homeopaths were a group of practitioners who were neither homogeneous nor organized, but characterized by their shared struggle to become "entitled" to practice, and their advocacy of professional status through constant litigation against official reprimands.

George Deacon and the circulation of homeopathic therapies in Lima (1880-1915) / George Deacon e a circulação de tratamentos homeopáticos em Lima (1880-1915)

Abstract Homeopathy arrived from the United States to Peruvian soil in the last decades of the nineteenth century, broadening the repertoire of existing medical knowledge, which included an emerging medical profession, Chinese herbalists, and indigenous practitioners. This article examines the circulation and use of homeopathic therapies and medicines in Lima from the time when the American homeopath George Deacon initiated his practice, in the 1880s, until his death, in 1915. Although homeopathy was not the most widely used medical therapy in the country, it nevertheless posed a threat to professional medicine and the School of Medicine's desired monopoly of the field of medicine.

Resumo A homeopatia originária dos EUA adentrou solo peruano nas últimas décadas do século XIX, ampliando o repertório de conhecimento médico existente até então, o qual incluía uma profissão médica em ascensão, herbolários chineses e médicos locais. Este artigo analisa a circulação e o uso de tratamentos e medicamentos homeopáticos em Lima desde o período em que o homeopata norte-americano George Deacon iniciou sua prática, nos anos 1880, até sua morte, em 1915. Embora a homeopatia não fosse o tratamento médico mais disseminada no país, ela representou uma ameaça à medicina profissional e ao monopólio do campo da medicina almejado pela escola tradicional.

Breaking the boundaries of professional regulation: medical licensing, foreign influence, and the consolidation of homeopathy in Mexico / Rompendo as barreiras da regulamentação profissional: licenciamento médico, influência estrangeira e consolidação da homeopatia no México

Abstract As doctors sought state support to regulate professional training and practice after Independence, Mexicans also developed different attitudes toward foreign ideas, influences, and professionals. Leveraging the allure of the foreign among Mexicans, homeopaths strategically used work, products, and organizations from abroad to establish their practices and fight changing professional policies in the country that threatened homeopathic institutions. Homeopaths inhabited the blurry and shifting boundary between professional and lay medical practice during the early Republican period, the Porfiriato, and the post-revolutionary era, and used the ambivalent feelings about medical licensing, and foreign influence in Mexican society to consolidate their position.

Resumo Após a independência do país, enquanto os médicos buscavam apoio do Estado para regulamentar o treinamento e a prática profissionais, os mexicanos desenvolveram atitudes diferentes em relação a ideias, influências e profissionais estrangeiros. Aproveitando o encanto dos mexicanos com o estrangeiro, os homeopatas usaram estrategicamente o trabalho, os produtos e as organizações de fora do país para implantar suas práticas e combater as políticas que ameaçavam as instituições ligadas à homeopatia. Os homeopatas ocuparam a barreira nebulosa entre as práticas médicas profissional e leiga no início do período republicano, no Porfiriato e na era pós-revolucionária, usando sentimentos ambivalentes sobre licenciamento médico e influência estrangeira para consolidar sua posição.

A History of Medical License in Korea / 의사학

Medical license is to qualify a person for medical practice and to attribute him/her a privileged right in the practice. This privileged and exclusive right asks for protection from the side of a state and the state in turn needs qualified medical personnel in order to carry out her task of public health, one of the main duties of modern states. In Europe, physicians succeeded in obtaining medical license that guarantees the privileged right in a highly competitive medical market against other practitioners. The first regulation for medical license in Korea was made in 1900 when few Korean doctors trained in Western medicine was in practice. The regulation aimed at controlling traditional medical practitioners who had been practicing medicine without any qualification as a physician. The regulation was very brief, consisting of only seven articles. A newly revised regulation appeared in 1913 when Korea was under the occupation of Japan. The Japanese Government-General enacted a series of regulations about medical personnel, including dentists and traditional medical practitioners. This heralds its full-scale engagement in medical affaires in Korea. Unlike the case of European countries where medical license was obtained after a long struggle with other practitioners, in Korea, medical license was given to doctors too easily from the state. And this experience played a very important role in the formation of identity of Korean doctors.