Effect of Spirulina on Lipid Profile, Glucose and Malondialdehyde Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Abstract The study aimed to assess possible spirulina effects on lipid profile, glucose, and malondialdehyde levels in new cases of type 2 diabetes. The subjects consisted of 30 new cases of types 2 diabetes that divided into two groups; each consisted of 15 diabetic patients. Group I did not take any functional food or supplement and received no spirulina supplementation. Group II or experimental group also did not take any functional food or supplement but received spirulina supplementation. Analysis of data was done using SPSS 16.0. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, paired t-test, Wilcoxon test, and Spearman correlation analysis were used to analyze the data. After eight weeks of spirulina supplementation, significant differences were shown in the serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride, and malondialdehyde. The serum fasting blood glucose, lipid profiles, and malondialdehyde levels at baseline were negatively and positively correlated with changes in these parameters. Spirulina supplementation may have a beneficial effect on lipid profile and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels through an interventional 8 weeks. This effect may protect subjects against free radicals and the development of some diseases such as atherosclerosis. The spirulina supplementation also showed a potential lipid-lowering effect on new case type 2 diabetic patients which may help the diabetics to have control on lipid levels. In addition, spirulina may be used as a functional food for the management of lipid profiles and MDA levels.

Avaliação dos níveis de peroxidação lipídica em células da mucosa cólica após aplicação de enemas com peróxido de hidrogênio: estudo experimental em ratos / Evaluation of lipid peroxidation levels on mucosa colonic cells afther application of hydrogen peroxide in enemas: experimental study in rats

A aplicação de clisteres contendo peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) determina o aparecimento de quadros graves de colite, algumas vezes de evolução fatal. É possível que a colite induzida por H2O2 possa ocorrer pela quebra da barreira funcional do epitélio cólico por estresse oxidativo. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis de peroxidação lipídica em células da mucosa cólica após instilação de H2O2 no reto excluso de trânsito fecal. Método: Vinte seis ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a colostomia proximal terminal no cólon descendente e fístula mucosa distal. Os animais foram randomizados em dois grupos segundo o sacrifício ter sido realizado duas ou quatro semanas após a derivação intestinal. Cada grupo experimental foi dividido e dois subgrupos segundo aplicação de clisteres, em dias alternados, contendo solução fisiológica a 0,9 por cento ou H2O2 a 3 por cento. O diagnóstico de colite foi estabelecido por estudo histopatológico e os níveis de dano oxidativo tecidual pela dosagem de malondialdeído por espectrofotometria. Os resultados foram analisados com os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, estabelecendo-se nível de significância de 5 por cento (p menor que0,05)

Resultados: Os níveis de malondialdeído nos irrigados com SF nos cólons com e sem trânsito fecal após duas e quatro semanas de irrigação foram de: 0,05 mais ou menos 0,006; 0,06 mais ou menos 0,006 e 0,05 mais ou menos 0,03, 0,08 mais ou menos 0,02, respectivamente. Os níveis de malondialdeído nos irrigados com H2O2, nos cólons com e sem trânsito, após duas e quatro semanas de irrigação foram de 0,070 mais ou menos 0,006; 0,077 mais ou menos 0,01 e 0,052 mais ou menos 0,01, 0,08 mais ou menos 0,04, respectivamente. Após duas semanas os níveis de malondialdeído foram maiores nos animais irrigados com H2O2 em relação ao grupo controle (p= 0,007 e p= 0,01, respectivamente). Após quatro semanas não houve diferenças significantes Não ocorreu variação nos níveis de malondialdeído com o decorrer tempo de irrigação. Conclusão: Clisteres com H2O2, podem determinar o aparecimento de colite por ocasionarem estresse oxidativo nas células epiteliais da mucosa intestinal.

The use of rectal enemas with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) determines the onset of severe colitis, sometimes with fatal evolution. It is possible that H2O2-induced colitis can occur by damage to the functional epithelial barrier of the colon by oxidative stress. Objective: The aim of present study was evaluate the levels of lipid peroxidation in cells of the colonic mucosa after instillation of H2O2 into the rectum excluded from fecal transit. Method: Twenty six male Wistar rats were undergone to proximal terminal colostomy in the descending colon and distal mucous fistula. The animals were randomized in two experimental groups according to the sacrifice was made two or four weeks after diversion of the fecal stream. Each experimental group was divided into two subgroups second application of enemas containing saline solution 0.9 percent or 3 percent H2O2 on alternate days. The diagnosis of colitis was established by histopathology study and the oxidative damage by tissue levels of malondialdehyde quantified by spectrophotometry. The results were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis test, adopting a significance level of 5 percent (p less than 0.05).

Results: The levels of malondialdehyde in colon segments irrigated with saline, with and without fecal stream after two and four weeks of irrigation were: 0.05 more or less 0.006, 0.06 more or less 0.006 and 0.05 more or less 0.03, 0.08 more or less 0.02, respectively. The levels of malondialdehyde in colon segments irrigated with H2O2, in the colon with and without fecal stream, after two and four weeks of irrigation were 0.070 more or less 0.006, 0.077 and 0.052 more or less 0.01 more or less 0.01, 0.08 more or less 0.04, respectively . After two weeks the levels of malondialdehyde were higher on animals irrigated with H2O2 than control group (p = 0.007 and p = 0.01, respectively). After four weeks there were no significant differences in malondialdehyde levels related with the time of irrigation. Conclusion: Rectal enemas with H2O2, may determine the onset of colitis by oxidative stress on epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa.