A network pharmacology approach to assess Reno-protective and -curative effects of methanolic extract of Malva neglecta Wallr in gentamicin induced renal toxicity rat model

Abstract The aim of present study was to explore protective and curative effects of Malve neglecta on kidneys. In silco study with network pharmacology was performed to find out potential target organs, genes and cellular cell lines which confirmed kidneys as target organ of phyto-constituents present in Malva neglecta extract. Gentamicin (40 mg/kg, i.p) was given to induce renal toxicity. Prophylactic study was performed with 300-, 600- and 900 mg/kg doses to find out nephro-protective and -curative effects and curative potential was evaluated at 900 mg/kg dose. Renal function biomarkers, blood urea, BUN, serum creatinine and uric acid, and oxidative stress measuring biomarkers, SOD, CAT, GSH and MDA levels in kidney homogenate were quantified at the end of study. Treatment groups showed decrease in blood urea, BUN, serum creatinine and uric acid levels dose dependently and curative group also showed decline in these biomarkers. SOD, CAT, GSH levels were increased and MDA level decreased in treatment groups significantly as compared to toxic control which revealed the role of oxidative stress in renal damage and anti-oxidant power of MN. Data suggested that use of MN along with drugs causing renal toxicity may prove beneficial due to its nephro- protective and curative effects.

Ameliorating effect of Malva Neglecta on hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic rats

The plant, Malva neglecta wallr., is widely consumed for medicinal and nutritional purposes. The current study was carried out to assess the hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic potential of aqueous methanolic extract of M. neglecta. Chemical evaluation of the extract was performed by high pressure liquid chromatography. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was done in diabetic rats pre-exposed to 250, 500 and 750 mg/kg plant extract via the oral route. For hypoglycemic and biochemical study, the same therapy was administered to alloxan induced diabetic rats for 14 days. The standard control group received Glibenclamide (5 mg/kg). Ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid and other phenolic acids were detected and estimated in the extract. Administration of the plant extract significantly reduced blood glucose level in diabetic rats subjected to OGTT. The plant extract lowered the fasting blood glucose and alpha amylase, and prevented the damage to pancreas. It also corrected dyslipidemia in diabetic animals following 14 days therapy. Hence, this experimental study establishes the fact that M. neglecta exhibited significant antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activities in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Factores asociados al uso de plantas medicinales en las gestantes, 2019 / Factors associated with the use of medicinal plants in the pregnancy, 2019

Objetivos. Determinar los factores asociados al uso de plantas medicinales en gestantes del Hospital Rezola de Cañete en el año 2019. Materiales y métodos. Diseño no experimental, tipo básico, nivel correlacional - transversal, método inductivo; la muestra estuvo conformada por 335 gestantes del Hospital Rezola de Cañete atendidas en el consultorio de ginecoobstetricia y a quienes se le aplicó la encuesta. Resultados. El 88,4% de las gestantes usaron plantas medicinales; el 11,6% no usó plantas medicinales. Entre los factores socioculturales y obstétricos referentes al uso de plantas medicinales se encuentra la edad (p= 12,41); el grado de instrucción (p= 12,35); el número de gestaciones previas (p= 27,63); el lugar de nacimiento (p= 5,09). El factor no asociado fue el lugar de procedencia (p= 3,676). Las plantas más usadas fueron la manzanilla 95%; el anís 65%; el té 58%; la hierba luisa 51%, y la malva 33%. Discusión. La mayoría de las gestantes del Hospital Rezola de Cañete que usaron plantas medicinales manifestaron resultados favorables y no observaron complicación alguna.

Objective. To determine the factors associated with the use of medicinal plants in pregnant women at the Rezola Hospital in Cañete in the year 2019. Materials and methods. Nonexperimental design, basic type, correlational-cross-sectional level, inductive method; the sample was conformed by 335 pregnant women from the Rezola de Cañete Hospital attended in the office of gynecology and obstetrics and to whom the survey was applied. Results. 88.4% of the pregnant women used medicinal plants; 11.6% did not use medicinal plants. Among the sociocultural and obstetric factors related to the use of medicinal plants are age (p= 12.41); education level (p= 12.35); the number of previous pregnancies (p= 27.63); place of birth (p= 5.09). The non-associated factor was the place of origin (p= 3.676). The most used plants were chamomile 95%; aniseed 65%; tea 58%; lemon verbena 51%, and mallow 33%. Discussion. Most of the pregnant women from the Rezola Hospital in Cañete who used medicinal plants showed favorable results and did not observe any complications.

Substrate, moisture, temperature and seed germination of the threatened endemic tree Eriotheca vargasii (Malvaceae) / Sustrato, humedad, temperatura y germinación de semillas del árbol endémico amenazado Eriotheca vargasii (Malvaceae)

Abstract We studied the germination of Eriotheca vargasii (Malvaceae), a poorly known endemic Peruvian Andean tree species characteristic of the dry forests of the Torobamba river valley, Peru. We determined seed characteristics, embryo morphology, viability, and assessed the influence of substrate (natural soil and commercially prepared media), temperature (controlled at 25 ºC and at ambient temperature between 18-22 ºC), and moisture (25 % and 50 % field capacity) on seed germination. Most seeds were ovoid in shape and although they contained well-developed embryos, only 46 % of them were viable. Substrate moisture levels had no influence on germination capacity or rate. In contrast, temperature and substrate type showed strong effects on germination. We observed the highest proportion of germinated seeds in prepared media at both temperatures tested (> 61 %). Furthermore, substrate types also influenced germination rates, with lower values in natural soil. The strongest effect on germination rates was by temperature, enhancing the difference in responses in substrate types (up to 90 % in commercially prepared media at 25 ºC). The low proportion of germinated seeds in soil (< 39 %), together with external local stress factors (e.g. grazing impact by herbivores), may be the critical factors contributing to the nearly total absence of seedlings and saplings of E. vargasiiin the study area despite abundant seed production. In order to ensure a supply of E. vargasii seedlings for reforestation efforts, we recommend producing E. vargasii plants in nurseries and conducting reforestation trials. We suggest that germination of seedlings is done following guidelines from this study. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1162-1170. Epub 2018 September 01.

Resumen Estudiamos la germinación de Eriotheca vargasii (Malvaceae), un árbol endémico poco conocido de los andes peruanos y carácterístico de los bosques secos del valle del río Torobamba. Determinamos las características de la semilla, la morfología del embrión y la viabilidad; además evaluamos la influencia del sustrato (suelo y sustrato preparado comercialmente), temperatura (controlada a 25 ºC y sin control entre 18-22 ºC) y humedad (25 % y 50 % de capacidad de campo) sobre la germinación de las semillas. La mayoría de las semillas tuvo forma ovoide y aunque la mayoría contenía embriones bien desarrollados, sólo el 46 % de estas fue viable. Los niveles de humedad del sustrato no tuvieron influencia sobre la capacidad o tasa de germinación, mientras que la temperatura y el tipo de sustrato si tuvieron efectos visibles. Observamos las proporciones más altas de semillas germinadas en los sustratos preparados y en ambas temperaturas (> 61 %). Adicionalmente, el tipo de sustrato también influenció las tasas de germinación, con valores más bajos en el suelo natural. El efecto más fuerte sobre las tasas de germinación se dió por la temperatura, aumentando las diferencias de las respuestas de acuerdo al tipo de sustrato (hasta un 90 % de germinación en sustratos preparados comercialmente y a 25 ºC). La baja proporción de semillas germinadas en el suelo (< 39 %), junto con factores locales de estrés externos (como por ejemplo el impacto por herbivoría), pueden ser elementos clave que están contribuyendo a la casi ausencia total de plántulas de E. vargasii en el área de estudio, a pesar de una producción de semilla abundante. Para asegurar proveer plantones de E. Vargasii para esfuerzos de reforestación, recomendamos producir plantas de esta especie en viveros y realizar experimentos de reforestación. Sugerimos que la germinación de las plántulas se haga siguiendo las recomendaciones de este estudio.

Prevention of Oral Mucositis in Patients undergoing Chemotherapy / Prevenção da Mucosite Oral em Pacientes submetidos à Quimioterapia / Prevención de la Mucositis Oral en Pacientes sometidos a la Quimioterapia

Introduction: The chemotherapy is one of the cancer possible treatments and use chemotherapeutic drugs as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), major cause of oral mucositis. This complication is the most common cause of pain. There is still no specific protocol for the prevention of this complication, but there are substances used empirically and palliative. Objective: Assessing the degree of mucositis during the 10 days after each chemotherapy cycle using the self-perception of each patient and the pain level reported with the use of the two substances studied: mallow tea and 0,12% chlorhexidine. Method: The selected patients were randomly randomized to perform mouthwash with 10 ml of the test substance, 3 times a day, during the infusion time of chemotherapy. In each accompanied cycle one of the studied substances were used. During the 10 days after chemotherapy, patients answered a questionnaire with closed questions about their pain and self-perception of their oral mucosa. Results: in cycles where mallow tea was used, self-perception of patients seems to be better with your oral mucositis is grade 1 and 2. However, in cycles where 0,12% chlorhexidine was used, patients experienced less pain. Conclusion:In both cycles that was used at 0.12% chlorhexidine was used as those where the mauve tea, most of the patients reported oral mucositis present. However, when used mauve tea was obtained mucositis in minor degrees. The 0.12% chlorhexidine it appeared to have less pain symptoms, although the difference was small when compared to the two substances.

Introdução: A quimioterapia é uma das formas de tratar o câncer, na qual utilizam-se drogas como o 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), maior causador da mucosite oral. Essa complicação é a causa mais comum de dor. Objetivo.Avaliar o grau de mucosite oral durante os dez dias após cada ciclo de quimioterapia, segundo a autopercepção de cada paciente e o nível de dor relatada com o uso das duas substâncias estudo: chá de malva e clorexidina 0,12%. Método. Os pacientes foram randomizados por sorteio para a realização de bochechos com 10 ml da substância determinada, três vezes ao dia, durante o período de infusão da quimioterapia. Em cada ciclo, utilizou-se uma das substâncias. Durante os dez dias após a quimioterapia, os pacientes responderam a um questionário com perguntas fechadas sobre a sua dor e a autopercepção da sua mucosa oral. Resultados. Nos ciclos utilizando o chá de malva, a autopercepção do paciente pareceu ser melhor, com sua mucosite oral sendo de graus 1 e 2. Contudo, nos ciclos utilizando clorexidina 0,12%, os pacientes apresentaram menos dor. Conclusão. Tanto nos ciclos em que foi utilizado a clorexidina 0,12% quanto naqueles onde foi utilizado o chá de malva, a maioria dos pacientes referiu apresentar mucosite oral. Porém, quando utilizado o chá de malva, a frequência de mucosite foi em menores graus. A clorexidina 0,12% pareceu apresentar menos sintomatologia dolorosa, apesar da diferença, comparando as duas substâncias, ter sido pequena.

Introducción: La quimioterapia es una forma de tratamiento de cáncer y se utilizan drogas como el 5-fluorouracilo (5-FU), mayor causante de la mucositis oral. Aún no hay un protocolo específico para la prevención de esta complicación. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de mucositis oral durante los 10 días después de cada ciclo de quimioterapia según la auto-percepción de cada paciente y el nivel de dolor relatado con el uso de las dos sustancias estudio: té de malva y clorexidina 0,12%. Método: Los pacientes fueron aleatorizados por sorteo para la realización de enjuague con 10ml de la sustancia determinada, 3 veces al día, durante el período de infusión de la quimioterapia. En cada ciclo se utilizó una de las sustancias. Durante los 10 días después de la quimioterapia los pacientes respondieron a un cuestionario con preguntas cerradas sobre su dolor y la autopercepción de su mucosa oral. Resultados: En los ciclos utilizando el té de malva la auto-percepción del paciente pareció ser mejor, con su mucositis oral siendo de grado 1 y 2. En los ciclos utilizando clorexidina 0,12% los pacientes presentaron menos dolor. Conclusión: Tanto en los ciclos en que se utilizó la clorexidina 0,12% como en aquellos donde se utilizó el té de malva, la mayoría de los pacientes refirió presentar mucositis oral. Sin embargo, cuando se utilizó el té de malva la frecuencia de mucositis fue en menores grados. La clorexidina 0,12% pareció presentar menos sintomatología dolorosa, a pesar de la diferencia comparando las dos sustancias haber sido pequeña.

Malva sylvestris L. protects from fluoride nephrotoxicity in rat

Background: Malva sylvestris L. [M. sylvestris] has antioxidant property and is widely used in the traditional medicine to treat gastrointestinal, respiratory, skin and urological disorders

Objective: In this study, the protective effect of M. sylvestris against sodium fluoride-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat was evaluated

Methods: The M. sylvestris flower extract was prepared and injected intraperitoneally at the doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg/day to rat groups [10 in each group] for 1 week and subsequently 600 ppm sodium fluoride was added to the rats drinking water for 1 additional week. After these steps, the rat serum levels of urea, creatinine, reduced glutathione, catalase and malondialdehyde were determined. The histopathology of the rats' kidney was also studied. In this study, vitamin C [10 mg/kg/day] was used as positive control

Results: Sodium fluoride administration increased levels of BUN, creatinine, glutathione, catalase activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels indicating induction of nephrotoxicity in the rats. M. sylvestris extract pretreatment significantly decreased the BUN and creatinine levels [P<0.05]. Catalase activity and glutathione levels were significantly increased by M. sylvestris [P<0.05]. All three doses of the M. sylvestris decreased the malondialdehyde level, but it was significant only for the dose of 400 mg/kg/day [P<0.05]. The Malva sylvestris effects were comparable with those of vitamin C. Histopathological findings also showed protective effects of M. sylvestris against the renal damage induced by sodium fluoride

Conclusion: The results suggest that M. sylvestris has protective effects against sodium fluorideinduced nephrotoxicity which maybe mediated by the antioxidant activity of the plant flavonoids

Isolation and preliminary evaluation of Mulva Neglecta mucilage: a novel tablet binder

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate binding potential of Mulva neglecta mucilage (MNM) with subsequent comparison to PVP K30. Eight batches of Diclofenac sodium tablets were prepared by wet granulation technique keeping different concentrations (4, 6, 8 & 10% w/w) of Mulva neglecta mucilage (extracted from leaves of Mulva neglecta) and PVP K30 as standard binder. The granules of formulated batches showed bulk density (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00 to 0.57 ± 0.00, tapped density (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01 to 0.70 ± 0.01, Carr's index 09.27 ± 0.95 to 19.65 ± 0.59, Hausner's ratio 1.12 ± 0.00 to 1.24 ± 0.01 and angle of repose 30.37 ± 2.90 °C to 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Tablets were compressed to hardness 7.50 to 7.95 kg/cm2. The tablets showed 0.39 ± 0.02 to 0.39 ± 0.01% friability and 7:20 to 14:00 min disintegration time. Granules and post-compression evaluation revealed that parameters assessed were all found to be within the pharmacopoeial limits. The results (hardness, disintegration and dissolution) proved that Mulva neglecta mucilage has better binding capacity for preparation of uncoated tablet dosage form as compared to PVP K30. Among all the formulations, MN-1 to MN-4 showed slow release as compared to PV-1 to PV-4 and thereby Mulva neglecta mucilage exhibited satisfactory drug release phenomenon tablets of diclofenac sodium.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o potencial de ligação de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (MNM), com posterior comparação ao PVP K30. Oito lotes de comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio foram preparados pela técnica de granulação úmida, mantendo diferentes concentrações (4, 6, 8 e 10% w/w) de mucilagem de Mulva neglecta (extraída de folhas de Mulva neglecta) e PVP K30 como ligante padrão. Os grânulos de lotes formulados mostraram densidade aparente (g/mL) 0.49 ± 0.00-0.57 ± 0.00, densidade compactada (g/mL) 0.59 ± 0.01-0.70 ± 0.01, índice de Carr 09.27 ± 0.95-19.65 ± 0.59, a relação de Hausner 1.12 ± 0.00-1.24 ± 0.01 e ângulo de repouso 30.37 ± 2.90 °C a 36.86 ± 0.94 °C. Os comprimidos foram prensados à dureza de 7.50-7.95 kg/cm2. Os comprimidos apresentaram 0.39 ± 0.02-0.39 ± 0.01% friabilidade e 7:20-14:00 min de tempo de desintegração. A avaliação de grânulos e pós-compressão revelou que todos os parâmetros estavam dentro dos limites da farmacopeia. Os resultados (dureza, desintegração e dissolução) provaram que a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta tem maior capacidade de ligação na preparação da forma de dosagem de comprimido não revestido em relação à PVP K30. Entre todas as formulações, MN-1 e MN-4 mostraram liberação lenta em comparação com PV-1 e PV-4 e, assim, a mucilagem de Mulva neglecta exibiu liberação do fármaco satisfatória para os comprimidos de diclofenaco de sódio.

Formulation of a traditionally used polyherbal product for burn healing and HPTLC fingerprinting of its phenolic contents

Nowadays, plants have been considered as powerful agents for treatment of disorders regarding to their traditional use. In Iranian Traditional Medicine [ITM], plants have a special role in the treatment of various diseases. Burns with their devastating outcomes have been discussed in ITM as well. In the present study, a polyherbal ointment [PHO], retrieved from ITM, was formulated for burn healing and it's HPTLC fingerprint was prepared. Aqueous extracts of Malva sylvestris and Solanum nigrum leaves and oily extract of Rosa damascene petals [4.85%, 4.85% and 33%, respectively] were added to white beeswax, eucerin and white petrolatum as ointment base. In addition to the microbiological tests, physical stability and rheological behavior of the product were assessed. Fingerprinting of phytochemical constituents of PHO was performed by using silica gel plates and toluene: ethyl acetate: acetic acid [60: 40: 1] and ethyl acetate: formic acid: acetic acid: water [100: 11: 11: 10] as mobile phases. The results showed that PHO was stable towards physical changes and successfully passed microbiological tests. Moreover, PHO exhibited plastic behavior which is in favor of a topical burn product. In addition, HPTLC fingerprinting of PHO demonstrated the presence of several phenolic constituents corresponding to the plant extracts. Regarding to the role of phenolic compounds in wound healing process, PHO could be an appropriate candidate for burn healing with respect to its traditional use in ITM. Moreover, HPTLC fingerprinting could be utilized as an applicable method for quality control of the prepared formulation

Calidad de hierbas medicinales por recolección directa / Quality of medicinal herbs by direct collection

La detección de insectos y el mal aspecto en las hierbas medicinales que se comercializan en la herboristería resulta una problemática cotidiana. Con el objetivo de contribuir con la mejora de la calidad final de estas hierbas, se colectaron a campo cuatro drogas vegetales de amplia utilización en la medicina tradicional. Se comparó su calidad con la de las provenientes de un acopiador y se realizó un minucioso examen para la detección e identificación de insectos, sus rastros o vestigios. Posteriormente, se ensayaron algunos métodos físicos para evitar la afectación de las hierbas por parte de esos insectos. Las características de calidad final de las hierbas provenientes de recolección propia resultaron superiores a las provenientes de un acopiador. Desde el punto de vista entomológico, se identificaron las principales especies contaminantes y se encontraron los mejores métodos y condiciones para evitar su proliferación.

Avaliação clínica de Malvatricin na inibição da formação de placa dental / Clinical evaluation of Malvatricin in inhibiting the formation of dental plaque

A natureza microbiana como fator etiológico da gengivite e periodontite já é conhecida há bastante tempo. Desta forma, o sucesso tanto da prevenção quanto da terapia destas doenças está diretamente relacionado ao controle do biofilme dentário, realizado por meio de sua remoção mecânica durante a escovação dentária e o uso do fio dental. Entretanto, uma grande parcela dos indivíduos falha no controle mecânico do biofilme, tendo em vista a alta prevalência da gengivite em diferentes populações. Por isso, o uso complementar de agentes químicos poderia ser uma forma de superar a deficiência mecânica, uma vez que requer um mínimo de adesão e habilidade do indivíduo para a sua utilização. Apesar do uso de antissépticos orais ser extremamente difundido e de alguns produtos estarem disponíveis no mercado há vários anos, existem poucos estudos clínicos randomizados, controlados por placebo, que comprovem a eficácia clínica destes produtos. A avaliação de parâmetros clínicos com relação à eficácia de Malvatricin no controle e na prevenção da gengivite justifica-se por ser uma importante ferramenta na escolha de adjuntos terapêuticos que sejam eficazes no tratamento destas condições. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de Malvatricin na inibição da formação de placa dental.

he microbial nature and etiology of gingivitis and periodontitis has been known for a long time. Thus, the success of prevention and therapy of these diseases is directly related to the control of dental plaque, by mechanical removal during toothbrushing and flossing. However, a large proportion of individuals fail in the control of biofilm, because the high prevalence of gingivitis in different populations. Therefore, the complementary use of chemical agents could be a way to overcome the mechanical failure, since it requires a minimum of accession and the individual's ability to use it. Although the use of oral antiseptics be extremely widespread and some products are available on the market for several years, there are few randomized clinical trials, placebocontrolled, demonstrating the clinical efficacy of these products. The assessment of clinical parameters with respect to efficacy of Malvatricin control and prevention of gingivitis is justified because it is an important tool in choosing therapeutic adjuncts that are effective in treating these conditions. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Malvatricin in inhibiting the formation of dental plaque.

Influência de diferentes concentrações dos fitorreguladores ácido 6-benzilaminopurina e ácido naftalenoacético na propagação vegetativa de Malva sylvestris L / Effect of different BAP and NAA concentration on microprapagation of Malva (Malva sylvestris L. )

Malva sylvestris L. (família Malvaceae), conhecida como malva, é uma espécie medicinal nativa da Europa, cultivada no sul do Brasil. A espécie tem propriedade adstringente, suaviza a irritação dos tecidos e reduz inflamações, entre outras características e atributos medicinais. O estudo teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência dos hormônios ANA (ácido naftalenoacético) e BAP (ácido 6-Benzilaminopurina) na propagação vegetativa a partir do estabelecimento in vitro de segmentos nodais. Segmentos nodais obtidos de plantas matrizes mantidas em casa de vegetação foram submetidos à desinfestação e inoculados em meio MS (Murashige e Skoog) com diferentes concentrações e combinações de ANA (ácido naftalenoacético) e BAP (ácido 6-Benzilaminopurina) totalizando oito tratamentos com 60 repetições cada. Os explantes foram mantidos em sala de crescimento e, ao completar sete dias, as plântulas obtidas foram retiradas e avaliadas quanto ao número de folhas, altura total (cm) e massa fresca (g). As plântulas foram fixadas em substrato "Big bio" e transferidas para casa de vegetação com nebulização. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à Análise de Variância, seguido pelo Teste de Tukey. As plântulas obtidas em meio MS acrescido de 2,0 mg/Lˉ¹ de BAP e de 0,5 mg/Lˉ¹ de ANA foram as que apresentaram maior média nas três variáveis avaliadas, sendo então o mais indicado para a produção de mudas. Em 10 dias foi observado o enraizamento de todas as plântulas transferidas para casa de vegetação. A aclimatização e o enraizamento ex vitro ocorrem em uma única etapa sem a necessidade da utilização de enraizadores. A técnica desenvolvida demonstra a possibilidade de produção de mudas com custos reduzidos, em larga escala, e com a garantia de fornecer mudas aptas para o cultivo em apenas 17 dias

Effect of different BAP and NAA concentrations on malva (Malva sylvestris L.) micropropagation. Malva sylvestris L. (Malvaceae family), known as mallow, is a medicinal species native toEurope, and it is grown in southern Brazil. It has astringent properties and can sooth tissue irritation and reduce inflammations among other medicinal characteristics. The study aimed to verify the efficiency of the hormones NAA (naphthalene acetic acid) and BAP (6-Benzilaminopurine acid) in propagating the species from establishing in vitro nodal segments. Nodal segments obtained from mother plants kept in greenhouses were disinfected and inoculated in MS medium with different concentrations and combinations of BAP and NAA, amounting to 8 processes with 60 repetitions each. The explants were kept in growth rooms, and after seven days the resulting seedling were removed and assessed regarding the number of leaves, total height (cm) and fresh mass (g). Subsequently, the seedling were fixed on the substrate "Big bio" and transferred to greenhouses with nebulization. The data obtained was subjected toVariance Analysis, followed by the Tukey's test. In 10 days,rooting could be observed in all the plantules transferred to the greenhouse. The plantules obtained in MS medium thatreceived 2.0mg/L-1 BAP and 0.5 mg/L-1 NAA were the ones that presented the highest average in the three variables assessed, therefore the most recommended to producing seedlings of this species. The ex vitro acclimatization and rooting occur in a single phase without the need of root promoters. The technique developed shows that it is possible to produce seedlings of this species at reduced costs, in large scale and with the guarantee to supply seedlings that can be planted in only 17 days.

Comparison of leaf morphology and anatomy among Malva sylvestris ("gerânio-aromático"), Pelargonium graveolens ("falsa-malva") and Pelargonium odoratissimum ("gerânio-de-cheiro") / Comparação da Morfologia e da anatomia foliar entre as espécies Malva sylvestris (gerânio-aromático), Pelargonium graveolens (falsa-malva) e Pelargonium odoratissimum (gerânio-de-cheiro)

Malva sylvestris is generally confused with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium odoratissimum due to similarities in their leaf morphology. The leaves of M. sylvestris have anthocyanins with scientifically proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. The leaves of P. odoratissimum have essential oil with antibacterial and spasmolytic properties, while the essential oil from P. graveolens has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to morpho-anatomically analyze the leaves of these species, indicating differences that can be used to clarify controversies about their use as medicinal plants. To anatomically compare the structure of each plant, samples were observed by Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf anatomy among species was quite different. Malva sylvestris showed capitate starry tector trichomes, as well as druses and mucilaginous cells. P. graveolens and P. odoratissimum differed as to trichomes. Both species had tector and glandular trichomes, and P. graveolens is distinguished for the greater height of tector trichomes and less quantity of the latter relative to P. odoratissimum. This study allowed the detection of anatomical differences, assisting in the taxonomy and classification of these species.

Malva sylvestris é comumente confundida com Pelargonium graveolens e Pelargonium odoratissimum devido às semelhanças na morfologia foliar. As folhas de M. sylvestris possuem antocianinas com propriedades citotóxicas, antiinflamatória, antitumoral e antioxidante já comprovadas cientificamente. As folhas de P. odoratissimum apresentam óleo essencial com propriedades antibacteriana e espasmolítica, e o óleo essencial da folha de P. graveolens possui atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar morfo-anatomicamente as folhas destas espécies, apontando diferenças que possam ser utilizadas para esclarecer controvérsias na sua utilização como planta medicinal. Com a finalidade de se comparar anatomicamente a estrutura de cada planta, as amostras foram observadas por Microscopia de Luz e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A anatomia foliar entre as espécies foi bem distinta. Malva sylvestris apresentou tricomas do tipo capitado, estrelado e tector, além de drusas e células mucilaginosas. A distinção entre P. graveolens e P. odoratissimum foi observada em relação aos tricomas. Ambas as espécies apresentaram tricomas glandulares e tectores, sendo que P. graveolens se diferencia pela maior altura dos tricomas tectores e menor quantidade destes em relação ao P. odoratissimum. Este trabalho permitiu constatar diferenças anatômicas, auxiliando na taxonomia e classificação entre estas espécies.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana dos componentes de um enxaguatório bucal contendo malva / In vitro antimicrobial activity of the components of a mouthwash containing malva sylvestris

Objetivo: Avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro dos componentes (tirotricina, quinosol e tintura de malva) de um enxaguatório bucal contendo malva (Malvatricin®) sobre Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. e um pool de micro-organismos da cavidade bucal. Método: Para a verificação do potencial antimicrobiano do enxaguatório bucal contendo malva (Malvatricin®) e de seus diferentes componentes, a metodologia utilizada foi a da difusão em ágar-cilindro em placas. Utilizaram-se dez placas com ágar Brain Heart Infusion para cada micro-organismo e foram testadas as seguintes soluções: Malvatricin®, tirotricina, quinosol e tintura de malva. Como controle positivo foi utilizada uma solução de clorexidina 0,12%. As placas foram incubadas por 24 horas a 37°C em anaerobiose. Após 24 horas, mensuraram-se os diâmetros das zonas de inibição. Utilizou-se o teste de Kruskal-Wallis, seguido pelo teste de comparações múltiplas, quando indicado, para comparar o efeito de cada substância sobre os micro-organismos testados. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: Sobre Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus e um pool de micro-organismos da cavidade bucal, Malvatricin® apresentou valores de medianas 23,47; 8,61 e 11,23, respectivamente. O quinosol apresentou resultado semelhante ao de Malvatricin®, mostrando-se efetivo para inibir o crescimento microbiano de todos os micro-organismos (27,17; 9,33; 12,53). A tirotricina (0; 5,66; 0) e a tintura de malva (0; 0; 4,29) apresentaram pouca ou nenhuma atividade antimicrobiana. A clorexidina apresentou as maiores zonas de inibição frente a todos os micro-organismos testados (30,06; 15,54; 20,89). Conclusão: Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que, dentre os componentes presentes na composição do produto comercial Malvatricin®, a substância quinosol apresenta a maior atividade antimicrobiana frente aos micro-organismos testados. E que a atividade antimicrobiana verificada para o produto comercial provavelmente deva-se à ação da substância quinosol, presente em sua composição.

Objective: To evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of the components (tyrothricin, hydroxyquinoline and Malva sylvestris tincture) of a mouthwash containing Malva sylvestris (Malvatricin®) against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. and a pool of oral microorganisms. Method: In order to verify the antimicrobial potential of the Malva sylvestris-containing mouthwash (Malvatricin®) and its different components, was used the cylinder-agar diffusion plate methodology. Ten plates with Brain Heart Infusion agar were used for each microorganism and the following solutions were tested: Malvatricin®, tyrothricin, hydroxyquinoline and Malva sylvestris tincture. The positive control was a 0.12% chlorhexidine solution. The plates were incubated for 24 hours at 37°C in anaerobiosis. After 24 hours, the diameters of bacterial growth inhibition zones were measured. The Kruskal-Wallis test and the multiple-comparisons test (when required) were used to compare the effect of each substance against the test microorganisms. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Malvatricin® presented medians of 23.47, 8.61 and 11.23, respectively, against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus spp. and a pool of oral microorganisms. Hydroxyquinoline showed similar result to Malvatricin®, being effective to inhibit the growth of all microorganisms (27.17, 9.33 and 12.53, respectively). Tyrothricin (0, 5.66, 0, respectively) and Malva sylvestris tincture (0, 0, 4.29, respectively) showed little or no antimicrobial activity. Chlorhexidine produced the largest inhibition zones against the tested microorganisms (30.06, 15.54, 20.89, respectively). Conclusion: The results from this study suggest that among all components of Malvatricin®, hydroxyquinoline presented the greatest antimicrobial activity against the tested microorganisms, and that the antimicrobial activity of the commercial product is likely due to the action of the hydroxyquinoline present in its composition

Histopatologia da interação de Bacillus thuringiensis e extratos vegetais no intestino médio de Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) / Histopathology of the interaction of Bacillus thuringiensis and plant extracts in the midgut of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Plantas são fontes naturais de substâncias inseticidas, já que podem ser produzidas pelo vegetal em resposta a ataques de insetos podendo representar uma alternativa no manejo de insetos-praga, como Spodoptera frugiperda. Dessa forma, o presente trabalho objetivou a análise histopatológica do intestino médio de lagartas de S. frugiperda, após a ingestão dos extratos obtidos por maceração e infusão de Petiveria alliacea. Zingiber officinale. Cymbopogon citratus. Malva silvestris. Baccharis genistelloides e Ruta graveolens, assim como a associação desses extratos com Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai. As lagartas foram tratadas in vivo com cada extrato e a bactéria, mais a associação desses extratos com B. thuringiensis e após, uma reação de cinética entre 3 e 27 horas, foram fixadas para o preparo de cortes histológicos, os quais foram corados e analisados comparativamente às testemunhas em microscopia óptica. Os resultados mostraram mudanças na histologia do intestino médio das lagartas de S. frugiperda, 3 horas após a aplicação dos tratamentos à base de alliacea. Z. officinale. C. citratus e M. silvestris, enquanto que para B. genistelloides e R. graveolens só foram observados alterações após 6h. Na interação dos extratos com B. thuringiensis observou-se alterações nas microvilosidades, desorganização do intestino médio e a hipertrofia das células epiteliais que projetaram-se para o lúmen. Os resultados desse trabalho mostram que o efeito histopatológico de Z. officinale. M. silvestris. R. graveolens e B. genistelloides, foram mais ativos quando comparados aos extratos de P. alliacea e C. citratus, os quais apresentaram uma interação positiva com B. thuringiensis.

The natural insecticidal substances produced by plants in response to insect attack may represent an alternative for the management of pest insects such as Spodoptera frugiperda. This study was therefore aimed to histopathologically analyze the midgut of larvae of S. frugiperda, after ingestion of extracts obtained by maceration and infusion of Petiveria alliacea. Zingiber officinale. Cymbopogon citratus. Malva silvestris. Baccharis genistelloides and Ruta graveolens, and the association of these extracts with Bacillus thuringiensis aizawai. The larvae were treated in vivo with each extract, B. thuringiensis, and the combination of these extracts with the bacteria, and after a reaction kinetics of between 3 to 27 hours they were fixed for the preparation of histological sections, which were stained and analyzed in comparison to the controls with light microscopy. The results showed changes in the histology of the midgut of the larvae of S. frugiperda, 3 hours after application of treatments based on P. alliacea. Z. officinale. C. citratus and M. silvestris, while for B. genistelloides and R. graveolens changes were observed only after 6h. In the interaction of extracts with B. thuringiensis the analysis revealed changes in microvilli, disorganization of the midgut and hypertrophy of epithelial cells that projected into the lumen. The findings show that the histopathological effects of Z. officinale. M. silvestris. R. graveolens and B. genistelloides were more active when compared to extracts of P. alliacea and C. citratus, which showed a positive interaction with B. thuringiensis.

Determination of the maximum inhibitory dilution of cetylpyridinium chloride-based mouthwashes against staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro study

The aim of this in vitro study was to determine the maximum inhibitory dilution (MID) of four cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC)-based mouthwashes: CPC+Propolis, CPC+Malva, CPC+Eucaliptol+Juá+Romã+Propolis (Natural Honey®) and CPC (Cepacol®), against 28 Staphylococcus aureus field strains, using the agar dilution method. Decimal dilutions ranging from 1/10 to 1/655,360 were prepared and added to Mueller Hinton Agar. Strains were inoculated using Steers multipoint inoculator. The inocula were seeded onto the surface of the culture medium in Petri dishes containing different dilutions of the mouthwashes. The dishes were incubated at 37ºC for 24 h. For readings, the MID was considered as the maximum dilution of mouthwash still capable of inhibiting microbial growth. The obtained data showed that CPC+Propolis had antimicrobial activity against 27 strains at 1/320 dilution and against all 28 strains at 1/160 dilution, CPC+Malva inhibited the growth of all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution, CPC+Eucaliptol+Juá+Romã+Propolis inhibited the growth of 2 strains at 1/640 dilution and all 28 strains at 1/320 dilution, and Cepacol® showed antimicrobial activity against 3 strains at 1/320 dilution and against all 28 strains at 1/160 dilution. Data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis test, showing that the MID of Cepacol® was lower than that determined for the other products (p<0.05). In conclusion, CPC-mouthwashes showed antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and the addition of other substances to CPC improved its antimicrobial effect.

Fitomedicina: usos más comunes en Dermatología / Herbal therapy in dermatology

Los suplementos herbales son productos obtenidos de plantas que se utilizan en el tratamiento de diversas enfermedades y condiciones médicas. La práctica de esta medicina natural se ha extendido a la dermatología y a pesar de que en la mayoría de los casos no existen estudios científicos comparativos que certifiquen su eficacia y seguridad, son bien aceptados sus beneficios en diversas patologías como por ejemplo: el ácido glicólico de la caña de azúcar en el acné, el aloe vera en quemaduras y heridas, la caléndula en infecciones, el té verde en el fotoenvejecimiento y el cáncer de piel, entre otras. En el presente trabajo se detallan las hierbas medicinales más usadas, las regulaciones existentes, los aspectos botánicos, históricos y prácticos de su uso en Dermatología