An Investigation into Chronic Conditions and Diseases in Minors to Determine the Socioeconomic Status, Medical Use and Expenditure According to Data from the Korea Health Panel, 2015

OBJECTIVES: This study compared the socioeconomic status, medical use and expenditures for infants (1–5 years), juveniles (6–12 years), and adolescents (13–19 years) with a chronic condition or disease to determine factors affecting health spending.METHODS: Data from 3,677 minors (< 20 years old, without disabilities) were extracted from the Korea Health Panel (2015) database.RESULTS: Minors with chronic conditions or diseases were older (juveniles, and adolescents; p < 0.001), and included a higher proportion of Medicaid recipients (p = 0.004), a higher use of hospital outpatient care (p < 0.001), and higher medical expenditure (p < 0.001) compared to minors without chronic conditions or diseases. Boys were more likely to have a chronic condition or disease than girls (p = 0.036). Adolescents and juveniles were more likely than infants to have a chronic condition or disease (p = 0.001). Medicaid recipients were more likely to have a chronic condition or disease than those who were not Medicaid recipients (p = 0.008). Minors who had been hospital outpatients were more likely to have a chronic condition or disease, compared with minors who had not been an outpatient (p = 0.001). Having a chronic condition or disease, was a factor increasing medical expenditure (p = 0.001). Medical expenditure was higher in infants than in juveniles and adolescents (p = 0.001). Infants had higher rates of medical use when compared with juveniles and adolescents (p = 0.001).CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that systematic health care management for minors with chronic conditions or diseases, is needed.

Effects of Medicaid Case Manager's Communication Competence and Stress on Their Job Satisfaction

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to identify effects of Medicaid Case Manager's communication competence and stress on their job satisfaction. METHODS: The current work is descriptive research, and the participants were 154 medicaid case managers. Data were collected between May and July, 2017 through Embrain, a specialized research organization. The data were analyzed using independent t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression. RESULTS: The mean communication competence of the medicaid case managers was 3.61, stress 1.76, and their job satisfaction 2.74. Age and average monthly compensation brought significant differences in their job satisfaction. Their communication competence was correlated with stress (r=−.35, p<.001), but not with their job satisfaction. The stress was the most influential factor in job satisfaction (β=−.45). CONCLUSION: The results of this work show that the medicaid case managers' communication competence was not an influence factor of their job satisfaction, which is different from implications from the previous studies and needs confirmation through future research. In addition the results of this study also suggest that stress management can be a useful approach to the improvement of medicaid case managers' job satisfaction.

The Influence Factors on the Performance of Regional Public Hospitals / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: This study is designed to estimate the factors that affect the level of three different performance (publicity, efficiency, profitability) among regional public hospitals. METHODS: The units of analysis are the regional 30 hospitals, which have the operating data during 22 years (from 1933 to 2014). The research method is used by fixed panel analysis. The publicity is measured by medicaid outpatient proportion and medicaid inpatient proportion. The efficiency is measured by two types of efficient score by DEA (data envelopment analysis). The profitability is measured by medical income to medical revenue and ROA (return on total asset). RESULTS: At first, the increase of bed gives negative affect to the publicity but give positive effect to the efficiency and profitability. Because it means the increase of the region population, it gives more profitability compare to hospital with small number of beds. The more the operating period is the higher effect to the publicity and efficiency because of it's refutation. The debt ratio gives negative effect to publicity, but positive effect to profitability. It is the normal belief that there is inverse relationship between publicity and profitability. The turnover rate of bed gives the negative affect to the publicity, but positive affect to the efficiency and profitability. That give us the implication that type of the inpatient make different effect the hospital performance. The ratio of labor cost give negative effect to all kind of performance. That means that the higher labor cost don't mean the higher publicity and labor cost control is very important factors to hospital performance. So the region hospital have to focus the labor factors more to make higher performance. CONCLUSION: As the conclusion, the independent variables give similar effect to the efficiency and the profitability, but give inverse effect to the publicity. That means that if an region hospital want to make the more publicity, it loss the higher efficiency and profitability. Specially publicity is higher negative relation with the profitability.

Higher Age Puts Lung Cancer Patients at Risk for Not Receiving Anti-cancer Treatment / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: We aimed to determine the demographic and epidemiologic variables that are associated with no treatment in lung cancer patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patient data were collected from the Korean National Health Insurance Database. The lung cancer group included patients with an initial diagnosis of lung cancer between January 2009 and December 2014. Treated cases were defined as those that underwent surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy until death, after the diagnosis of lung cancer. Risk of no treatment was calculated by multiple logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the 2,148 new cases of lung cancer from 2009 to 2104, 612 (28.4%) were not treated. Risk of no treatment was higher in the following patients: patients in their 60s (odds ratio [OR], 1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.75 to 1.84), 70s (OR, 3.64; 95% CI, 2.41 to 5.50), and >80 years old (OR, 16.55; 95% CI, 10.53 to 25.03) than those in their 50s; patients with previous myocardial infarction (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.01 to 4.25) or chronic kidney disease (OR, 2.88; 95% CI, 1.57 to 5.30); and patients diagnosed at a non-referral hospital (OR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.92) or primary care provider (OR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.43 to 2.29) compared with referral hospital. Low-income patients receiving Medicaid were 1.75 times (95% CI, 1.14 to 2.68) more likely to forgo treatment than high-income patients (upper 20%). Risk was not associated with sex or the year in which the lung cancer was diagnosed. CONCLUSION: Age predominantly determines whether patients with lung cancer undergo anti-cancer treatment.

Repercusiones de "ObamaCare" para la reforma sanitaria en Chile / "ObamaCare": effects for the health reform in Chile

Health care raises structural issues in a democratic society, such as the role assigned to the central government in the management of health risk and the redistributive consequences generated by the implementation of social insurance. These are often cause of strong political controversy. This paper examines the United States of America health reform, popularly known as "ObamaCare". Its three main elements, namely individual mandate, creation of new health insurance exchanges, and the expansion of Medicaid, generated a redistribution of health risks in the insurance market of that country after almost a century of frustrated legislative efforts to guarantee minimum universal coverage. The article proposes that a change of this magnitude in the United States will produce effects in a forthcoming parliamentary discussion on the health reform in Chile, which still maintains a highly deregulated private health system.

Nursing Home Employee and Resident Satisfaction and Resident Care Outcomes

BACKGROUND: Nursing home resident care is an ongoing topic of public discussion, and there is great interest in improving the quality of resident care. This study investigated the association between nursing home employees' job satisfaction and residents' satisfaction with care and medical outcomes. METHODS: Employee and resident satisfaction were measured by questionnaire in 175 skilled nursing facilities in the eastern United States from 2005 to 2009. Facility-level data on residents' pressure ulcers, medically unexplained weight loss, and falls were obtained from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Long-Term Care Minimum Data Set. The association between employee satisfaction and resident satisfaction was examined with multiple and multilevel linear regression. Associations between employee satisfaction and the rates of pressure ulcers, weight loss, and falls were examined with simple and multilevel Poisson regression. RESULTS: A 1-point increase in overall employee satisfaction was associated with an increase of 17.4 points (scale 0–100) in the satisfaction of residents and family members (p < 0.0001) and a 19% decrease in the incidence of resident falls, weight loss, and pressure ulcers combined (p < 0.0001), after adjusting for staffing ratio and percentage of resident-days paid by Medicaid. CONCLUSION: Job satisfaction of nursing home employees is associated with lower rates of resident injuries and higher resident satisfaction with care. A supportive work environment may help increase quality of care in the nation's nursing homes.

A Study on the Change of Emergency Department Use Behavior of the Homeless Patients after the Implementation of the ‘Seoul Type Citizen Sympathy Emergency Room Project’

PURPOSE: This study shows the change in emergency room use behavior by homeless patients after implementation of the ‘Seoul Type Citizen Sympathy Emergency Room Project’ in July 2015. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital between January 2014 and December 2014 and January 2016 and December 2016. Homeless patients who visited the emergency room in 2014 and 2016 were compared based on age, gender, mode of insurance, admission, revisit within 48 hours, length of stay (LOS) in the emergency department (ED), total cost, and major diagnostic category. RESULTS: A total of 3,642 homeless patients were enrolled during the study period, of which 1,876 visited in 2014 and 1,766 in 2016. Fewer homeless patients in 2016 revisited within 48 hours (p=0.046). Homeless in 2016 had a shorter ED LOS (p < 0.001) and lower total cost (p=0.040). More homeless patients who visited due to alcohol revisited within 48 hours in 2016 (p=0.036). Moreover, these patients did not have a different ED LOS (p=0.060) or total cost (p=0.475). Medicaid homeless patients were less connected compared health insurance by screening, brief intervention, referral to treatment program. CONCLUSION: Comparison of homeless patients who visited the emergency room in 2014 and 2016 revealed fewer total homeless patients in 2016, as well as less revisits within 48 hours, shorter ED LOS and lower total cost. These findings indicate that the ‘Seoul Type Citizen Sympathy Emergency Room Project’ was effective in the emergency room, but improvements for alcohol and medicaid homeless patients are needed.

Social Network, Self-Care Agency and Quality of Life of High-risk Beneficiaries in Case Management of Medicaid

PURPOSE: This study investigates the social network, self-care agency, and quality of life of high-risk beneficiaries in case management of Medicaid and the correlations between these variables. It also identifies influencing factors on their quality of life. METHODS: The subjects included 187 individuals chosen from the high-risk beneficiaries in case management of Medicaid in D Metropolitan City. Data was collected through direct interviews based on a structured questionnaire on home visits. RESULTS: The perceived health status was the most influential factor in their quality of life, followed by self-care agency, mutual support network, and natural support network in order. These factors explained 40.6% of their quality of life. CONCLUSION: These findings raise a need to develop a nursing intervention program to increase the self-care agency of the high-risk beneficiaries in case management of Medicaid.

Benzodiazepine Use among Patients with Schizophrenia in Korea: Analysis of Database of Health Insurance Review Agency / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to examine the pattern of benzodiazepine use in a representative sample of patients with schizophrenia in Korea. METHOD: Data generated by the Health Insurance Review Agency of Korea was used to examine the frequency of benzodiazepine use. Demographic and geographic factors, hospital types in which patients received prescriptions, health insurance coverage, and the number of concomitant antipsychotics associated with benzodiazepine use were explored by multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among the 183427 patients with schizophrenia, the frequency of benzodiazepine use was 67.5% (n=122859). Use of benzodiazepines was highly associated with female patients treated in hospitals located in Gyeonggi, Gyeongsang, and Gangwon provinces, medicaid patients, patients treated in mental hospitals and private psychiatric clinics, and patients using concomitant antipsychotic agents. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that benzodiazepine use was highly prevalent among patients with schizophrenia. Long-term use of benzodiazepine may be at higher risk of neurocognitive side effects and risk of mortality. Therefore, patients with schizophrenia taking benzodiazepine concomitantly should be closely monitored for benefits and risks of benzodiazepine use. For the medicaid patients, policy change is urgently needed in order for patients to receive equal quality of treatment with that of non-medicaid patents.

Prediction of Health Care Cost Using the Hierarchical Condition Category Risk Adjustment Model / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the Hierarchical Condition Category (HCC) model, identify potentially high-cost patients, and examine the effects of adding prior utilization to the risk model using Korean claims data. METHODS: We incorporated 2 years of data from the National Health Insurance Services-National Sample Cohort. Five risk models were used to predict health expenditures: model 1 (age/sex groups), model 2 (the Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services-HCC with age/sex groups), model 3 (selected 54 HCCs with age/sex groups), model 4 (bed-days of care plus model 3), and model 5 (medication- days plus model 3). We evaluated model performance using R² at individual level, predictive positive value (PPV) of the top 5% of high-cost patients, and predictive ratio (PR) within subgroups. RESULTS: The suitability of the model, including prior use, bed-days, and medication-days, was better than other models. R² values were 8%, 39%, 37%, 43%, and 57% with model 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. After being removed the extreme values, the corresponding R² values were slightly improved in all models. PPVs were 16.4%, 25.2%, 25.1%, 33.8%, and 53.8%. Total expenditure was underpredicted for the highest expenditure group and overpredicted for the four other groups. PR had a tendency to decrease from younger group to older group in both female and male. CONCLUSION: The risk adjustment models are important in plan payment, reimbursement, profiling, and research. Combined prior use and diagnostic data are more powerful to predict health costs and to identify high-cost patients.

Analysis of Epidemiologic Characteristics between Patients Visited from Residential Aged Care Facilities and Elderly Patients Visited from Home Admitted to the Emergency Department with Disease

PURPOSE: In recent years, the number of elderly patients visiting from residential aged care facilities (RACFs) has been increasing. We analyzed a comparison of characteristics between patients who visited the ER with diseases from RACFs and those who visited from home. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted in a public hospital between January 2013 and December 2014. The subjects included patients who visited the ED from RACFs and elderly patients who visited the ED from home. Comparisons of the following parameters were made between the two groups: gender, age, mode of insurance, mode of ED visit, mobile status, Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), chief complaint, final results in the ED, and length of stay (LOS) in the ED and hospital. RESULTS: A total of 7,603 patients were enrolled during the study period. There were 6,401 elderly patients who visited from home and 1,202 patients who visited from RACFs. Patients from RACFs were older than those from home (79.90±8.01 vs. 75.78±7.26, p<0.001). More patients from RACFs were on Medicaid (56.6% vs. 27.9%, p<0.001), took more ambulance (86.3% vs. 49.4%, p<0.001), more bedridden (68.2% vs. 6.4%, p<0.001), and higher CCI (2.38±1.99 vs. 1.45±1.84, p<0.001). Compared with patients from home, those from RACFs showed a significantly higher proportion of admission (63.2% vs. 32.9%, p<0.001), ED LOS (403.03±361.77 vs. 277.07±258.82, p<0.001), and hospital LOS (19.65±18.58 vs. 15.67±15.63, p<0.001). Patients from RACFs showed especially longer ED LOS from discharged ED than those from home (388.87±422.88 vs. 221.90±215.30, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Compared with elderly patients from home, patients from RACFs also had higher admission rate and longer ED LOS, as well as hospital LOS. Patients from RACFs had long ED LOS. The findings in this study suggest that there could be ED overcrowding in the near future.

Health Status and Health Service Utilization: Barriers and Facilitators for Korea Medicaid Beneficiaries

PURPOSE: This study compares beneficiaries of Korean Medicaid with those under the National Health Insurance program, seeking to understand how each group utilizes their healthcare. METHODS: Data were obtained from a Health Promotion Survey in 2005. Health status was measured by the respondents' perception of health. Health service utilization included the availability of healthcare services, the type of healthcare institution, and intent to revisit. Predisposing and enabling factors, as well as health care needs were used for this study. RESULTS: Compared to National Health Insurance beneficiaries, Medicaid beneficiaries reported lower levels of health status and fewer enabling factors. They had more chronic diseases and disabilities. Education level, existence of chronic diseases, exercise patterns, and disabilities were associated with health status. CONCLUSION: We found that Medicaid beneficiaries had fewer resources and higher levels of health needs. As Medicaid is reformed, policy makers and administrators should understand healthcare utilization behaviors of Medicaid beneficiaries and the factors hindering access to care.

Feature of Visiting Patients to a Wide Regional Emergency Center According to Insurance Status

PURPOSE: In Korea, emergency department overcrowding in large hospitals have caused social concern. Moreover, patients with low socioeconomic status visit the emergency department more frequently. This kind of visitation also causes a burden on the national budget, but emergent patient should be treated in emergency department regardless of economic state. So, on establishment of policy about the patient with low socioeconomic status, the frequency of emergency visitation alone is difficult to obtain a sufficient basis for policy-making. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed adult patients with a disease who visited the Pusan Wide-regional Emergency Center in 2015. Korean Triage and Acuity Scale level I, II or III were defined as emergency, and level IV or V was defined as non-emergency. The ratio of emergency and non-emergency was compared in the National Health Insurance and Medicaid database. RESULTS: The number of patients with National Health Insurance was 16,208 (90.3%) and with Medicaid was 1,737 (9.7%). Among those with National Health Insurance, there were 12,720 (78.5%) emergency cases and 3,488 (21.5%) non-emergency cases. Among those with Medicaid, 1,379 (79.4%) emergency cases and 358 (20.6%) non-emergency cases. Between National Health Insurance and Medicaid, there was no statistically significant difference in the ratio of emergency and non-emergency (p=0.380) CONCLUSION: Accessibility of emergency and non-emergency patients with National Health Insurance and Medicaid to Pusan Wide-regional Emergency Center was not different.

Bacaba beverage produced by Umutina Brazilian Amerindians: Microbiological and chemical characterization

Bacaba chicha is a beverage prepared by the indigenous Umutina people from the bacaba fruit (Oenocarpus bacaba), a purple berry that is rich in fat and carbohydrates, as well as a source of phenolic compounds. In this study, samples of bacaba chicha beverage were collected, and the microbial community was assessed using culture-dependent and -independent techniques. The nutritional composition and metabolite profiles were analyzed, and species belonging to lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts were detected. The LAB group detected by culture-dependent analysis included Enterococcus hormaechei and Leuconostoc lactis. Polymerase chain reaction and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) detected additional Propionibacterium avidum, Acetobacter spp., and uncultured bacteria. Pichia caribbica and Pichia guilliermondii were detected in a culture-dependent method, and Pichia caribbica was confirmed by PCR-DGGE analysis. The pH value of the beverage was 6.2. The nutritional composition was as follows: 16.47 ± 0.73 g 100 mL-1 dry matter, 2.2 ± 0.0 g 100 mL-1 fat, 3.36 ± 0.44 g 100 mL-1 protein, and 10.87 ± 0.26 g 100 mL-1 carbohydrate. The metabolites detected were 2.69 g L-1 succinic acid, 0.9 g L-1 acetic acid, 0.49 g L-1 citric acid, 0.52 g L-1 ethanol, and 0.4 g L-1 glycerol. This is the first study to identify microbial diversity in bacaba chicha spontaneous fermentation. This study is also the starting step in the immaterial record of this Brazilian indigenous beverage prepared from bacaba fruit.

Características demográficas de pacientes con enfermedad de pie-mano-boca. Serie de casos atípicos / Demographic characteristics of patients with hand-foot-and-mouth disease. Atypical cases series

La enfermedad de pie-mano-boca es un exantema frecuente en la niñez. Se han descrito varios tipos de lesiones de distribución generalizada en casos atípicos, aunque los datos sobre la predilección respecto de la localización de estas lesiones son insuficientes. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las características demográficas de los pacientes con esta enfermedad y caracterizar las localizaciones de las lesiones en pacientes con erupciones atípicas, tratadas en un centro ambulatorio de dermatología de un hospital pediátrico, entre noviembre de 2011 y agosto de 2013. Se incluyen a 67 pacientes en el estudio. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 34 meses con predominio de varones (60%). Todos los pacientes tuvieron erupciones en la boca, las manos y los pies. Los niños <24 meses se vieron afectados en la zona cubierta por el pañal y las extremidades, con un compromiso significativamente mayor en los que tenían entre 24 y 48 meses y en los >48 meses (p <0,0001 y p= 0,011, respectivamente). Ninguno de los pacientes tuvo complicaciones sistémicas graves.

Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood exanthem. Various types of lesions and widespread distribution in atypical cases have been described, but data on the predilection of lesion localizations in atypical cases are insufficient. We aimed to describe the demographic features of patients with HFMD, and to characterize lesion localizations in patients with atypical eruptions treated at an outpatient dermatology clinic of a pediatric hospital, between November 2011 and August 2013.The study included 67 patients. Mean age of the patients was 34 months and there was a male predominance (60%). All the patients had eruptions on hands, feet, and mouth. Children aged <24 months had involvement of the diaper area and extremities, which was significantly higher than those aged 24-48 months and >48 months (P < 0.0001 and P= 0.011, respectively). None of the patients had serious systemic complications.

I Brazilian Registry of Heart Failure - Clinical Aspects, Care Quality and Hospitalization Outcomes / I Registro Brasileiro de Insuficiência Cardíaca – Aspectos Clínicos, Qualidade Assistencial e Desfechos Hospitalares

Background: Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization in adults in Brazil. However, most of the available data is limited to unicenter registries. The BREATHE registry is the first to include a large sample of hospitalized patients with decompensated HF from different regions in Brazil. Objective: Describe the clinical characteristics, treatment and prognosis of hospitalized patients admitted with acute HF. Methods: Observational registry study with longitudinal follow-up. The eligibility criteria included patients older than 18 years with a definitive diagnosis of HF, admitted to public or private hospitals. Assessed outcomes included the causes of decompensation, use of medications, care quality indicators, hemodynamic profile and intrahospital events. Results: A total of 1,263 patients (64±16 years, 60% women) were included from 51 centers from different regions in Brazil. The most common comorbidities were hypertension (70.8%), dyslipidemia (36.7%) and diabetes (34%). Around 40% of the patients had normal left ventricular systolic function and most were admitted with a wet-warm clinical-hemodynamic profile. Vasodilators and intravenous inotropes were used in less than 15% of the studied cohort. Care quality indicators based on hospital discharge recommendations were reached in less than 65% of the patients. Intrahospital mortality affected 12.6% of all patients included. Conclusion: The BREATHE study demonstrated the high intrahospital mortality of patients admitted with acute HF in Brazil, in addition to the low rate of prescription of drugs based on evidence. .

Fundamento: A insuficiência cardíaca (IC) é uma das principais causas de hospitalização em adultos no Brasil, no entanto a maioria dos dados disponíveis é limitada a registros unicêntricos. O registro BREATHE é o primeiro a incluir uma ampla amostra de pacientes hospitalizados com IC descompensada de diferentes regiões do Brasil. Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas, tratamento e prognóstico intra-hospitalar de pacientes admitidos com IC aguda. Métodos: Estudo observacional tipo registro, com seguimento longitudinal. Os critérios de elegibilidade incluíram pacientes acima de 18 anos com diagnóstico definitivo de IC, admitidos em hospitais públicos ou privados. Os desfechos avaliados incluíram causas de descompensação, uso de medicações, indicadores de qualidade assistencial, perfil hemodinâmico e eventos intra-hospitalares. Resultados: O total de 1.263 pacientes (64 ± 16 anos, 60% mulheres) foi incluído a partir de 51 centros de diferentes regiões do Brasil. As comorbidades mais comuns foram hipertensão arterial (70,8%), dislipidemia (36,7%) e diabetes (34%). Em torno de 40% dos pacientes apresentavam função sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo normal e a maioria foi admitida com perfil clínico-hemodinâmico quente-úmido. Vasodilatadores e inotrópicos endovenosos foram administrados a menos de 15% da amostra estudada. Indicadores de qualidade assistencial baseados nas orientações de alta hospitalar foram atingidos em menos de 65% dos pacientes. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar afetou 12,6% do total dos pacientes incluídos. Conclusão: O estudo BREATHE demonstrou a alta mortalidade intra-hospitalar dos pacientes admitidos com IC aguda no Brasil, somada à baixa taxa de prescrição de medicamentos baseados em evidências. .

Compensatory sweating after restricting or lowering the level of sympathectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE: To compare compensatory sweating after lowering or restricting the level of sympathectomy. METHOD: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted of all randomized controlled trials published in English that compared compensatory sweating after lowering or restricting the level of sympathectomy. The Cochrane collaboration tool was used to assess the risk of bias, and the Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio method was used for the meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 11 randomized controlled trials were included, including a total of 1079 patients. Five of the randomized controlled trials studied restricting the level of sympathectomy, and the remaining six studied lowering the level of sympathectomy. CONCLUSIONS: The compiled randomized controlled trial results published so far in the literature do not support the claims that lowering or restricting the level of sympathetic ablation results in less compensatory sweating. .

Methodology of revision of Korean national cancer screening guideline

The National Cancer Screening Program (NCSP) was established to provide cancer screening services for low-income Medicaid recipients in 1999. Since then, the NCSP has expanded its target population to include National Health Insurance beneficiaries. Currently, the program targets the five most common types of cancer in Korea: stomach, liver, colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer. The National Cancer Center has been involved in developing and revising the practice guidelines for the NCSP in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and Welfare and related academic societies. The main methodological principles of development were determined as follows: an evidence-based approach to the development of recommendations on cancer screening was used, that the recommendation could be drawn by an adaptation process if evidence-based current reliable clinical practice guidelines were available, and that the level of evidence was assessed by methodologies. The process of recommendation development was divided into planning, development, and finalization steps. Planning tasks consisted of selection of clinical practice guideline topics, organization of a clinical practice guideline development group, reviewing the existing clinical practice guidelines, establishment of development plans, and definition of key questions. Development tasks consisted of steps including searching the literature evidence base, assessment of the quality of evidence, integration of evidence, and formulation of recommendations and deciding on the recommendation grade. The finalization tasks included external review, up-dating of the plan, and publication of the clinical practice guidelines.

The Effect of Copayment on Medical Aid Beneficiaries in Korea

PURPOSE: This study was to ascertain whether there are differences in health care utilization and expenditure for Type I Medical Aid Beneficiaries before and after applying Copayment. METHODS: This study was one-group pretest posttest design study using secondary data analysis. Data for pretest group were collected from claims data of the Korea National Health Insurance Corporation and data for posttest group were collected through door to-door interviews using a structured questionnaire. A total of 1,364 subjects were sampled systematically from medical aid beneficiaries who had applied for copayment during the period from December 12, 2007 to September 25, 2008. RESULTS: There was no negative effect of copayment on accessibility to medical services, medication adherence (p=.94), and quality of life (p=.25). Some of the subjects' health behaviors even increased preferably after applying for copayment including flu prevention (p<.001), health care examination (p=.035), and cancer screening (p=.002). However, significant suppressive effects of copayment were found on outpatient hospital visiting days (p<.001) and outpatient medical expenditure (p<.001). CONCLUSION: Copayment does not seem to be a great influencing factor on beneficiaries'accessibility to medical services and their health behavior even though it has suppressive effects on outpatients' use of health care.

The Effects of the Designated Doctor System on Health Care Utilization of Medical Aid Beneficiaries with Chronic Diseases

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine differences in health care utilization and related costs between before and after the introduction of the designated doctor system, and to find out factors making the differences. METHODS: Data were collected from 200 medical aid beneficiaries having one or more chronic diseases, registered in the designated doctor system during the year of 2012, and the relationship between the use of health services and claimed medical expenses was analyzed through paired t-test and multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 18.0 program. RESULTS: There was a decrease in the number of total benefit days and the number of outpatient and medication days, but some cases showed an increase after the designation of medical institution. In general, hospital stay increased after the introduction of the system. However, the number of medical institutions utilized was reduced in most cases after designation. Conversely, medical expenses increased in most cases after the designation of medical institution. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that a detailed scheme to designate medical institutions should be made in consideration of the seriousness of illness and classification of medical institutions not only for the beneficiaries' enhanced health but for the effective management of medical aid fund.