Prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de medicamento indutor do sono entre mulheres assistidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde: estudo transversal em Vitória, Espírito Santo, 2014 / Prevalencia y factores asociados al uso de medicamentos inductores del sueño en mujeres atendidas en Atención Primaria de Salud: estudio transversal en Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brasil, 2014 / Prevalence and factors associated with the use of sleep-inducing medication among women receiving Primary Health Care: a cross-sectional study in Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2014

Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência e fatores associados ao uso de medicamento indutor do sono entre mulheres assistidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), Vitória, ES, Brasil. Métodos: Estudo transversal com mulheres de 20-59 anos, realizado em 2014. Analisou-se a associação do uso de indutor do sono com fatores socioeconômicos e experiências de violência (regressão de Poisson). Resultados: Entre 991 participantes, 18,5% usavam medicamento indutor do sono e 45,9% usaram-no alguma vez na vida. Seu uso, atualmente e ao longo da vida, associou-se a idade, escolaridade e violências psicológica, física e sexual no último ano (p-valor<0,05). Menor renda familiar (RP=1,30; IC95% 1,03;1,64) e parceiro controlador (RP=1,35; IC95% 1,08;1,69) associaram-se ao uso atual, enquanto experiência de violência sexual na infância (RP=1,33; IC95% 1,13;1,56) associou-se ao uso alguma vez na vida. Conclusão: O uso de medicamento indutor do sono foi frequente entre usuárias da APS, associando-se a fatores socioeconômicos e experiências de violência.

Objetivo: Verificar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al uso de medicamentos inductores del sueño en mujeres en la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) de Vitória, ES, Brasil. Métodos: Estudio transversal con mujeres de 20 a 59 años realizado en 2014. Se analizó la asociación del uso de inductores del sueño con factores socioeconómicos y violencia (regresión de Poisson). Resultados: Entre las 991 participantes, 18,5% usó medicamentos inductores y 45,9% los había usado en algún momento. El uso, actual y en la vida, de estos medicamentos se asoció con la edad, años de educación, violencia psicológica, física y sexual en el último año (p-valor<0,05). Ingresos familiares bajos (RP=1,30; IC95% 1,03;1,64) y pareja controladora (RP=1,35; IC95% 1,08;1,69) se asociaron con el uso actual, mientras que la experiencia de violencia en la infancia (RP=1,33; IC95% 1,13;1,56) se asoció con el uso alguna vez en la vida. Conclusión: El uso de inductores del sueño fue frecuente entre usuarias de la APS, asociado a factores socioeconómicos y violencia.

Objective: To verify prevalence and factors associated with the use of sleep-inducing medication among women receiving primary health care (PHC) in Vitória, ES, Brazil. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2014 with women aged 20-59. We analyzed association of sleep-inducing medication use with socioeconomic factors and experiences of violence (Poisson regression). Results: Out of 991 participants, 18.5% were using sleep-inducing medication and 45.9% had used it at some point in their lives. Current and lifetime use of these medications was associated with age, years of education, as well as psychological, physical and sexual violence in the last year (p-valor<0,05). Lower family income (PR=1.30; 95%CI 1.03;1.64) and controlling partner (PR=1.35; 95%CI 1.08;1.69) were associated with current use, while experience of sexual violence in childhood (PR=1.33; 95%CI 1.13;1.56) was associated with lifetime use. Conclusion: Use of sleep-inducing medication was frequent among PHC service users, and was associated with socioeconomic factors and experiences of violence.

Uso de hipnóticos, qualidade do sono e síndrome de Burnout em estudantes de medicina / Use of hypnotics, sleep quality and Burnout syndrome in medical students / Uso de hipnóticos, calidad del sueño y síndrome de Burnout en estudiantes de medicina

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste estudo foi investigar possíveis associações entre Burnout, uso de hipnóticos e qualidade do sono em estudantes de medicina. MÉTODO: foi realizado um estudo transversal quantitativo com estudantes de medicina de um centro universitário do nordeste do Brasil, com metodologia de Aprendizagem Baseada em Problemas (ABP). O Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, o Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) e um questionário sociodemográfico foram aplicados entre os alunos do pré-internato do curso. RESULTADOS: o estudo incluiu 523 alunos e encontrou 48 (9,2%) com critérios de diagnóstico tridimensional para Síndrome de Burnout (SB). A má qualidade do sono e o uso de hipnóticos para dormir foram associados à SB (p < 0,001 e p = 0,003, respectivamente). Não houve diferenças estatísticas quanto à idade, sexo, religião, estado civil, financiamento escolar e realização de trabalho remunerado, entre indivíduos com e sem SB. CONCLUSÃO: houve associação entre SB, uso de hipnóticos e má qualidade do sono em estudantes de medicina pré-internato.

OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study was to investigate possible associations between Burnout, use of hypnotics and sleep quality among medical students. METHOD: a cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted among medical students of a university center of northeastern Brazil, with the problem-based learning (PBL) methodology. The Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and a sociodemographic questionnaire were applied among pre-clerkship students of the course. RESULTS: the study included 523 students and found 48 (9.2%) with tridimensional diagnosis criteria for Burnout syndrome (BS). Poor sleep quality and use of hypnotic drugs for sleep were associated with BS (p < 0.001 and p = 0.003, respectively). There were no statistical differences in age, gender, religion, marital status, student financing and performing paid work, between individuals with and without BS. CONCLUSION: there was an association between BS, use of hypnotics and poor sleep quality among pre-clerkship medical students.

OBJETIVO: el objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las posibles asociaciones entre el síndrome de Burnout, el uso de hipnóticos y la calidad del sueño entre estudiantes de medicina. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio cuantitativo transversal entre estudiantes de medicina de un centro universitario del noreste de Brasil, con metodología de aprendizaje basado en problemas (ABP). Se aplicó el Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey, el Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) y un cuestionario sociodemográfico entre los estudiantes de pre-administrativo del curso. RESULTADOS: el estudio incluyó a 523 estudiantes y encontró 48 (9,2%) con criterios de diagnóstico tridimensional de síndrome de Burnout (SB). La mala calidad del sueño y el uso de fármacos hipnóticos para dormir se asociaron con SB (p <0,001 y p = 0,003, respectivamente). No hubo diferencias estadísticas en edad, sexo, religión, estado civil, financiamiento de los estudiantes y realización de trabajo remunerado, entre individuos con y sin SB. CONCLUSIÓN: hubo asociación entre SB, uso de hipnóticos y mala calidad del sueño entre los estudiantes de medicina antes de la rotación clínica.

Sublingual and oral zolpidem for insomnia disorder: a 3-month randomized trial

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a 5 mg sublingual dose of zolpidem, compared to a 10 mg oral dose, at bedtime and "as needed" following middle-of-the-night awakenings. Methods: Participants were randomized into an oral group (oral zolpidem 10 mg and sublingual placebo at bedtime and "as-needed") and a sublingual group (oral placebo and sublingual zolpidem 5 mg at bedtime and "as-needed"). Participants underwent medical evaluation, polysomnography, the psychomotor vigilance test, and completed questionnaires. Results: Of 85 patients, 67 met the criteria for insomnia (48±10 years; 79% women) and were randomized. Of these, 46 completed 92±5 days of treatment. Mild-to-moderate adverse events were reported by 25% of the participants, including headache, sleepiness, and dizziness. Both treatments decreased middle-of-the-night awakenings by an average of -3.1±2.3 days/week and increased total sleep time by 1.5 hours. Changes in sleep quality and insomnia severity scores were also favorable and comparable between groups: variation depended on continuation of treatment. Regarding PSG findings, sleep latency decreased more in the sublingual group than the oral group (-14±42 vs. 10±29 min; p = 0.03). The psychomotor vigilance test showed minor residual effects 30 minutes after awakening, which reversed after 2 hours. Conclusions: The safety and efficacy of both zolpidem formulations are comparable. The sublingual 5 mg dose induced sleep more rapidly. Clinical trial registration: NCT01896336

"Descansar e dormir sem riscos": o Jornal do Médico (Portugal) e o desastre da talidomida, 1960-1962 / "Risk-free rest and sleep: " Jornal do Médico (Portugal) and the thalidomide disaster, 1960-1962

Resumo O artigo analisa como o periódico Jornal do Médico, editado na cidade do Porto, em Portugal, divulgou o desastre da talidomida. A pesquisa percorreu as páginas da fonte desde o início de 1960 até o final de 1962. Aqui, objetivam-se apontar e discutir duas questões interligadas: a morosidade em publicar matérias sobre os efeitos deletérios do medicamento, vendido no país sob a denominação Softenon®, e a construção discursiva da isenção da responsabilidade do médico no fenômeno da iatrogenia medicamentosa.

Abstract This article analyzes the way the Porto-based journal Jornal do Médico reported on the thalidomide disaster. The pages of the publication are researched from the beginning of 1960 to the end of 1962 with the aim of identifying and discussing two interconnected questions: the delay in publishing news on the harmful effects of the drug, which was sold in the country under the brand name Softenon®, and the discursive construction of a lack of accountability on the part of physicians for the phenomenon of medication iatrogenesis.

Night shift preparation, performance, and perception: are there differences between emergency medicine nurses, residents, and faculty?

OBJECTIVE: Determine differences between faculty, residents, and nurses regarding night shift preparation, performance, recovery, and perception of emotional and physical health effects. METHODS: Survey study performed at an urban university medical center emergency department with an accredited residency program in emergency medicine. RESULTS: Forty-seven faculty, 37 residents, and 90 nurses completed the survey. There was no difference in use of physical sleep aids between groups, except nurses utilized blackout curtains more (69%) than residents (60%) and faculty (45%). Bedroom temperature preference was similar. The routine use of pharmacologic sleep aids differed: nurses and residents (both 38%) compared to faculty (13%). Residents routinely used melatonin more (79%) than did faculty (33%) and nurses (38%). Faculty preferred not to eat (45%), whereas residents (24%) preferred a full meal. The majority (>72%) in all groups drank coffee before their night shift and reported feeling tired despite their routine, with 4:00 a.m. as median nadir. Faculty reported a higher rate (41%) of falling asleep while driving compared to residents (14%) and nurses (32%), but the accident rate (3% to 6%) did not differ significantly. All had similar opinions regarding night shift-associated health effects. However, faculty reported lower level of satisfaction working night shifts, whereas nurses agreed less than the other groups regarding increased risk of drug and alcohol dependence. CONCLUSION: Faculty, residents, and nurses shared many characteristics. Faculty tended to not use pharmacologic sleep aids, not eat before their shift, fall asleep at a higher rate while driving home, and enjoy night shift work less.

Qualidade do sono em pacientes colostomizados / Quality of sleep in colostomized patients

Objetivo: este estudo tem como objetivo quantificar e qualificar o sono de pacientes colostomizados através do emprego do questionário de Pittsburgh (PSQI). Método: trata-se de um estudo transversal, envolvendo a coleta de dados através da aplicação do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh (PSQI), associado à análise da colostomia quanto à sua duração e ao seu aspecto (plana ou protusa). Foram incluídos no estudo os pacientes portadores de colostomia há mais de um ano, com a idade variando entre 40 e 85 anos e sem distúrbios prévios do sono. Resultados: foram colhidos 50 questionários (n=50) e a análise qualitativa mostrou que 33 (66%) pacientes apresentam uma boa qualidade do sono com score ≤5 e que 17 (34%) pacientes tinham uma moderada ou ruim qualidade do sono com score >5. Com relação ao aspecto da colostomia, foi observado a plana em 6 (12%) casos, sendo que em somente 1 caso apresentou score ≤5, ou seja, de qualidade boa do sono. No aspecto protuso, que ocorreu em 44 casos (88%), observou-se que 32 (72,7%) pacientes apresentaram score ≤5, portanto uma boa qualidade de sono. Outro parâmetro analisado foi o impacto dos Componentes Individuais da Qualidade de Sono (CIQS: duração do sono, distúrbio do sono, etc.) com relação à qualidade de sono geral (r). Foi constatado que o Distúrbio do Sono tem menor impacto (r=0,409) se comparado com o uso de medicamentos para dormir (r=0,860). Ficou claro também quanto à diferença entre o impacto relativo dos CIQS quando comparados entre os grupos da colostomia plana e protusa, sendo que, no grupo de pacientes com a colostomia plana em todos os quesitos, obteve-se maior impacto na qualidade de sono geral (r>0,877). Já o impacto dos CIQS na qualidade de sono geral em colostomias protusas teve seu maior índice no Uso de Medicamentos (r=0,762) enquanto que o Distúrbio do Sono (r=0,187) recebeu o menor índice. Conclusão: o aspecto final da colostomia é importante para a qualidade do sono do colostomizado, sendo a protusa a que teve menor influência negativa nesta situação.

Objective: this study aims to quantify and qualify sleep of colostomized patients using the Pittsburgh Questionnaire (PSQI). Methods: this is a cross-sectional study involving the collection of data through the application of the Sleep Quality Index Of Pittsburgh (PSQI); Associated with colostomy analysis, its duration and its appearance (flat or protusa). Patients with colostomy for more than one year, ranging in age from 40 to 85 years, were included in the study. Results: fifty questionnaires were collected (n=50) and the qualitative analysis showed that 33 (66%) patients had a good quality of sleep with a score ≤5 and that 17 (34%) patients had moderate or poor quality of sleep with Score >5. Regarding the aspect of the colostomy, the flat was observed in 6 (12%) cases, and in only 1 case presented a score ≤5, that is, of good sleep quality. In the protruding aspect, which occurred in 44 cases (88%), it was observed that 32 (72.7%) patients presented scores ≤5, therefore a good quality of sleep. Another parameter analyzed was the impact of the Individual Components of Sleep Quality (CIQS: sleep duration, sleep disturbance, etc.) in relation to general sleep quality (r). It was found that Sleep Disorder had a lower impact (r=0.409) when compared to sleeping medication (r=0.860). It was also clear how the difference between the relative impact of CIQS when compared between the flat and protuberant colostomy groups. As in the group of patients with flat colostomy, in all the questions, it was obtained a greater impact in the quality of general sleep (r>0.877). On the other hand, the impact of CIQS on general sleep quality in protusial colostomies had its highest index in the Use of Medications (r=0.762), while sleep disturbance (r=0.187) received the lowest index. Conclusion: the final appearance of the colostomy is important for the quality of sleep of the colostomy, being the protusa the one that less influence negatively in this situation.