Acetylcholine chloride 1% usage for intraoperative cataract surgery miosis / Cloridrato de Acetilcolina 1% na obtenção da miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de catarata

Abstract Objective: To test the efficacy of Acetylcholine chloride use in obtaining intraoperative miosis on phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods: Patients with cataract diagnosis and elected for surgical phacoemulsification procedure were selected. All patients underwent conventional phacoemulsification procedure performed by a single surgeon and all patients had 0.2 ml of Acetylcholine chloride 1% irrigated in the anterior chamber at the end of the surgery. The pupillary diameter was measured immediately before the beginning of surgery, immediately before and two minutes after the use of acetylcholine chloride 1%. Results: A total of 30 eyes from 30 patients were included in the study. 18 were female, and mean age was of 69.5 years with a 7.2y standard deviation on the population study. The mean pupillary diameter immediately before the beginning of surgery was 7.5 mm with a standard deviation of 0.56 mm; the mean pupillary diameter immediately before the acetylcholine chloride 1% use (after the intraocular lens im-plantation) was 7.1 mm with a standard deviation of 0.57 mm. The mean pupillary diameter two minutes after the use of acetylcholine chloride 1% in the anterior chamber was 3.4 mm with standard deviation of 0.66 mm. The mean maximum action time of ACH chloride 1% was 64 seconds, with a standard deviation of 8 seconds. The mean intraocular pressure on the first postoperative day was 19.1 mmHg with a standard deviation of 2.45 mmHg. Conclusion: We conclude that acetylcholine chloride 1% is an important drug to obtaining intraoperative miosis in cataract surgery.

Resumo Objetivo: Demonstrar a eficácia do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% na obtenção da miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de catarata pela técnica de facoemulsificação. Métodos: Pacientes com diagnóstico de catarata e indicação de cirurgia foram selecionados para participar do presente estudo. Todos os pacientes foram operados pela técnica de facoemulsificação convencional pelo mesmo cirurgião, todos foram submetidos à aplicação de 0,2 ml do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% na câmara anterior ao final do procedimento cirúrgico. A medida do diâmetro pupilar foi realizada imediatamente antes do início da cirurgia, imediatamente antes do uso do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% e após 2 minutos. Resultados: Foram estudados 30 olhos de 30 pacientes, destes, 18 eram do sexo feminino, a média de idade do estudo foi de 69,5 anos com desvio padrão de 7,2 anos. A média do diâmetro pupilar imediatamente antes do início da cirurgia foi 7,55 mm com desvio padrão de 0,56mm, a média do diâmetro pupilar imediatamente antes do uso do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% (após implante da lente intraocular no saco capsular) foi 7,1mm com desvio padrão de 0,57mm. A média do diâmetro pupilar após 2 minutos da aplicação da acetilcolina na câmara anterior foi de 3,4 mm com desvio padrão de 0,66mm. O tempo médio de ação máxima do medicamento foi de 64 segundos, com desvio padrão de 8 segundos. A média da pressão intraocular no primeiro dia do pós-operatório foi de 19,1 mmHg com desvio padrão de 2,45mmHg. Conclusão: O estudo acima mostrou que a acetilcolina apresenta boa eficácia na obtenção de miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de facoemulsificação, permitindo uma maior facilidade na confecções das suturas corneanas ou corneo-escleral, reduzindo a incidência de sinéquias anteriores periféricas. Concluimos que o cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% é um importante medicamento na obtenção da miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de catarata.

A Pharmacologic Pupillary Test in the Diagnosis of Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy

PURPOSE: To screen for diabetic autonomic neuropathy of the pupil using 0.5% apraclonidine and 0.1% pilocarpine and to evaluate the early diagnostic value of this pharmacologic pupillary test by assessing the relationship between pupillary and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathies. METHODS: A total of 22 diabetic patients were recruited. Baseline pupillary diameter (PD) and the difference in PD between the test eye and the control eye before and after instillation of apraclonidine and pilocarpine were measured. All patients also underwent cardiovascular autonomic function (CAF) testing. RESULTS: Baseline PD in room light correlated with duration of diabetes mellitus (DM, p=0.049) and the presence of DM retinopathy (DMR, p=0.022). Eleven patients (50%) had positive apraclonidine tests, and two patients had positive pilocarpine tests. The patients who had positive pilocarpine tests also had positive apraclonidine tests. Patients who had a positive pupillary test had a significantly higher rate of positive CAF tests (p=0.032). CONCLUSIONS: Pupillary autonomic neuropathy was related to the duration of diabetes and the degree of DMR. There was also a significant correlation between pupillary autonomic neuropathy and cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN). Also, sympathetic nerve dysfunction occurred prior to parasympathetic dysfunction in this study. A simple pharmacologic pupillary test can help manage complications in diabetic patients because patients with pupillary autonomic dysfunction have an increased risk of CAN.

Efeitos da constrição pulilar na perimetria de frequência dupla em olhos normais / Effects of pupillary constriction on frequency doubling perimetry in normal eyes

Objetivo: Estudar os efeitos da redução do diâmetro pupilar nos resultados da perimetria de freqüência dupla em um grupo de voluntários normais. Métodos: Dezoito voluntários saudáveis participaram do estudo. Realizou-se perimetria de freqüência dupla no olho direito de cada participante (estratégia " Full Threshold" C-20). Para a segunda sessão de perimetria, instilou-se uma gota de pilocarpina 2 por cento no olho direito dos voluntários e refez-se o exame após 60 minutos. Resultados: Sessenta minutos após adição de pilocarpina 2 por cento houve redução significante do diâmetro pupilar de 4,22 ñ 0,17 mm para 1,55 ñ 0,51 mm (p<0,05). Houve redução significativa da sensibilidade retiniana média após constrição pupilar de 5,67 ñ 2,49 dB nos 5 graus centrais, 4,49 ñ2,73 dB entre 2,5 graus e 10 grause 5,10 ñ 3,55 dB entre 10 graus e 20 graus (p<0,01). Observou-se redução de 4,06ñ2,67 dB no "mean deviation" e aumento de 0,64 ñ 0,94 dB no "pattern standard deviation" (p< 0,01). Não se observaram diferenças em relação às respostas falso-positivas, falso-negativas, perdas de fixação e duração média do exame (p>0,05). Conclusão: A alteração do diâmetro pupilar está associada a redução significativa dos limiares de sensibilidade dentro dos 20 graus centrais do campo testado pela perimetria de freqüência dupla. Estes resultados sugerem que seja importante manter o diâmetro pupilar constante em exames seriados.

Primary argon laser trabeculoplasty vs pilocarpine 2% in primary open angle glaucoma: two years follow-up study.

In a prospective study, the efficacy of argon laser trabeculoplasty (ALT) was evaluated and compared with pilocarpine 2% as primary treatment in newly diagnosed primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). Out of 38 patients with POAG included in this study, one eye each of 36 patients underwent ALT, and one eye each of 26 patients received pilocarpine 2% every 8 hours. The mean pre-treatment IOP was 25.48 +/- 4.13 mmHg in ALT group and 24.47 +/- 3.51 mmHg in the pilocarpine group. The mean post treatment IOP at 2 year follow was 18.2 +/- 2.55 mmHg in ALT group and 18.27 +/- 2.22 mmHg in the pilocarpine group. Post treatment IOP was significantly lower than pre-treatment IOP in both ALT and pilocarpine groups. The post treatment fall in IOP showed no significant difference in ALT versus pilocarpine 2% at various follow up intervals (p > 0.05). This study showed equal efficacy of ALT and pilocarpine 2% as initial therapy of POAG.

Pharmacodynamic effects of pilocarpine eye drop enhanced by decreasing its volume of instillation.

Previous studies have proved that as the volume of the drug solution instilled into the eye is decreased, the fraction of the dose absorbed into the ocular tissue is increased and the adverse drug reactions lowered. The present study investigated the acute effects of different drop volumes (10 microliters, 20 microliters, 40 microliters, and 80 microliters) of pilocarpine nitrate (2%) on pupil diameter, heart rate, and adverse reaction profile, in 12 healthy human volunteers. The drop volumes of 10 microliters and 20 microliters produced more miosis and less side effects than 40 microliters and 80 microliters drop volumes. This may be due to more penetration of the drug into the ocular tissue and less drainage into the nasolacrimal system.