Avaliação da presença de cocaína e anfetamina em amostras de sangue post mortem e de indivíduos vivos, utilizando técnica de microextração em fase líquida (HF-LPME) / Amphetamine, cocaine and tetrahydrocannabinol evaluation in blood samples of living people and post mortem blood samples using microextraction technique in liquid phase (HF-LPME)

Estima-se atualmente que mais de 5% da população mundial vem fazendo uso recreativo de algum tipo de substância psicoativa, sendo que o direito a esse uso é tema recorrente da sociedade contemporânea. Por apresentar riscos associados à saúde e a segurança das populações, o uso abusivo dessas substâncias tem instigado a toxicologia social na busca de respostas, com as quais se possa caracterizar, analisar e gerenciar esses riscos. Drogas de grande consumo no Brasil são a anfetamina, cocaína e Cannabis sativa. Esta tese desenvolveu uma nova metodologia para detectar e quantificar anfetamina, cocaína e tetrahidrocanabinol em sangue total, com uso de microextração em fase líquida via fibra de polipropileno (HF-LPME), seguida de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (GC-MS). Trata-se de uma técnica que apresenta vantagens sobre as tradicionais, uma vez que demanda quantidades menores de solvente orgânico, diminuindo riscos e custos de processo. Também propôs um estudo com a aplicação dos métodos em 69 amostras de sangue de vivos e de post mortem, as quais foram obtidas por convênio com a superintendência da polícia técnica científica de São Paulo (SPTC/SP). Os métodos desenvolvidos foram validados de acordo com diretrizes internacionais de interesse forense. Como resultado da validação, os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram precisos e exatos para anfetamina e cocaína. O limite de detecção da cocaína foi de 5 ng . mL-1 e o limite de quantificação de 10 ng . mL-1. Quanto a anfetamina, os limites de detecção e de quantificação foram de 5 ng . mL-1. A técnica de HF-LPME não foi aplicável ao tetraidrocanabinol (Δ9-THC). Como resultado da análise das amostras, 40% delas apresentaram resultados positivos para cocaína. Desses positivos, 35% foram oriundos das matrizes de sangue de vivos e 64% oriundos de sangue post mortem. Nenhuma delas apresentou resultado quantificável para anfetamina

It is currently estimated that more than 5% of the world's population has been doing recreational use of some kind of psychoactive substances and the legal right to such use is a recurring theme debated by contemporary society. Due to the risks associated with populations health and safety, the abusive use of these substances has been instigating by social toxicology to search for answers to characterize, analyze and manage these risks. Drugs of great consumption in Brazil are, amphetamine cocaine and marijuana. This thesis proposes to develop a new methodology to detect and quantify psychoactive drugs in whole blood with the use of liquid phase microextraction by polypropylene fiber (HFLPME), followed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It is a technique that presents advantages compared with traditional ones, because of the smaller amounts demands of organic solvent, reducing risks and process costs. It also proposes a study with 69 blood samples taken from living persons and post mortem blood samples, which were obtained by agreement with the Superintendency of São Paulo Scientific Technical Police (SPTC / SP). The methods developed were validated according to international guidelines of forensic interest. As a result of the validation, the methods developed were precise and accurate for amphetamine and cocaine. The limit of cocaine detection was 5 ng . mL-1 and the limit of quantification was 10 ng . mL-1. As for amphetamine, the limits of detection and quantification were 5 ng . mL-1. The HF-LPME technique was not applicable to tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). As a result of the sample analysis, 40% of them presented positive results for cocaine. Of these, 35% were from blood samples taken from living persons and 64% from the post mortem blood samples. None of the samples presented quantifiable results for amphetamine

Desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a identificação de drogas facilitadoras de crime em amostras de urina / Developing analytical methods for identification of drug-facilitated crime in urine samples

As drogas facilitadoras de crime (DFC) são uma série de substâncias químicas que permitem o ato sexual e/ou roubo com pouca ou nenhuma resistência da vítima. Benzodiazepínicos, gama-hidroxibutirato (GHB), cetamina e etanol são clássicas DFC, porém outras substâncias também têm sido utilizadas. Devido às diferentes classes de DFC e a necessidade de métodos sensíveis, a determinação dessas substâncias é um desafio aos toxicologistas forenses. A proposta do estudo foi desenvolver métodos analíticos para determinação principais analitos alvos de DFC para benzodiazepínicos, cetamina e GHB em amostras de urina. Esta matriz biológica é considerada uma amostra não-invasiva e apresenta um período de detecção maior que o sangue. A preparação das amostras foi avaliada através de microextração em fase líquida (LPME) e extração líquido-líquido (LLE). A LPME é uma técnica de extração de drogas que utiliza menor quantidade de solventes orgânicos, maior praticidade e possibilidade de obtenção de altos valores de recuperação. Os analitos foram determinados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (GC-MS). A LPME validada para benzodiazepínicos e seus produtos de biotransformação exigiu uma combinação de solventes e dupla derivatização para atingir a sensibilidade exigida, enquanto o método para determinação de cetamina, norcetamina e deidronorcetamina utilizou óleo essencial de eucalipto como meio extrator, caracterizando-se um procedimento ecologicamente correto com alta sensibilidade. A extração de GHB foi efetiva por LLE com redução da quantidade de solvente e tempo de análise sem o prejuízo na sensibilidade. Em geral, os métodos desenvolvidos neste trabalho são sensíveis e confiáveis para todos os analitos relatados e conclui-se que a LPME é uma técnica de preparo de amostra eficiente, versátil de baixo custo. Estas condições permitem que sua implementação em qualquer laboratório de análises toxicológicas, podendo ser aplicada em situações de DFC ou de qualquer outra natureza

Drug-facilitated crime (DFC) are a series of chemicals that allow the sexual act and/or theft with little or no resistance from the victim. Benzodiazepines, gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and ketamine and ethanol are considered classic DFC, however other substances were also used as the DFC. Due to the different classes of DFC and the need for sensitive methods, the determination of these substances is a challenge to forensic toxicologists. The purpose of this study was to develop analytical methods for determination of the main target analytes of DFC for benzodiazepines, ketamine and GHB in urine samples. This biological matrix is considered a non-invasive sample and shows a larger window of detection than blood. Sample preparation was assessed using liquid phase microextraction (LPME) and liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). The LPME is a drug extraction technique that uses less organic solvents, greater practicality and possibility of obtaining high recovery values. The analytes were determined by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The validated LPME technique for benzodiazepines and their metabolites required a combination of solvents and double derivatization to achieve the required sensitivity, while the ketamine, norketamine and dehydronorketamine method used essential oil of eucalyptus as solvent, characterizing a green chemistry approach with high sensitivity. The extraction of GHB was effective by LLE with a reduced amount of solvent and the analysis time without loss in sensitivity. In general, the methods developed in this work using GC-MS are sensitive and reliable for all analytes reported and LPME technique showed to be an efficient sample preparation, versatile and low cost. These conditions allow LPME implementation in any laboratory of toxicological analysis and it can be applied in situations of DFC or any other kind of analysis

Analysis of chlorpheniramine in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography

A simple and environmentally friendly microextraction technique was used for determination of chlorpheniramine (CPM), an antihistamine drug, in human urine samples using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). In this extraction technique, an appropriate mixture of acetonitrile (disperser solvent) and carbon tetrachloride (extraction solvent) was rapidly injected into the urine sample containing the target analyte. Tiny droplets of extractant were formed and dispersed into the sample solution and then sedimented at the bottom of the conical test tube by centrifugation. Under optimal conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.055-5.5 µg mL-1, with a detection limit of 16.5 ng mL-1. This proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of real urine samples. Low consumption of toxic organic solvents, simplicity of operation, low cost and acceptable figures of merit are the main advantages of the proposed technique.

Utilizou-se uma técnica de microextração simples e ambientalmente amigável para a determinação de clorfeniramina (CPM), anti-histamínico, em amostras de urina humana, utilizando a microextração dispersiva líquido-líquido (DLLME), seguida por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por arranjo de diodos (HPLC-DAD). Nesse método de extração, mistura apropriada de acetonitrila (solvente dispersor) e tetracloreto de carbono (solvente de extração) foi injetada rapidamente na amostra de urina contendo o analito alvo. As pequenas gotículas de agente de extração foram formadas e dispersas na solução da amostra e, em seguida, sedimentadas no fundo do tubo cônico de ensaio por centrifugação. Em condições ótimas, a curva de calibração foi linear no intervalo entre 0,055 e 5,5 µg mL-1, com limite de detecção de 16,5 ng mL-1. O método proposto foi aplicado com sucesso na análise de amostras de urina reais. Baixo consumo de solventes orgânicos tóxicos, simplicidade de operação, baixo custo e figuras de mérito aceitáveis são as principais vantagens do método sugerido.

Extraction and determination of cyproheptadine in human urine by DLLME-HPLC method

Novel dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction [DLLME], coupled with high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection [HPLC-DAD] has been applied for the extraction and determination of cyproheptadine [CPH], an antihistamine, in human urine samples. In this method, 0.6 mL of acetonitrile [disperser solvent] containing 30 micro L of carbon tetrachloride [extraction solvent] was rapidly injected by a syringe into 5 mL urine sample. After centrifugation, the sedimented phase containing enriched analyte was dissolved in acetonitrile and an aliquot of this solution injected into the HPLC system for analysis. Development of DLLME procedure includes optimization of some important parameters such as kind and volume of extraction and disperser solvent, pH and salt addition. The proposed method has good linearity in the range of 0.02-4.5 micro g mL[-1] and low detection limit [13.1 ng mL[-1]]. The repeatability of the method, expressed as relative standard deviation was 4.9% [n = 3]. This method has also been applied to the analysis of real urine samples with satisfactory relative recoveries in the range of 91.6-101.0%

Vortex-assisted ionic liquid microextraction coupled to flame atomic absorption spectrometry for determination of trace levels of cadmium in real samples

A simple and rapid vortex assisted ionic liquid based liquid-liquid microextraction technique [VALLME] was proposed for preconcentration of trace levels of cadmium. According to this method, the extraction solvent was dispersed into the aqueous samples by the assistance of vortex agitator. Cadmium preconcentration was mediated by chelation with the 8-hydroxyquinoline; [oxine] reagent and an IL, 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate [[Omim][PF[6]] was chosen as the extraction solvent to extract the hydrophobic complex. Several variables such as sample pH, concentration of oxine, volume of [Omim][PF[6]] and extraction time were investigated in details and optimum conditions were selected. Under the optimum conditions, the limit of detection [LOD] was 2.9 microg L[-1] for Cd [] and relative standard deviation [RSD%] for five replicate determinations of 125 microg L[-1] was 4.1%. The method was successfully applied to the determination of cadmium in tap water, apple and rice samples