Cadmium toxicity affects chlorophyll a and b content, antioxidant enzyme activities and mineral nutrient accumulation in strawberry

BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) is well known as one of the most toxic metals affecting the environment and can severely restrict plant growth and development. In this study, Cd toxicities were studied in strawberry cv. Camarosa using pot experiment. Chlorophyll and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities and mineral nutrient concentrations were investigated in both roots and leaves of strawberry plant after exposure Cd. RESULTS: Cd content in both roots and leaves was increased with the application of increasing concentrations of Cd. We found higher Cd concentration in roots rather than in leaves. Chlorophyll a and b was decreased in leaves but MDA significantly increased under increased Cd concentration treatments in both roots and leaves. SOD and CAT activities was also increased with the increase Cd concentrations. K, Mn and Mg concentrations were found higher in leaves than roots under Cd stress. In general, increased Cd treatments increased K, Mg, Fe, Ca, Cu and Zn concentration in both roots and leaves. Excessive Cd treatments reduced chlorophyll contents, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and changes in plant nutrition concentrations in both roots and leaves. CONCLUSION: The results presented in this work suggested that Cd treatments have negative effect on chlorophyll content and nearly decreased 30% of plant growth in strawberry. Strawberry roots accumulated higher Cd than leaves. We found that MDA and antioxidant enzyme (CAT, SOD and APX) contents may have considered a good indicator in determining Cd tolerance in strawberry plant.

Cáncer-vitaminas-minerales: Relación compleja / Cancer-vitamins-minerals: Complex relation

Dado que la nutrición puede influenciar el proceso de carcinogénesis, los objetivos de este estudio son revisar la relación del estado nutricional y el cáncer considerando el papel de los micronutrientes como parte de la terapéutica en el paciente oncológico, así mismo su relación déficit y exceso en esta patología. La pérdida de peso del paciente se asocia con el tipo de tumor canceroso, ubicación, estadio, entre otras cosas, y de forma importante con los efectos psicógenos, anorexígenos, de malabsorción, mecánico y tóxicos que suelen ser colaterales al tratamiento antineoplásico. De allí la importancia de que el experto en nutrición debe realizar una adecuada evaluación nutricional integral que permita el diagnóstico nutricional, estudiar el patrón alimentario, determinar los efectos tóxicos del tratamiento antineoplásico para manejar los tiempos de excelencia del tratamiento, síntomas, signos y de esta manera intervenir de forma eficaz optimizando la calidad de vida del paciente y con ello la sobrevida. Existen controversias sobre qué factores alimentarios específicos están relacionados con la etiología del cáncer y los resultados de estudios sobre los factores metabólicos, de allí que la relación cáncer nutrición es compleja.

Since nutrition can influence the process of carcinogenesis, this study’s objectives are to review the relationship between nutrition and cancer from the point of view of the role of micronutrients in the treatment of cancer patients, and to get to know the deficit relationship and the excess of micronutrients, with the etiology and cancer treatment. At the same time the patient's weight loss relates, among other things, to the type of cancerous tumor, its location, stage thereof, reason for which it may be associated with the deficiency of macro and micronutrients as from psychogenic, anorectics and mal-absorption effects or with mechanical effects as obstruction, among other toxic effects that are common in the treatment of cancer. Hence, the importance that the nutrition expert must have in making an adequate overall nutritional evaluation that allows the nutritional diagnosis, in studying the dietary patterns, to determine the toxic effects of the antineoplastic treatment in order to handle the treatment’s timing excellence, symptoms and signs, and thus act effectively optimizing the patient’s life quality, and therewith his/her survival. There are controversies as to which specific dietary factors are related to cancer etiology and the results of studies on metabolic factors, and therefore, the relationship Cancer-Nutrition is quiet complex.

Micronutrientes antioxidantes e risco cardiovascular em pacientes com diabetes: uma revisão sistemática / Antioxidant micronutrients and cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes: a systematic review

FUNDAMENTO: Associações inversas entre a ingestão de micronutrientes e desfechos cardiovasculares foram demonstradas previamente na população geral. OBJETIVO: Revisar sistematicamente o papel de micronutrientes no desenvolvimento/presença de desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes. MÉTODOS: Foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Medline, Embase e Scopus (Janeiro/1949-Março/2012) por estudos observacionais que avaliaram micronutrientes antioxidantes e desfechos cardiovasculares em pacientes com diabetes e, em seguida, os dados foram selecionados e extraídos (dois revisores independentes). RESULTADOS: Dos 15658 estudos identificados, cinco foram incluídos, sendo três de caso-controle e dois de coorte, com um acompanhamento de 7-15 anos. Uma metanálise não foi realizada devido aos diferentes micronutrientes antioxidantes (tipos e métodos de medição) e os desfechos avaliados. Os micronutrientes avaliados foram: vitamina C (dieta e/ou suplementação), cromo e selênio em amostras de unha, e α-tocoferol e zinco no soro. A ingestão de > 300 mg de vitamina C a partir de uplementos esteve associada a um risco aumentado de doença cardiovascular, doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e acidente vascular cerebral (RR 1,69-2,37). Altos níveis de α-tocoferol no soro foram associados a um risco 30% inferior de DAC em outro estudo (RR 0,71, IC 95% 0,53-0,94). Entre os minerais (zinco, selênio e cromo), foi observada uma associação inversa entre o zinco e a DAC: níveis inferiores a 14,1 μmol/L foram associados a um risco aumentado para DAC (RR 1,70, IC 95% 1,21-2,38). CONCLUSÃO: A informação disponível sobre essa questão é escassa. Estudos prospectivos adicionais são necessários para elucidar o papel desses nutrientes no risco cardiovascular de pacientes com diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Inverse associations between micronutrient intake and cardiovascular outcomes have been previously shown, but did not focus on diabetic patients. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review the role of micronutrients in the development/presence of cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes. METHODS: We searched Medline, Embase, and Scopus (January/1949-March/2012) for observational studies that evaluated micronutrients and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with diabetes, and then selected and extracted the data (two independent reviewers). RESULTS: From the 15 658 studies identified, five were included, comprising three case-control and two cohorts, with a follow-up of 7-15 years. A meta-analysis was not performed due to the different antioxidant micronutrients (types and measurement methods) and outcomes evaluated. The micronutrients assessed were vitamin C intake in diet and/or supplementation, chromium and selenium in toenail samples, and α-tocopherol and zinc in serum levels. Intake of >300 mg of vitamin C through supplementation was associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, coronary artery disease (CAD), and stroke (RR 1.69-2.37). High levels of α-tocopherol in serum were associated with 30% lower CAD risk in another study (HR 0.71; 95%CI 0.53-0.94). Among minerals (zinc, selenium, and chromium), an inverse association between zinc and CAD was observed; levels lower than 14.1 µmol/L were associated with an increased risk for CAD (RR 1.70; 95%CI 1.21-2.38). CONCLUSION: The information available on this issue is scarce. Further prospective studies are needed to elucidate the role of these nutrients in the cardiovascular risk of patients with diabetes.

Nutrición parenteral: elementos traza, energía, complicaciones y monitorización / Parenteral nutrition: trace elements, energy, complications and monitoring

En el niño enfermo, una excelente alternativa en caso de no contar con nutrición enteral, es la nutrición parenteral (NP). Los requerimientos de los elementos traza, no están bien definidos. El síndrome de realimentación se puede presentar en niños con desnutrición moderada o grave, con desequilibrio metabólico y electrolítico. Las complicaciones pueden ser infecciosas, metabólicas, mecánicas, hepáticas, gastrointestinales, y psicológicas. En la práctica clínica la monitorización de los parámetros bioquímicos, mecánicos y antropométricos debe ser seguida. La nutrición domiciliaria, debe ser el objetivo fundamental en pacientes que dependen al 100% del apoyo por NP.

In the sick child, an excellent alternative if you do not have enteral nutrition is parenteral nutrition (PN). The requirements of trace elements are not well defined. The refeeding síndrome can occur in children with moderate or severe malnutrition, metabolic and electrolyte imbalance. Complications can be infectious, metabolic, mechannical, hepatic, gastrointestinal, and psychological. In clinical practice the monitoring of biochemical parameters and anthropometric mechanics must be followed. Home nutrition should be the primary goal in patients who dependo n the support 100% of the PN.

Efecto de nutrientes sobre la producción de biomasa del hongo medicinal Ganoderma lucidum / Effect of nutrients in the biomass production of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum

El hongo Ganoderma lucidum, en los constituyentes de su biomasa, tiene compuestos con propiedades benéficas para la salud; es por esto que el conocimiento de las condiciones nutricionales adecuadas para su crecimiento permitirá su producción industrial y a bajo costo. En este trabajo se evaluó a nivel de matraz el efecto de la relación C/N, y la presencia de diferentes fuentes de carbono, nitrógeno y micronutrientes sobre la producción de biomasa. Empleando glucosa y peptona como fuentes de carbono y nitrógeno, respectivamente, se encontró una relación C/N óptima de 16,7:1 para la cual la máxima producción de biomasa fue de 25 g/L. Manteniendo esta relación C/N, y sustituyendo la glucosa por lactosa o harina de cebada y la peptona por extracto de levadura, la producción de biomasa se incrementó a 35 g/L. En presencia de harina de cebada la adición al medio de cultivo de sales de Mg y K, y de tiamina, no generó un mayor incremento en la producción de biomasa. La producción de biomasa de G. lucidum se ve favorecida por la presencia en el medio de cultivo de relaciones C/N cercanas a las reportadas conforme a la composición típica de los hongos, así como por la presencia de sustratos complejos como la harina de cebada que le aportan además de la fuente de carbono micronutrientes necesarios para su desarrollo.

Ganoderma lucidum fungus has some biomass components with beneficial health properties. The knowledge about its nutritionals requirements for growing will favor its industrial production at lower cost. In this work, the effect of C/N ratio, the presence of different carbon, nitrogen and micronutrients sources, on fungal biomass production, were evaluated. Using glucose and peptone as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, an optimal C/N ratio of 16,7:1 was found, for which the maximal biomass production was 25 g/L. Replacing glucose by lactose or barley flour and peptone by yeast extract at the same C/N ratio, the biomass production was enhanced to 35 g/L. With barley flour in the culture medium, the presence of Mg and K salts and thiamine did not turn out into a major increase of biomass. The G. lucidum biomass production is promoted by C/N ratios in the culture medium nearly equivalent to that found in the fungus, as well as the presence of complex substrates as barley flour which, additionally, contributes with important micronutrients along with the carbon source.

Micronutrientes envolvidos no crescimento / Micronutrients involved in growth

Os hábitos alimentares infantis têm sofrido modificações drásticas nas ultimas décadas. A aversão a frutas, verduras, carnes e laticínios, juntamente à predileção por produtos artificiais e industrializados observada entre crianças, tem despertado preocupação entre os profissionais da saúde. Isso porque estudos têm demonstrado a influência negativa do consumo insuficiente de alguns nutrientes no crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Cientes deste problema, desenvolvemos este artigo visando esclarecer algumas dúvidas quanto a função e importância de alguns micronutrientes como o zinco, ferro, vitamina A, ácido fólico, cálcio e vitamina D, bem como suas recomendações nutricionais, como auxilio a elaboração de tratamento e estratégias nutricionais que poderão garantir o crescimento e desenvolvimento normais entre as crianças

The infant habits have suffered drastic alterations in the last decades. The avoidance of fruits, vegetables, meat and milk products, with the preference to artificial and industrialized products observed among children have raised concerned among the health working groups. This is due to the studies that have demonstrated the negative influence of insufficient intake of some nutrients on infant growth and developing. Considering this problem, we wrote this article to clarify some doubts about the functions and importance of some micronutrients such as zinc, iron, vitamin A, folic acid, calcium and vitamin D, as well as nutritional recommendations, as a contribution to the elaboration of treatment and nutritional strategies that would ensure children growth and development

Metabolismo del hierro: conceptos actuales sobre un micronutriente esencial / Iron metabolism: current concepts of an essential micronutrient

Iron is an essential micronutrient involved in multiple biochemical and physiological process. In this review we discuss the most relevant aspect of its metabolism in order to reach a better comprehension of the relevant roll that this micronutrient plays in human health.

Implicaçöes do alcoolismo e da doença hepática crônica sobre o metabolismo de micronutrientes / The impact of alcohol and chronic liver disease of micronutrients metabolism

Liver disease, alcohol and malnutrition are combinations usually associated with micronutrient impairment. Chronic liver disease courses with lower storage and activation of vitamin-coenzymes related to their malabsorption. Alcohol worsens the picture by reducing food intake, ncreasing micronutrients utilization and decreasing their absorption secondary to either intestinal or pancreatic injuries. Other concurrent causes would be drug treatments, urinary losses, protein deficiency and oxidative stress. As consequences the clinical signs are anemia, liver steatosis, oxidative stress and immunosuppression

Nutrients as modulators of anergy in acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Malnutrition induces a spectrum of immune abnormalities including a state of anergy in the host. This state is due to a decrease in CD4 + helper cells, diminished cytotoxic cell activity and reduction in production of lymphokines required for signal transduction. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the retrovirus known to cause acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), leads to a state of anergy by causing similar immunological changes. Micronutrient abnormalities, concomitant infections and genetic factors, etc., are some of the compounding co-factors which further contribute to the deterioration of the immune functions in AIDS patients. Reversal of these immune abnormalities would improve the quality of life of HIV-infected individuals.