Osteomielitis fúngica en niños quemados / Fungal osteomyelitis in burned children

Introducción: En pacientes pediátricos quemados la osteomielitis fúngica es una complicación infrecuente que conduce a una significativa morbilidad. La información en la literatura está limitada a unos escasos reportes de casos. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y de evolución de niños quemados con osteomielitis fúngica. Métodos: Se llevo a cabo un estudio retrospectivo y descriptivo de pacientes mayores de 1 mes y menores de 18 años quemados con osteomielitis fúngica internados en el hospital Juan P. Garrahan, un hospital terciario en Buenos Aires, Argentina. Resultados: entre enero del 2007 y enero del 2017, de 600 niños quemados, 9 pacientes presentaron diagnóstico confirmado de osteomielitis fúngica. La mediana de edad fue de 42.5 meses (RIC, 27-118 meses) y la mediana de superficie quemada fue de 33.5% (RIC, 18.5-58%). La osteomielitis fue diagnosticada con una mediana de 30 días luego de la quemadura. Las localizaciones más frecuentes de osteomielitis fueron los miembros superiores y a nivel de calota. Los microorganismos aislados a partir del cultivo de hueso fueron: Fusarium spp. en tres pacientes, Mucor spp. en un paciente; Trichosporon asahii en un paciente; Cándida albicans en dos pacientes y Candida parapsilosis en dos pacientes. En dos casos la infección fúngica fue asociada con aislamientos bacteriano concomitante. Todos los pacientes presentaron hallazgos histopatológicos compatibles con osteomielitis. La mediana de tiempo de tratamiento fue de 44.5 días (RIC, 34.5- 65.5 días). Seis pacientes (67%) presentaron secuela motora. Conclusión: La osteomielitis fúngica fue infrecuente Candida spp. y Fusarium spp. fueron los hongos más comúnmente identificados. La secuela funcional fue frecuente (AU)

Introduction: In pediatric burn patients fungal osteomyelitis is a rare complication that leads to significant morbidity. Data in the literature are limited to sporadic case reports. Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological features and outcome in burned children with fungal osteomyelitis. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study was conducted in burn patients older than 1 month and younger than 18 years admitted to Hospital Juan P. Garrahan, a tertiary hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Results: Between January 2007 and January 2017, of 600 burned children, nine had a confirmed diagnosis of fungal osteomyelitis. Median age was 42.5 months (IQR, 27-118 months) and median burn surface was 33.5% (IQR, 18.5-58%). Osteomyelitis was diagnosed at a median of 30 days after the burn. The most common location of osteomyelitis were the upper limbs and skull. The microorganisms isolated form bone cultures were Fusarium spp. in three patients, Mucor spp. in one patient; Trichosporon asahii in one patient; Candida albicans in two patients; and Candida parapsilosis in two patients. In two cases the funal infection was associated with concomitant bacterial isolation. In all patients, the histopathological findings were compatible with osteomyelitis. Median duration of treatment was 44.5 days (IQR, 34.5-65.5 days). Six patients (67%) had motor sequelae. Conclusion: Fungal osteomyelitis is a rare disease. Candida spp. and Fusarium spp. were most frequently identified fungi. Functional sequelae were common (AU)

Efficacy of preoperative nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and the re-dilation technique in minimizing miosis after femtosecond laser in cataract surgery / Eficácia do AINE pré-operatório e da técnica de re-dilatação em minimizar a miose na cirurgia de catarata com laser de femtosegundo

ABSTRACT Purpose: To assess the efficacy of using a nonste­roidal anti-inflammatory drug preoperatively and of applying the re-dilation technique when necessary to minimize pupil size variation when comparing the degree of mydriasis before femtosecond laser pretreatment with that at the beginning of phacoemulsification. Methods: This retrospective study included patients who underwent cataract surgery using the LenSx (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). Our routine dilating regimen with flurbiprofen, tropicamide, and phenylephrine was used. The re-dilation technique was applied on eyes that manifested with a pupillary diameter that was smaller than the programmed capsulotomy diameter after laser pretreatment. The technique consists of overcoming pupillary contraction by instilling tropicamide and phenylephrine before phacoemulsification. Pupil size was assessed before femtosecond laser application and at the beginning of phacoemulsification. Results: Seventy-five eyes (70 patients) were included. Nine (12%) eyes underwent the re-dilation technique. There was no significant difference in mean pupillary diameter and mean pupillary area between the two studied surgical time points (p=0.412 and 0.437, respectively). The overall pupillary area constriction was 2.4 mm2. Immediately before opening the wounds for phacoemulsification, none of the eyes presented with a pupillary diameter <5 mm, and 61 (85.3%) eyes had a pupillary diameter >6 mm. Conclusion: Preoperative administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and the re-dilation technique resulted in no significant pupil size variation in eyes that were pretreated with the femtosecond laser, when comparing the measurements made before the laser application and at the beginning of phacoemulsification. This approach can avoid the need to proceed with cataract extraction with a constricted pupil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a eficácia do uso de anti-inflamatório não-esteróide no pré-operatório e aplicação da técnica de re-dilatação quando necessária para minimizar a variação do tamanho pupilar ao comparar o grau de midríase antes do tra­tamento com laser de femtosegundo no início da facoemulsificação. Métodos: Esse estudo retrospectivo incluiu pacientes que foram submetidos à cirurgia de catarata usando o LenSx (Alcon Laboratories, Inc., Fort Worth, TX). Nosso regime de di­latação de rotina com flurbiprofeno, tropicamida e fenilefrina foi usado. A técnica de re-dilatação doi aplicada em olhos que se manifestaram com um diâmetro pupilar menor do que o diâmetro da capsulotomia programado após o pré-tratamento a laser. A técnica consiste em superar a contração pupilar pela instilação de tropicamida e fenilefrina antes da facoemulsificação. O tamanho pupilar foi avaliado antes da aplicação do laser de femtosegundo e no inicio da facoemulsificação. Resultados: Setenta e cinco olhos (70 pacientes) foram incluídos. Nove (12%) olhos foram submetidos à técnica de re-dilatação. Não houve diferença significativa no diâmetro pupilar médio e na área pupilar média entre os dois tempos cirúrgicos estudados (p=0,412 e 0,437, respectivamente). A constrição global da área pupilar foi de 2,4 mm2. Imediatamente antes de abrir as incisões para a facoemulsificação, nenhum dos olhos apresentava diâmetro pupilar <5 mm e 61 (85,3%) olhos apresentavam um diâmetro pupilar >6 mm. Conclusões: O administração pré-operatória de anti-inflamatório não-esteróide e da técnica de re-dilatação resultaram em uma variação significativa do tamanho pupilar em olhos que foram pré-tratados com laser de femtosegundo, comparando as medidas realizadas antes da aplicação do laser e no inicio da facoemulsificação. Essa abordagem pode evitar a necessidade de prosseguir com a extração da catarata com uma pupila contraída.

Delayed Onset Abducens Nerve Palsy and Horner Syndrome after Treatment of a Traumatic Carotid-cavernous Fistula

PURPOSE: We report a patient with delayed-onset abducens nerve palsy and Horner syndrome after endovascular treatment of traumatic carotid-cavernous fistula (CCF). CASE SUMMARY: A 68-year-female visited our ophthalmic department complaining of gradual-onset ptosis of the left eye and horizontal diplopia. She had undergone endovascular treatment to treat left-sided traumatic CCF after a car accident 10 years before; she had been told at that time that the treatment outcome was favorable. The left-sided ptosis gradually developed 6 years after the procedure, accompanied by diplopia. The left eye exhibited miosis and the extent of anisocoria increased in dim light. An extraocular examination revealed 30 prism diopters of left esotropia in the primary gaze and a −4 abduction limitation of the left eye. CCF recurrence was suspected; however, magnetic resonance imaging with magnetic resonance angiography of brain did not support this. The esotropia did not improve during the 6-month follow-up and strabismus surgery was performed. CONCLUSIONS: Delayed-onset abducens nerve palsy and Horner syndrome can develop even after successful endovascular treatment of CCF. Strabismus surgery should be considered in patients whose diplopia does not spontaneously improve.

Efficacy of the Canabrava Ring (pupil expansion device) in cataract surgery for eyes with small pupils: the first 30 cases / Eficácia do dispositivo de expansão pupilar Anel de Canabrava em cirurgia de catarata com pupilas pequenas: 30 primeiros casos

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the outcomes of the first 30 cataract surgeries performed with a new disposable, injector-free, small-pupil expansion device. Methods: This consecutive case series included 30 eyes from 29 patients who underwent cataract surgery using a new disposable small-pupil expansion device called the Canabrava Ring (AJL Ophthalmic S.A, Spain). It is the first iris expansion ring produced with indents that do not align with each other in the superior and inferior regions, resulting in a small vertical length (0.4 mm) that minimizes the risk of endothelial contact. All eyes had poorly dilated pupils of less than 5 mm preoperatively. Fifteen eyes had significant infective or traumatic pathologies preoperatively. Vertical and horizontal pupil diameters were evaluated preoperatively, intraoperatively, and 1 month postoperatively. Results: The mean patient age was 64 ± 11.8 (standard deviation) years. The Canabrava Ring remained engaged throughout all surgeries, except one. All pupils were intraoperatively expanded to a diameter of 6.3 mm. Although preexisting pathology on the innervation of the pupils, the mean pupil diameter returns to a close preoperative size after 1 month surgery. The mean pupil diameters postoperatively and preoperatively were 4.41 and 3.77 mm, respectively (p<0.05). Postoperative complications occurred in eight eyes (one toxoplasmosis reactivation, one retinal detachment, one posterior capsule rupture, one posterior capsule opacification, and four posterior synechiae). These complications occurred in eyes with preexisting traumatic or infective pathologies or synechiae. Conclusion: The Canabrava Ring is effective for expanding and maintaining expansion of small pupils in cataract surgery. The increase in postoperative pupil diameter is clinically diminutive and can most likely be attributed to preexisting pathologies affecting pupil innervation. Further large-scale studies are required to support the present findings.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a estabilidade intraoperatória, segurança e eficácia dos 30 primeiros casos operados com um novo anel expansor de pupilas. Métodos: Série de casos de 30 olhos de 29 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de catarata com Anel de Canabrava (AJL Oftalmic, SPAIN). Trata-se do primeiro anel expansor de íris produzido com indentações não alinhadas entre as regiões superiores e inferiores. Devido a isso, apresenta altura vertical de 0,4 mm, diminuindo os riscos de toque endotelial. O diâmetro pupilar dos pacientes era menor que 5 mm. Os diâmetros verticais e horizontais foram avaliados antes, durante e um mês após a cirurgia. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 64 ± 11,8 (desvio padrão) anos. O anel permaneceu estável em todas as cirurgias, exceto uma. Todas as pupilas foram expandidas no intraoperatório para um diâmetro de 6,3 mm. Apesar de patologias pupilares pré-existentes, o diâmetro médio da pupila retornou a um tamanho próximo após 1 mês de cirurgia. Os tamanhos médios da pupila no pós-operatório e pré-operatório foram medidos em 4,41 e 3,77 mm, respectivamente (p<0,05). As complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 8 olhos: 1 reativação de toxoplasmose, 1 descolamento de retina, 1 ruptura de cápsula posterior, 1 opacificação da cápsula posterior, 4 sinéquias posteriores. Essas complicações ocorreram nos olhos com patologias traumáticas, infecciosas ou sinéquias pré-existentes. Conclusão: O Anel de Canabrava parece efetivo na expansão e manutenção de pupilas pequenas submetidas à cirurgia de catarata. O aumento do diâmetro da pupila pós-operatória é clinicamente pouco relevante e provavelmente pode ser atribuído à patologias pré-existentes que afetam as inervações pupilares. Outros estudos em larga escala são necessários para suportar os achados do estudo.

Síndrome de Horner secundária a neoplasia de esôfago: relato de caso / Horner's syndrome secondary to esophageal cancer: a case report

A síndrome de Horner resulta de uma lesão das fibras simpáticas destinadas ao olho e classicamente se apresenta com ptose palpebral parcial, miose e anidrose de uma hemiface ipsilateral ao local acometido. As causas mais comuns relacionadas a ela são o traumatismo cirúrgico de estruturas cervicais, dissecção da carótida interna e processos neoplásicos, principalmente tumor de Pancoast, raramente relacionase com neoplasia esofagiana. Neste relato de caso descrito, a paciente apresenta síndrome de Horner secundária a um tumor de esôfago. A atenção ao exame físico e a propedêutica adequada fazem total diferença na detecção desta síndrome necessitando de exames complementares para elucidar a sua etiologia. O tratamento pode ser eficaz quando se detecta precocemente a causa. (AU)

Horner's syndrome results from a lesion of sympathetic fibers to eye and classically presents with partial ptosis, miosis and anhidrosis of the ipsilateral hemifacial the affected site. The most common causes related to it are the surgical trauma of cervical structures, dissection of the internal carotid and neoplastic processes, especially tumor Pancoast, rarely related to esophageal cancer. In this report the case described, the patient has Horner syndrome secondary to esophageal tumor. Attention to physical examination and appropriate workup make all the difference in the detection of this syndrome requiring additional tests to elucidate its etiology. The treatment may be effective if early detect the cause. (AU)

Eficacia y seguridad del uso intraocular de carbacol 0. 01 % para la inducción de miosis intraoperatoria en cirugía de catarata / Efficacy and safety of the intraocular use of 0. 01% carbacol for the induction of intraoperative miosis in cataract surgery

La catarata es definida por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) como la opacificación del lente cristalino que generalmente ocurre por el envejecimiento, trauma, o alguna enfermedad sistémica, afectando la capacidad visual de la persona. Esta disminución de la capacidad visual o incluso la ceguera, es un problema de salud pública en adultos y adultos mayores. En el Perú, aproximadamente el 0.6 % de la población tiene ceguera, cuya causa en el 47 % de los casos son por las cataratas. El tratamiento indicado para la catarata es la intervención quirúrgica, la cual consiste en reemplazar el cristalino opacificado o catarata por un lente intraocular. Hay dos formas de realizar esto, mediante la extracción extracapsular del cristalino opacificado, o mediante la facoemulsificación del cristalino, que consiste en un proceso de destrucción mediante ondas vibratorias ultrasónicas. Luego de ello, se realiza la implantación de un nuevo lente intraocular con soporte capsular, el cual reemplaza al cristalino permitiendo que el paciente vuelva tener una visión adecuada. Posterior a la implantación del lente intraocular se realiza la inducción de miosis pupilar para mantener el lente dentro de la bolsa capsular, evitar la captura del lente por el iris y el prolapso del iris por las heridas operatorias. La inducción de miosis luego de una intervención por catarata debe realizarse inmediatamente después de la implantación del lente, por lo que la vía de administración indicada es la inyección intraocular del agente miótico. De este modo, se espera que el efecto miótico se prolongue hasta por 24 horas, mientras que la aplicación tópica de un agente miótico se limita a un efecto que bordea las ocho horas, y sólo se puede realizar en el periodo postoperatorio, por lo que se genera un periodo entre la intervención quirúrgica y la aplicación del agente miótico que expone al paciente a las potenciales complicaciones anteriormente mencionadas. Aunque algunos estudios de serie de casos clínicos indican el uso de pilocarpina 2 %, el cual se encuentra disponible en el Petitorio Farmacológico de EsSalud, este medicamento no ha sido aprobado por la FDA para uso intraocular, sólo para uso tópico, dado que su uso intraocular puede ser tóxico o incrementar el riesgo de infecciones intraoculares. Así, en la actualidad EsSalud no cuenta con un medicamento miótico de uso intraocular autorizado, por lo cual, surge la necesidad de evaluar otras alternativas que pudieran ser de beneficio para dichos pacientes. OBJETIVO: objetivo del presente dictamen fue evaluar la eficacia y seguridad del uso intraocular de carbacol 0.01 % para la inducción de miosis intraoperatoria en las intervenciones quirúrgicas por catarata. Carbacol es um colinérgico o parasimpaticomimético potente, que actúa como agonista del receptor de acetilcolina, inhibiendo la acetilcolinesterasa y estimulando tanto los receptores muscarínicos como nicotínicos, produciendo miosis a través de la constricción del iris y del cuerpo ciliar, y reduciendo la presión intraocular. TECNOLOGÍA SANITARIA DE INTERÉS: CARBACOL. Carbacol, también conocido como carbamilcolina, es un colinérgico o parasimpaticomimético potente, que actúa como agonista del receptor de acetilcolina, inhibiendo la acetilcolinesterasa y estimulando tanto los receptores muscarínicos como nicotínicos, produciendo constricción del iris y del cuerpo ciliar y además reduciendo la presión intraocular. El agente colinérgico fue aprobado por la Administración de Drogas y Alimentos (FDA, por sus siglas en inglés) en el año 2002 (FDA, 2015). METODOLOGÍA: Se realizó una búsqueda sin restricción de idioma hasta mayo del 2018. La formulación de la estrategia de búsqueda incluyó los criterios de elegibilidad, los términos controlados propios de cada base y términos libres. Asimismo, se buscaron otros documentos potencialmente elegibles a través de la revisión del listado de referencias de los documentos seleccionados para lectura a texto completo. Por último, la selección de la evidencia siguió el flujograma mostrado en la subsección de resultados. RESULTADOS: Luego de la búsqueda sistemática realizada, se identificaron dos ensayos clínicos aleatorizados (ECA) Beasley, 1972 y Solomon et al., 1998; y el estudio de serie de casos de Pekel et al., 2014. Si bien estos estudios muestran algunas limitaciones que serán analizadas más adelante, es la evidencia de mayor relevancia en torno al uso de carbacol para la inducción de miosis intraoperatoria en las intervenciones quirúrgicas por catarata. Con respecto a la eficacia de carbacol en la inducción de miosis, el estudio de Beasley, 1972 muestra que el efecto miótico a los dos minutos de la inyección intraocular es significativamente mayor en carbacol, con respecto a placebo (p<0.01) y que el efecto miótico persiste por lo menos por 15 horas. Por otro lado, a la séptima semana postoperatoria, se observó una incidencia significativamente menor de sinequias anteriores periféricas (SAP) en el grupo que recibió carbacol (11 %), en comparación al grupo que recibió a placebo (35 %). Al analizar el impacto sobre la calidad de vida por parte de carbacol mediante el cuestionario modificado de SF-36, el cual mide la percepción del paciente sobre su estado de salud, el estudio de Solomon et al., 1998 muestra que carbacol incrementa la agudeza visual durante el primer día postoperatorio, con respecto a placebo, y muestra una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el porcentaje de sujetos que pueden descender las escaleras sin ayuda durante la primera semana posterior a la intervención quirúrgica, tanto en un ambiente con luz brillante (p=0.007) o con luz tenue (p=0.037), siendo un potencial factor protector en pacientes con riesgo de presentar caídas acci Con respecto a los eventos adversos, los estudios evaluados no encontraron casos de inflamación intraocular ni de cefalea frontal. El estudio Pekel et al., 2015 muestra que sólo en el primer día postoperatorio hubo un menor volumen macular total (VMD y del grosor macular central (GMC) con respecto al volumen preoperatorio. Mientras que, durante el seguimiento (al primer día, a la primera semana y al primer mes) no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la presencia de edema macular, ni en el calibre de los vasos retinianos (CVR) al comparar los pacientes que recibieron carbacol con los que no lo recibieron. dentales y fractura de caderas. CONCLUSIONES: El presente dictamen preliminar muestra la evidencia disponible hasta mayo 2018 con respecto al uso intraocular de carbacol 0.01 % en comparación con placebo para la inducción de miosis intraoperatoria en pacientes operados de cataratas. No se encontraron guías de práctica clínica, revisiones sistemáticas ni evaluaciones de tecnologías sanitarias que respondan la pregunta PICO de la presente evaluación. Finalmente, se identificaron dos ECA y un estudio de serie de casos como sustento para la elaboración del presente dictamen preliminar. Al evaluar la eficacia de carbacol en la inducción de miosis, el estudio Beasley, 1972 muestra que carbacol genera miosis dentro de los dos minutos de ser aplicado y que su efecto perdura por más de 15 horas. Esto se traduce en una menor incidencia de SAP a la sétima semana postoperatorio, con respecto a placebo. Aunque no se aprecia diferencia en la conservación de la integridad de la cámara vítrea. Con respecto a los eventos adversos, los estudios evaluados no observaron casos de inflamación intraocular ni de cefalea frontal, mientras que el estudio Pekel et al., 2015 muestra que carbacol disminuye el volumen macular total (VMT) y el grosor macular central (GMT) en el primer día postoperatorio, mas no en la primera semana, ni primer mes. Por otro lado, no se ve afectado el calibre de los vasos retinianos (CVR). Estos resultados muestran una cierta protección ante el edema macular en el postoperatorio inmediato y ausencia de secuelas en la morfología macular, sin embargo, se debe tener en cuenta el posible sesgo de medición que conlleva. En resumen, carbacol es un agente miótico que inicia su acción dentro de los dos minutos de su inyección, manteniendo su efecto por más de 15 horas, generando un beneficio en el periodo postoperatorio inmediato en la agudeza visual y en el volumen macular total. Asimismo, los estudios no reportan eventos adversos como edema macular, cefalea, y, por el contrario, refieren una reducción en la incidencia de SAP, mas no hay una diferencia en la preservación de la integridad de la cámara vítrea, al ser comparado con placebo. Con respecto a la calidad de vida en el postoperatorio, se observa un inicio más temprano de la deambulación y autonomía en el uso de las escaleras, lo que podría tener un impacto positivo en el estilo de vida de los pacientes intervenidos. Por lo expuesto, el Instituto de Evaluaciones de Tecnologías en Salud e Investigación - IETSI aprueba el uso de carbacol, según lo establecido en el Anexo N.° 1. La vigencia del presente dictamen preliminar es de dos años a partir de la fecha de publicación.

Changes in blood flow at the mandibular angle and Horner syndrome in a rat model of superior cervical ganglion block

BACKGROUND: A stellate ganglion block (SGB) causes increased blood flow in the maxillofacial region, exhibiting the potential for regenerative effects in damaged tissue. The focus of this study was to understand the efficacy of SGB for regenerative effects against nerve damage. A rat model of the superior cervical ganglion block (SCGB) was created instead of SGB, and facial blood flow, as well as sympathetic nervous system function, were measured. METHODS: A vertical incision was made on the left side of the neck of a Wistar rat, and a 5-mm resection of the superior cervical ganglion was performed at the back of the bifurcation of the internal and external branches of the left common carotid artery. Blood flow in the skin at the mandibular angle and mean facial temperature were measured using a laser-Doppler blood flow meter and a thermographic camera, respectively, over a 5-week period after the block. In addition, the degree of ptosis and miosis were assessed over a period of 6 months. RESULTS: The SCGB rat showed significantly higher blood flow at the mandibular angle on the block side (P < 0.05) for 3 weeks, and significantly higher skin temperature (P < 0.05) for 1 week after the block. In the SCGB rat, ptosis and miosis occurred immediately after the block, and persisted even 6 months later. CONCLUSIONS: SCGB in rats can cause an increase in the blood flow that persists over 3 weeks.

Acetylcholine chloride 1% usage for intraoperative cataract surgery miosis / Cloridrato de Acetilcolina 1% na obtenção da miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de catarata

Abstract Objective: To test the efficacy of Acetylcholine chloride use in obtaining intraoperative miosis on phacoemulsification cataract surgery. Methods: Patients with cataract diagnosis and elected for surgical phacoemulsification procedure were selected. All patients underwent conventional phacoemulsification procedure performed by a single surgeon and all patients had 0.2 ml of Acetylcholine chloride 1% irrigated in the anterior chamber at the end of the surgery. The pupillary diameter was measured immediately before the beginning of surgery, immediately before and two minutes after the use of acetylcholine chloride 1%. Results: A total of 30 eyes from 30 patients were included in the study. 18 were female, and mean age was of 69.5 years with a 7.2y standard deviation on the population study. The mean pupillary diameter immediately before the beginning of surgery was 7.5 mm with a standard deviation of 0.56 mm; the mean pupillary diameter immediately before the acetylcholine chloride 1% use (after the intraocular lens im-plantation) was 7.1 mm with a standard deviation of 0.57 mm. The mean pupillary diameter two minutes after the use of acetylcholine chloride 1% in the anterior chamber was 3.4 mm with standard deviation of 0.66 mm. The mean maximum action time of ACH chloride 1% was 64 seconds, with a standard deviation of 8 seconds. The mean intraocular pressure on the first postoperative day was 19.1 mmHg with a standard deviation of 2.45 mmHg. Conclusion: We conclude that acetylcholine chloride 1% is an important drug to obtaining intraoperative miosis in cataract surgery.

Resumo Objetivo: Demonstrar a eficácia do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% na obtenção da miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de catarata pela técnica de facoemulsificação. Métodos: Pacientes com diagnóstico de catarata e indicação de cirurgia foram selecionados para participar do presente estudo. Todos os pacientes foram operados pela técnica de facoemulsificação convencional pelo mesmo cirurgião, todos foram submetidos à aplicação de 0,2 ml do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% na câmara anterior ao final do procedimento cirúrgico. A medida do diâmetro pupilar foi realizada imediatamente antes do início da cirurgia, imediatamente antes do uso do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% e após 2 minutos. Resultados: Foram estudados 30 olhos de 30 pacientes, destes, 18 eram do sexo feminino, a média de idade do estudo foi de 69,5 anos com desvio padrão de 7,2 anos. A média do diâmetro pupilar imediatamente antes do início da cirurgia foi 7,55 mm com desvio padrão de 0,56mm, a média do diâmetro pupilar imediatamente antes do uso do cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% (após implante da lente intraocular no saco capsular) foi 7,1mm com desvio padrão de 0,57mm. A média do diâmetro pupilar após 2 minutos da aplicação da acetilcolina na câmara anterior foi de 3,4 mm com desvio padrão de 0,66mm. O tempo médio de ação máxima do medicamento foi de 64 segundos, com desvio padrão de 8 segundos. A média da pressão intraocular no primeiro dia do pós-operatório foi de 19,1 mmHg com desvio padrão de 2,45mmHg. Conclusão: O estudo acima mostrou que a acetilcolina apresenta boa eficácia na obtenção de miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de facoemulsificação, permitindo uma maior facilidade na confecções das suturas corneanas ou corneo-escleral, reduzindo a incidência de sinéquias anteriores periféricas. Concluimos que o cloridrato de acetilcolina 1% é um importante medicamento na obtenção da miose intraoperatória na cirurgia de catarata.

Presentación de un caso: síndrome de claude bernard-horner post resección de higroma quístico / Presentation of a case: claude bernard-horner's syndrome post resection of cystic hygroma

El Higroma quístico es una malformación congénita que consiste en uno o más espacios linfáticos llenos de líquido, suelen reconocerse en recién nacidos, pero típicamente pueden ser visibles cuando aumentan de tamaño conforme al crecimiento del paciente. El Síndrome de Claude Bernard-Horner se caracteriza por una miosis, ptosis palpebral y anhidrosis en pacientes con afectación de la vía oculosimpatica, se considera una complicación neurológica iatrogénica infrecuente. Se presenta una paciente femenina de 4 años con diagnostico posnatal de higroma quístico cervical tras estudio patológico realizado, el cual fue extraído quirúrgicamente. Tres días después la paciente presenta ptosis del parpado superior izquierdo con presencia de miosis y disminución de la sudoración del mismo lado, sin alteraciones en la fuerza y movimiento del miembro superior Izquierdo.

Cystic hygroma is a congenital malformation consisting of one or more lymphatic spaces filled with fluid, usually recognized in newborns, but typically can be visible when they increase in size according to the patient's growth. The Claude Bernard-Horner Syndrome is characterized by miosis, palpebral ptosis and anhidrosis in patients with oculosympathetic pathway involvement, it is considered an infrequent iatrogenic neurological complication. We present a 4-year-old female patient with postnatal diagnosis of cervical cystic hygroma after a pathological study, which was surgically removed. Three days later, the patient presented ptosis of the left upper eyelid with the presence of miosis and decreased sweating on the same side, without alterations in the strength and movement of the left upper limb.

Fatores associados aos óbitos entre homens envenenados por carbamato ("chumbinho") / Factores de muertes de hombres envenenados por carbamato ("chumbinho") / Factors associated with the deaths of men poisoned by carbamato ("chumbinho")

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar os fatores associados aos óbitos em vítimas de envenenamento por carbamato (“chumbinho”). Método Estudo retrospectivo, epidemiológico tipo caso-controle, baseado nas fichas de notificação de intoxicação do centro de controle de intoxicações localizado na região metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Foram utilizadas 24 fichas de notificação de intoxicações de homens dos 20 aos 59 anos com história de envenenamento por carbamato entre 2005 e 2009. As fichas foram sorteadas aleatoriamente, respeitando-se a razão de 1:3 (um caso para três controles). A faixa etária variou de 23 a 58 anos; a média 43,83 anos. Resultados Os sintomas mais recorrentes foram: miose (OR = 1.0; IC 95%: 0,27 – 3,69. p= 1.0), sialorreia (OR = 0,83; IC 95%: 0,22 – 3,12. p= 0,78), dispneia (OR = 0,66; IC 95%: 0.14 – 3,03. p= 0,59). Conclusão Os óbitos apresentaram associação com sialorreia, miose e dispneia e uma forte associação com estertores pulmonares, broncoespasmos e os roncos pulmonares.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar los factores asociados a la muerte en las víctimas de envenenamiento por carbamato (“Chumbinho”). Método Estudio retrospectivo, epidemiológico de caso y control sobre el envenenamiento en los formularios de notificación un centro de control de envenenamiento localizado en la región metropolitana de Río de Janeiro. Utilizamos 24 formularios de notificación de envenenamiento en hombres de 20 a 59 años con intoxicación por el carbamato de 2005 a 2009. Los registros fueron seleccionados al azar, respetando la proporción de 1:3 (un caso y tres controles). El rango de edad fue de 23 a 58 años, promedio de 43,83 años. Resultados Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron miosis (OR = 1,0; IC del 95%: 0,27 a 3,69 p = 1.0.), Babeo (OR = 0,83, IC 95% 0,22-3,12 p. = 0,78), disnea (OR = 0,66; IC del 95%: 0:14 - 3.03 p = 0.59). Conclusión Las muertes se asociaron con babeo, miosis y disnea, y una fuerte asociación con estertores pulmonares, broncoespasmo y el ronquido pulmonar.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the factors associated with death in poisoning victims by carbamate (“Chumbinho”). Method Retrospective study, epidemiological case-control based on poisoning reporting forms, a poison control center located in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. We used 24 notification forms of poisoning in men aged 20 to 59 years with poisoning by carbamate history from 2005 to 2009. The records were randomly selected, respecting the ratio 1:3 (a case to three controls). The age range was 23-58 years, average 43.83 years. Results The most frequent symptoms were myosis (OR=1.0; 95% CI: 0.27 to 3.69 p=1.0.), drooling (OR=0.83; 95% CI. 0.22 to 3.12 p=0.78), and dyspnea (OR=0.66; 95% CI: 0:14-3.03 p=0.59). Conclusion The deaths were associated with drooling, miosis and dyspnea and a strong association with pulmonary rales, bronchospasm and pulmonary snoring.

A neonate with Joubert syndrome presenting with symptoms of Horner syndrome / 소아과

Joubert syndrome (JS) is characterized by the “molar tooth sign” (MTS) with cerebellar vermis agenesis, episodic hyperpnea, abnormal eye movements, and hypotonia. Ocular and oculomotor abnormalities have been observed; however, Horner syndrome (HS) has not been documented in children with JS. We present the case of a 2-month-old boy having ocular abnormalities with bilateral nystagmus, left-dominant bilateral ptosis, and unilateral miosis and enophthalmos of the left eye, which were compatible with HS. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed the presence of the MTS. Neck MRI showed no definite lesion or mass around the cervical sympathetic chain. His global development was delayed. He underwent ophthalmologic surgery, and showed some improvement in his ptosis. To the best of our knowledge, the association of HS with JS has not yet been described. We suggest that early neuroimaging should be considered for neonates or young infants with diverse eye abnormalities to evaluate the underlying etiology.

Painful Horner syndrome after thyroidectomy: A case report

Horner syndrome is characterized by miosis, partial blepharoptosis and anhidrosis on the affected side of the face. This syndrome develops when the oculosympathetic nerve pathways to the eye and face are interrupted by various causes such as tumor in the brain, intrathoracic region or neck, surgery, drugs, trauma, carotid artery dissection, and others. It is referred to as painful Horner syndrome when Horner syndrome is accompanied by hemifacial pain. Pain is probably related to trigeminal nerve injury. Horner syndrome is a rare complication of thyroidectomy. Here, we report the case of a patient who experienced ipsilateral painful Horner syndrome after total thyroidectomy and unilateral neck dissection for thyroid cancer.

Congenital Horner Syndrome with Heterochromia Iridis Associated with Ipsilateral Internal Carotid Artery Hypoplasia

BACKGROUND: Horner syndrome (HS), also known as Claude-Bernard-Horner syndrome or oculosympathetic palsy, comprises ipsilateral ptosis, miosis, and facial anhidrosis. CASE REPORT: We report herein the case of a 67-year-old man who presented with congenital HS associated with ipsilateral hypoplasia of the internal carotid artery (ICA), as revealed by heterochromia iridis and confirmed by computed tomography (CT). CONCLUSIONS: CT evaluation of the skull base is essential to establish this diagnosis and distinguish aplasia from agenesis/hypoplasia (by the absence or hypoplasia of the carotid canal) or from acquired ICA obstruction as demonstrated by angiographic CT.

Diplopia after inferior alveolar nerve block: case report and related physiology

Although inferior alveolar nerve block is one of the most common procedures performed at dental clinics, complications or adverse effects can still occur. On rare occasions, ocular disturbances, such as diplopia, blurred vision, amaurosis, mydriasis, abnormal pupillary light reflex, retrobulbar pain, miosis, and enophthalmos, have also been reported after maxillary and mandibular anesthesia. Generally, these symptoms are temporary but they can be rather distressing to both patients and dental practitioners. Herein, we describe a case of diplopia caused by routine inferior alveolar nerve anesthesia, its related physiology, and management.

The Effects of Two Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs, Bromfenac 0.1% and Ketorolac 0.45%, on Cataract Surgery

PURPOSE: To compare the additive effects of two types of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), bromfenac 0.1% or ketorolac 0.45%, relative to topical steroid alone in cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total 91 subjects scheduled to undergo cataract operation were randomized into three groups: Group 1, pre/postoperative bromfenac 0.1%; Group 2, pre/postoperative preservative-free ketorolac 0.45%; and Group 3, postoperative steroid only, as a control. Outcome measures included intraoperative change in pupil size, postoperative anterior chamber inflammation control, change in macular thickness and volume, and ocular surface status after operation. RESULTS: Both NSAID groups had smaller intraoperative pupil diameter changes compared to the control group (p<0.05). There was significantly less ocular inflammation 1 week and 1 month postoperatively in both NSAID groups than the control group. The changes in central foveal subfield thickness measured before the operation and at postoperative 1 month were 4.30+/-4.25, 4.87+/-6.03, and 12.47+/-12.24 microm in groups 1 to 3, respectively. In the control group, macular thickness and volume increased more in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), compared to those without DM. In contrast, in both NSAID groups, NSAIDs significantly reduced macular changes in subgroups of patients with or without DM. Although three ocular surface parameters were worse in group 1 than in group 2, these differences were not significant. CONCLUSION: Adding preoperative and postoperative bromfenac 0.1% or ketorolac 0.45% to topical steroid can reduce intraoperative miosis, postoperative inflammation, and macular changes more effectively than postoperative steroid alone.

Methods and Effect of Management of Patients with Convergence Spasm and Aquired Pseudomyopia

PURPOSE: To evaluate changes in the degree of pseudomyopia and prognosis in patients with convergence spasm and acquired pseudomyopia. METHODS: The medical records of patients with convergence spasm and acquired pseudomyopia at the Korea University Medical Center from 2011 to 2014 were identified. We reviewed the patients' gender, age, onset time, visual acuity, refractive error, angle of strabismic deviation and the selected management (cycloplegics, patching, cycloplegics + patching, prism glasses). RESULTS: At the first medical examination, the mean age was 20.08 years. The mean spherical equivalent was -3.75 diopter (D) in the right eye and -4.03 D in the left eye based on manifest refraction and -2.59 D in right eye and -2.85 D in left eye using cycloplegic refraction. Eleven of 12 patients had esodeviation with a mean esodeviation of 10.42 D. The pupil size was 3.63 mm in the right eye and 3.63 mm in the left eye. No patient experienced severe miosis (pupil size <2 mm). Observation (5), patching (3), cycloplegics (2), patching + cycloplegics (1) and prism (1) management were performed in 12 patients. Outcomes included completely cured (3), improvement (7) and no change or recurrence (2). CONCLUSIONS: Active management is necessary for patients with convergence spasm and acquired pseudomyopia.

Tonic pupil in leprosy / Pupila tônica em doença de Hansen

Pupil abnormalities in leprosy usually result from chronic iritis with loss of stroma, iris miosis, a sluggish reaction to light, and poor dilation in response to anticholinergic mydriatics. We report two patients with long-standing lepromatous leprosy who developed tonic pupils characterized by mydriasis, absence of reaction to light and hypersensitivity to weak cholinergic solution. Examination revealed iritis and iris atrophy. In both cases, instillation of dilute 0.1% pilocarpine caused miosis in the affected eyes. Tonic pupil occurs in many conditions, but its association with leprosy had not been previously reported.

Anormalidades da pupila em pacientes com doença de Hansen, ocorrem mais comumente devido a irite crônica com perda do estroma iriano, miose, diminuição da reação à luz, e dificuldade de dilatação em resposta a colírios anticolinérgicos. Relatamos dois pacientes com doença de Hansen na forma lepromatosa que desenvolveram pupilas tônicas, caracterizadas por midríase, ausência de reação a luz e para perto e hipersensibilidade a fraca concentração de solução colinérgica. O exame revelou irite e atrofia iriana. Em ambos os casos a instilação de pilocarpina 0,1% causou miose nos olhos afetados. A pupila tônica tem sido relatada em muitas condições, mas sua associação com doença de Hansen ainda não havia sido descrita.

Comparison of ocular function and refractive errors both Hansen patients and old people / 나학회지

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to prove the characteristics of refractive error and visual acuity about hansen patients and old people. To compare the pupil and ocular function was to investigate the characteristics of the eye of the hansen patients. METHODS: Subjects were intended for the elderly over 60 years old 85 years old or younger both hansen patients in Wonju(n=29) and old people in Yangpyeong(n=29). Auto refraction(Topcon KR-7000) to objective refraction was conducted after the subjective refraction. Pupil size at normal illumination and light reflex, response velocity and the reaction states about light reflex were measured and Color vision test were. Writing questionnaires and analyzed the subjective symptoms about two groups. Spss ver.18.0 was used for statistics analysis and significance level was based on a 0.05. Methods were used Crosstabs analysis ,Paired T test and descriptive statistics. RESULTS & CONCLUSION: VA of hansen patients and old people did not differ by 0.29 +/-0.18 and 0.35+/-0.23. (p>0.05). CC of hansen patients and old people did differ by 0.55+/-0.26 and 0.44+/-0.21(p0.05). Old people during normal illumination and light reflex is normal (p<0.05). Direct light reflex state of hansen patients was normal 17.20% and abnormal 82.8%. Pupil's response velocity during light reflex of hansen patients was normal 3.4% and abnormal 96.6%. Pupil's reaction state during light reflex of hansen patients was normal 13.8%and abnormal 86.20%. Direct light reflex state of old people was normal 96.60%and abnormal 3.4%. Subjective symptoms were ranking 1.Dim sighted(23times) 2.Eyestrain(18times) 3.Tears(15times) of Hansen, that were ranking 1.Dim sighted(25times) 2.Tears(8times) 3.Pruritus(8times)of old people. Hansen patients and old people were not differ about result of CV test.

Cervical Sympathetic Chain Schwannoma Mimicking Carotid Body Tumor / 대한이비인후과학회지

Schwannoma arising from cervical sympathetic chain is relatively uncommon and can be occasionally misdiagnosed as carotid body tumor. On MR images, schwannoma shows generally hypointense features on the T1-weighted images and hyperintense features on the T2-weighted images. Occasionally, however, contrast administration, which lets schwannoma show marked enhancement, may make it difficult to differentiate schwannoma from carotid body tumor. A 41-year-old woman presented a neck mass on the left. MR images of the neck and carotid angiography revealed a well-enhancing ovoid tumor, which separated the internal carptod arteries from the external carotid arteries at the level of carotid bifurcation. Complete tumor resection was performed and histopathology findings confirmed a schwannoma originating from the sympathetic chain. Postoperatively, miosis and facial anhydrosis of the left side were noted without ptosis, enophthalmos or other neurologic deficits. We report this case with a review of the literatures.

Horner's syndrome following double lumen dialysis catheter insertion in right internal jugular vein

Horner syndrome is characterized by ptosis ,miosis and anhidrosis. We describe a case of Horner Syndrome as a possible but rare complication of internal jugular vein catheterization