The effect of interventional program underpinned by health belief model on awareness, attitude, and performance of nurses in preventing nosocomial infections: A randomized controlled trial study / Efecto de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo de creencias en salud sobre el conocimiento, la actitud y el desempeño del personal de enfermería en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Ensayo controlado aleatorizado / Efeito de um programa de intervenção baseado no modelo de crenças em saúde no conhecimento, atitude e atuação da equipe de enfermagem na prevenção de infecções hospitalares. Teste controlado e aleatório

Objective. The present study examined the effect of an interventional program underpinned by the Health Belief Model (HBM) on nurses' awareness, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomialinfections.Methods. This randomized controlled trial study was performed on 60 clinical nurses in lar, Iran. Nurses were selected using the simple random sampling method and assigned to two experimental (n=30) and control (n=30) groups. Data collection tool included the valid and reliable questionnaire was developed by Soleimani et al. The research intervention consisted of five 90-min sessions based on the health belief model in preventing hospital infection for experimental group. Before the intervention, immediately and two months after the intervention, the two groups completed the questionnaire. The control group received no intervention. Results. Data analysis showed that the differences between the two groups was statistically significant immediately and two months after the intervention (p<0.05). In experimental group the changes in the mean score of knowledge, attitude and performance of nurses before, immediately and two months after the intervention were significant (p<0.05), but in the control group, only the changes in the mean score of performance were significant (p<0.05). Conclusion. The results showed that the HBM-based intervention is effective in promoting nurses' knowledge, attitude, and performance in preventing nosocomialinfections. hence, periodical and in-service HBM-based training programs on preventing nosocomialinfections are recommended to be held for nurses.

Objetivo. El presente estudio examinó el efecto de un programa de intervención basado en el modelo de creencias en salud (Health Belief Model -HBM-, en inglés sobre el conocimiento, la actitud y el desempeño de las enfermeras en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias. Métodos. Este ensayo controlado aleatorizado se realizó en 60 enfermeras clínicas de lar, Irán. Las enfermeras fueron seleccionadas mediante el método de muestreo aleatorio simple y asignadas a dos grupos experimental (n=30) y de control (n=30). La herramienta para la recogida de datos incluyó el cuestionario válido y fiable desarrollado por Soleimani et al.La intervención consistió en cinco sesiones de 90 minutos basadas en el modelo de creencias de salud para prevenir la infección intrahospitalaria en el grupo experimental. Antes de la intervención, inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención, los dos grupos completaron el cuestionario. El grupo de control no recibió ninguna intervención. Resultados. El análisis de los datos mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los dos grupos en los momentos inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención (p<0.05). En el grupo experimental, los cambios en la puntuación media de conocimientos, actitudes y rendimiento de las enfermeras se observaron en los momentos de antes, inmediatamente y dos meses después de la intervención (p<0.05); mientras que en el grupo de control solamente los cambios en la puntuación media de desempeño fueron significativos (p<0.05). Conclusión. Los resultados mostraron que la intervención basada en HBM fue eficaz para promover el conocimiento, la actitud y el rendimiento de las enfermeras en la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalaria, por lo que se recomienda impartir a las enfermeras programas de formación periódicos y en servicio basados en HBM sobre la prevención de las infecciones intrahospitalarias.

Objetivo. Examinar o efeito de um programa de intervenção baseado no Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MBH) no conhecimento, atitude e desempenho dos enfermeiros na prevenção de infecções hospitalares. Métodos. Este ensaio clínico randomizado foi conduzido em 60 enfermeiras clínicas de lar, Irã. Os enfermeiros foram selecionados pelo método de amostragem aleatória simples e distribuídos em dois grupos experimental (n=30) e controle (n=30). O instrumento de coleta de dados incluiu o questionário válido e confiável desenvolvido por Soleimani et al. A intervenção consistiu em cinco sessões de 90 minutos baseadas no modelo de crenças em saúde para prevenir infecção hospitalar no grupo experimental. Antes, imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção, ambos os grupos responderam ao questionário. O grupo controle não recebeu nenhuma intervenção. Resultados.A análise dos dados mostrou diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os dois grupos imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção (p<0.05). No grupo experimental foram observadas alterações na pontuação média de conhecimentos, atitudes e desempenho dos enfermeiros antes, imediatamente e dois meses após a intervenção (p<0.05); enquanto no grupo controle apenas as alterações na pontuação média de desempenho foram significativas (p<0.05). Conclusão.Os resultados demonstraram que a intervenção baseada no HBM foi eficaz na promoção do conhecimento, atitude e desempenho dos enfermeiros na prevenção de infecções hospitalares, pelo que se recomenda proporcionar aos enfermeiros este tipo de programas de formação em serviço baseados no HBM.

Mitos y creencias sobre la insulinoterapia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus y sus familiares de un hospital del norte del Perú, 2020 / Myths and beliefs about insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and their family caregivers from a hospital in northern Peru, 2020

Objetivo. Analizar y explorar los mitos y creencias sobre la insulinoterapia en pacientes con diabetes mellitus y sus familiares cuidadores de un hospital general del norte peruano en el 2020. Materiales y métodos. Se realizo un estudio con enfoque cualitativo, paradigma interpretativo y tipo de análisis temático. Se obtuvieron datos sociodemográficos y clínicos de las historias clínicas y se entrevistaron pacientes con diabetes, con uso de algún tipo de insulina por lo menos tres meses antes del estudio, y a sus familiares cuidadores. Los pacientes participaron de un grupo focal y de entrevistas a profundidad; los familiares participaron solo en entrevistas a profundidad. Resultados. Participaron 12 pacientes con diabetes (11 con diabetes mellitus tipo 2); seis en el grupo focal y seis en las entrevistas a profundidad y siete familiares. Luego del análisis se obtuvieron cuatro categorías: 1) creencias relacionadas al inicio de tratamiento con insulina: tratamiento de elección después del fracaso con otros fármacos, cura la diabetes, regula el azúcar, temor a los inyectables; 2) creencias relacionadas al mantenimiento del tratamiento: descompensación por no usar insulina, la insulina es necesaria para vivir; 3) creencias relacionadas a terapias alternativas y costo: uso de terapias alternativas, costo elevado de la insulina; y 4) mitos relacionados al uso de insulina: genera dependencia, dependencia para la administración de insulina, efectos negativos de la insulina. Conclusiones. Las creencias y mitos de los pacientes, en tratamiento con insulina, emergen desde el inicio del tratamiento y se mantienen con la evolución de este, siendo en muchas ocasiones reforzados por la cosmovisión de los familiares.

Objective. To analyze and explore the myths and beliefs about insulin therapy in patients with diabetes mellitus and their family caregivers from a general hospital in northern Peru in 2020. Materials and methods. This qualitative study used a thematic analysis model, following the interpretative paradigm. Sociodemographic and clinical data were obtained from medical records. Patients with diabetes that used some type of insulin for at least three months prior to the study were interviewed, as well as their family caregivers. Patients participated in a focus group and in-depth interviews; family caregivers participated only in in-depth interviews. Results. Twelve patients with diabetes (11 with type 2 diabetes mellitus) were included; six in the focus group and six in the in-depth interviews. Seven family caregivers were included. After analysis, we obtained four categories: 1) beliefs related to starting insulin treatment: treatment of choice after failure of other drugs, cures diabetes, regulates sugar, fear of injectables; 2) beliefs related to treatment adherence: decompensation for not using insulin, insulin is necessary to live; 3) beliefs related to alternative therapies and cost: use of alternative therapies, high cost of insulin; and 4) myths related to the use of insulin: generates dependence, dependence for insulin administration, negative effects of insulin. Conclusions. The beliefs and myths of patients treated with insulin arise from the beginning of treatment, remain throughout the course of treatment, and are often reinforced by the worldview of family members.

Knowledge, beliefs, and intention to vaccinate against COVID-19 among the Seventh Day Adventists in Southeast Asia Region

Objective@#The vaccine rollout in the Asian region was slower than in other countries. Factors such as lack of knowledge and skepticism towards the vaccine were noted. On the other hand, the influence of religious leaders on the congregation was enormous, including their intention to vaccinate. Guided by the Health Belief Model theory, this study aimed to explore the knowledge, belief and perceived susceptibility and severity of COVID, the perceived benefits and barriers of the vaccines, and the intention to vaccinate among the Seventh Day Adventists in Asia.@*Methods@#This was a descriptive study with respondents chosen through a multi-stage sampling method within the Asian region. A validated self-survey questionnaire, piloted among 40 respondents, was used using the Google online form. Data gathering was conducted for one month, from May until June 2021.@*Results@#Out of 400 questionnaires distributed, 396 responded with a return rate of 0.99%. The majority were aged 18–29 years (43.2%), men (61.4%), married (50.2%), completed a bachelors' degree (49.5%), currently working (65.4%), and have been a member of the church for 20 years (30.8%). The majority had excellent knowledge regarding the vaccine (mean 4.72, ± 1.33); despite having low belief in the vaccine (mean 2.18, ± 0.43), low perception of their susceptibility to acquiring COVID (mean 2.43, ± 0.34), low perception on the seriousness of COVID (mean 2.30, ±0.40), low perception on vaccine benefits (mean 2.27, ± 0.45), and perceived low barrier on being vaccinated (mean 2.27, ±.45). Most of them intend to vaccinate (67.3%). @*Conclusion@#The findings of this study suggest that the majority of Adventists intend to vaccinate. However, there is a need for health education to enhance their belief in the vaccine and change their negative perception about their susceptibility and severity of COVID.

Crenças em saúde de mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais acerca da realização do teste de Papanicolaou / Lesbian and bisexual women's health beliefs about performing the Papanicolaou's test

RESUMO Objetivo identificar as crenças em saúde de mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais acerca da realização do teste de Papanicolaou. Métodos estudo transversal desenvolvido exclusivamente online, com 55 participantes. Utilizou-se o Google Forms® para coleta de dados, com questões sociodemográficas e econômicas, além de questões relacionadas às práticas, à intenção e às crenças na realização do teste de Papanicolaou. Os dados foram organizados no Google Sheets® e analisados no software SPSS®. Resultados verificou-se que mulheres bissexuais acreditam mais no benefício "quando eu faço o exame preventivo, eu fico aliviada" (p=0,047). Contudo, possuem maior pontuação de vergonha de fazer o exame preventivo (p=0,005). Identificou-se associação significativa entre ter realizado o exame e benefícios percebidos (p=0,040); gravidade percebida e nível de instrução (p=0,006); ter realizado o exame (p=0,039); e ter parceria fixa (p=0,028). Conclusão mulheres bissexuais acreditam que realizar o exame gera alívio, mas o sentimento de vergonha pode prejudicar a adesão ao exame. Mulheres lésbicas e bissexuais sem acesso à educação superior, que nunca realizaram o exame e que possuem múltiplas parcerias sexuais estão mais vulneráveis ao câncer de colo do útero. Contribuições para a prática: refletir sobre esse cenário para que estratégias educativas sejam efetivadas acerca da prevenção do câncer de colo do útero.

ABSTRACT Objective to identify the health beliefs of lesbian and bisexual women about performing the Papanicolaou's test. Methods cross-sectional study developed exclusively online, with fifty-five participants. Google Forms® were used for data collection, with sociodemographic and economic questions, as well as questions related to practices, intention, and beliefs about performing the Papanicolaou's test. Data were organized in Google Sheets® and analyzed in SPSS® software. Results it was found that bisexual women believe more in the benefit "when I do the preventive exam, I am relieved" (p=0.047). However, they have higher scores of ashamed for doing the preventive exam (p=0.005). Significant association was identified between having done the exam and perceived benefits (p=0.040); perceived severity and education level (p=0.006); having done the exam (p=0.039); and having fixed partnership (p=0.028). Conclusion bisexual women believe that performing the exam generates relief, but feelings of shame may hinder adherence to the exam. Lesbian and bisexual women without access to higher education, who never had the exam, and who have multiple sexual partnerships are more vulnerable to cervical cancer. Contributions to practice: reflect on this scenario so that educational strategies are effective for cervical cancer prevention.

Notas para decolonizar os estudos transpessoais no brasil: contribuições do pluriperspectivismo participativo / Notes for decolonizing transpersonal studies in brazil: contributions of participatory pluriperspectivism / Apuntes para la decolonización de los estudios transpersonales en brasil: aportes del pluriperspectivismo participativo

O campo dos estudos transpessoais tem avançado em diversas áreas no Brasil. Comemorou seus 40 anos com uma inserção ativa nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e uma ampliação de núcleos formativos e apoiadores de ensino, pesquisa e ações sociais, além de diálogos com o Sistema de Conselhos de Psicologia. Desafios são apresentados a partir do levantamento de uma série de questões importantes e ignoradas dentro da Psicologia Transpessoal no Brasil. Apresentamos o pluriperspectivismo participativo como possibilidade de decolonizar as matrizes eurocêntricas e estadunidenses, que dão suporte ao pensamento transpessoal brasileiro, buscando honrar nossas raízes históricas e incluir outras epistemologias e ontologias, que dão continuidade à crítica à lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos uma breve agenda de notas temáticas que carecem de um processo decolonizador no campo transpessoal: a) crítica às perspectivas de um pensamento hegemônico, em termos globais por meio da dominação Norte-Sul ou no campo das relações sociais; b) revisão das formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) questionamento da noção de universalismo das ciências e da ética; d) aprofundamento da análise crítica da supremacia restritiva da racionalidade formal técnico-científica em relação às formas de subjetividade, de vivências holísticas e integradoras e de valorização do corpo; e) revisão da noção de sujeito moderno desprovida da cocriação do humano com a comunidade, a história, a natureza e o cosmos.(AU)

The field of transpersonal studies has advanced in several areas in Brazil. It celebrated its 40th anniversary with an active insertion in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and an expansion of training centers and supporters of teaching, research, and social actions, in addition to dialogues with the System of Councils of Psychology. Challenges are presented based on a survey of a series of important and ignored issues within Transpersonal Psychology in Brazil. We present participatory pluriperspectivism as a possibility to decolonize the Eurocentric and North American matrices that support Brazilian transpersonal thought, seeking to honor our historical roots and include other epistemologies and ontologies, which continue the critique of modern Cartesian logic. We indicate a brief agenda of thematic notes that lack a decolonizing process in the transpersonal field: a) criticism of the perspectives of a hegemonic thought, whether in global terms via North-South domination or in the field of social relations; b) review of the forms of "centrocentrism"; c) questioning of the notion of universalism of science and ethics; d) deepening of the critical analysis of the restrictive supremacy of the technical-scientific formal rationality in relation to the forms of subjectivity, of holistic and integrative experiences, and of valuing the body; e) review of the notion of the modern subject devoid of the co-creation of the human with the community, the history, the nature, and the cosmos.(AU)

El campo de los estudios transpersonales ha avanzado en varias áreas de Brasil. Se celebró su 40.º aniversario con una inserción activa en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y una ampliación de los centros de formación y promotores de la docencia, la investigación y la acción social, además de diálogos con el Sistema de Consejos de Psicología. Los desafíos se presentan a partir de una encuesta de una serie de temas importantes e ignorados dentro de la Psicología Transpersonal en Brasil. Presentamos el pluriperspectivismo participativo como una posibilidad para decolonizar las matrices eurocéntrica y americana, que sustentan el pensamiento transpersonal brasileño, buscando honrar nuestras raíces históricas e incluir otras epistemologías y ontologías que continúan la crítica de la lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos una breve agenda de apuntes temáticos que carecen de un proceso decolonizador en el campo transpersonal: a) crítica de las perspectivas de un pensamiento hegemónico, ya sea en términos globales a través del dominio Norte-Sur o en el campo de las relaciones sociales; b) revisión de las formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) cuestionamiento de la noción de universalismo de la ciencia y la ética; d) profundización del análisis crítico de la supremacía restrictiva de la racionalidad formal técnico-científica en relación a las formas de subjetividad, de experiencias holísticas e integradoras y de valoración del cuerpo; e) revisión de la noción de sujeto moderno desprovisto de la cocreación de lo humano con la comunidad, la historia, la naturaleza y el cosmos.(AU)

Creencias, Actitudes Y Prácticas Del Médico En Rol De Paciente: Perspectivas En República Dominicana / Beliefs, Attitudes and Practices of the Medical in the Patient Role: Perspectives in the Dominican Republic

El mito existente sobre la ausencia de vulnerabilidad en los médicos hace que estos sean más difíciles de manejar en su rol de paciente. Así mismo, en ocasiones sus conocimientos previos los hacen tener creencias, actitudes y prácticas no favorables. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, cuyo objetivo fue determinar las creencias, actitudes y prácticas del médico dominicano en el rol de paciente. En el mismo se aplicó una encuesta virtual que generó un total de 238 respuestas. Como resultado, se observó que, en su mayoría, los médicos consideran que es más difícil tratar como paciente a un colega. Sobre sus creencias y actitudes, las mismas suelen ser favorables en sus labores como médico, sin embargo, actitudes como la automedicación y los cambios de receta fueron notorios. En conclusión, se entiende que es necesario realizar estudios similares a este y concientizar a quienes se desempeñan como médicos en cuanto a esta temática.

The existing myth about the absence of vulnerability in doctors makes them more challenging to manage in their role as patients. Likewise, sometimes their previous knowledge makes them have opposing beliefs, attitudes, and practices. Therefore, a descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out to determine the Dominican doctor's beliefs, attitudes, and practices in the role of the patient. A survey was created and disseminated online, and 238 responses were obtained. As a result, most doctors find it more challenging to treat a patient if they are colleagues. Concerning their beliefs and attitudes, they are usually favorable in their work as a doctor; however, in practice, acts such as self-medication and change of prescription are present in large proportion.

Effectiveness of the application of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Adopting Preventive Behaviors from Self-Medication among Women in Iran. A Randomized Controlled Trial / Eficacia de la aplicación de un programa educativo basado en el Modelo de Creencias sobre la Salud en la adopción de conductas preventivas de la automedicación entre las mujeres de Irán. Un ensayo controlado aleatorio / Eficácia da aplicação de um programa educativo baseado no Modelo de Crenças sobre Saúde na adoção de comportamentos preventivos de automedicação entre mulheres no Irã. Um ensaio clínico randomizado

Objective.To evaluate the effectiveness of the application of an educational program based on the Health Belief Model (HBM) in Adopting Preventive Behaviors from Self-Medication among Women in Iran. Methods. Interventional study with pre and post phases. 200 women referring to the health centers of Urmia were selected by simple random sampling, divided into two groups of treatment and control. Data collection instruments were researcher-devised questionnaire including the questionnaire of Knowledge of Self-medication, the Questionnaire of Preventive Behaviors from Self-medication, and the questionnaire of Health Belief Model. The questionnaires were assessed for expert validity and then, were checked for reliability. The educational intervention was conducted for the treatment group during four weeks four 45-minute sessions. Results.The average scores of knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, cues to action, self-efficiency, and post-intervention performance in have increased in treatment group, comparing to the control group, All findings were statistically significant (p<0.05). Furthermore, social media, doctors, and disbelief in self-medication were more effective in increasing awareness and encouraging to have proper medication, also, the highest self-medication was in taking pain-relievers, cold tablets and antibiotics, which showed significant decrease in treatment group after the intervention. Conclusion.The educational program based onHealth Belief Modelwas effective in reducing the self-medication among the studied women. Furthermore, it is recommended to use social media and doctors to improve the awareness and motivation among people. Thus, applying the educational programs and plans according to the Health Belief Model can be influential in reducing the self-medication.

Objetivo. Evaluar la eficacia de la aplicación de un programa educativo basado en el Modelo de Creencias sobre la Salud (MCS) en la adopción de conductas preventivas de la automedicación entre las mujeres de Irán. Métodos. Estudio de intervención con evaluación pre y post. Se seleccionaron 200 mujeres que acudieron a los centros de salud de Urmia, a quienes se asignaron a los dos grupos de estudio (tratamiento y control) mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. Para la recolección de la información se utilizaron los cuestionarios sobre: Conocimientos acerca de la automedicación, conductas preventivas de la automedicación y el modelo de creencias sobre la salud. Se evaluó la validez de los cuestionarios por parte de los expertos y luego se comprobó su confiabilidad. La intervención educativa se llevó a cabo para el grupo de tratamiento durante cuatro semanas con 1 sesión semanal de 45 minutos de duración.Resultados.Las puntuaciones medias de los conocimientos, la susceptibilidad percibida, la gravedad percibida, los beneficios percibidos, las barreras percibidas, las señales para la acción, la autoeficacia y el rendimiento posterior a la intervención aumentaron en el grupo de tratamiento en comparación con el grupo de control, y todos los resultados fueron estadísticamente significativos (p<0.05). Además, los medios de comunicación social fueron eficaces para aumentar la concienciación y animar a tener una medicación adecuada. La mayor automedicación fue en la toma de analgésicos, pastillas para el resfriado y antibióticos, que mostró una disminución significativa en el grupo de tratamiento después de la intervención. Conclusión. El programa educativo basado en el Modelo de Creencias de Salud fue eficaz para reducir la automedicación entre las mujeres estudiadas. Además, se recomienda utilizar los medios de comunicación social para mejorar la concienciación y la motivación de las personas.

Objetivo. Avaliar a eficácia da aplicação de um programa educativo baseado no Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (HCM) na adoção de comportamentos preventivos de automedicação entre mulheres no Irã. Métodos. Estudo de intervenção com pré e pós avaliação. Duzentas mulheres que frequentavam os centros de saúde de Urmia foram selecionadas e alocadas nos dois grupos de estudo (tratamento e controle) por meio de amostragem aleatória simples. Para a coleta de informações, foram utilizados os questionários sobre: Conhecimento sobre automedicação, comportamentos preventivos de automedicação e o modelo de crenças sobre saúde. A validade dos questionários foi avaliada pelos especialistas e, em seguida, verificada sua confiabilidade. A intervenção educativa foi realizada para o grupo de tratamento durante quatro semanas com 1 sessão semanal com duração de 45 minutos. Resultados.Os escores médios de conhecimento, suscetibilidade percebida, gravidade percebida, benefícios percebidos, barreiras percebidas, pistas para ação, autoeficácia e desempenho pós-intervenção aumentaram no grupo de tratamento em comparação com o grupo de intervenção. controle, e todos os resultados foram estatisticamente significativos (p<0.05). Além disso, as mídias sociais foram eficazes na conscientização e no incentivo à medicação adequada. A maior automedicação foi em uso de analgésicos, antissépticos e antibióticos, que apresentou diminuição significativa no grupo de tratamento após a intervenção. Conclusão.O programa educativo baseado no Modelo de Crenças em Saúde foi eficaz na redução da automedicação entre as mulheres estudadas. Além disso, recomenda-se o uso das mídias sociais para melhorar a conscientização e a motivação das pessoas.

Percepciones de aceptabilidad y reticencia a las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en el Perú / Perceptions of acceptance and reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination in Peru

RESUMEN Objetivos. Explorar los factores que predisponen la aceptabilidad o reticencia a la vacunación contra la COVID-19 utilizando métodos cualitativos. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cualitativo descriptivo realizado entre abril y junio del 2021. Se utilizó una guía de entrevista semiestructurada que exploró las percepciones de los participantes de diferentes regiones del Perú con relación a la aplicación de la vacuna para la COVID-19, tomando como marco teórico el modelo de creencias en salud, cuyas dimensiones son: susceptibilidad, severidad, beneficios, barreras y estímulos asociados para ejecutar la acción. Resultados. Se entrevistó a treinta personas, en su mayoría mujeres. Para los participantes la eficacia de las vacunas se relaciona con el país de procedencia, además, consideran que es importante conocer los efectos a largo plazo en la salud luego de la aplicación de la vacuna. La información recibida por las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias puede ser un factor decisivo para la aplicación de la vacuna. Las personas con la intención de no vacunarse sienten que las estrategias de promoción de la vacunación vulneran sus derechos humanos. Conclusiones. Existe un grupo de personas indecisas o inseguras de recibir las vacunas contra la COVID-19 en quienes es necesario fomentar estímulos de acuerdo con sus preocupaciones y necesidades. Las autoridades gubernamentales y sanitarias deben trabajar conjuntamente para mejorar la confianza de la población y brindar mensajes que despejen las principales dudas sobre la eficacia y las reacciones adversas de las vacunas.

ABSTRACT Objectives. To explore factors that influence the acceptance or reluctance to COVID-19 vaccination using qualitative methods. Materials and methods. Descriptive qualitative study conducted between April and June 2021. A semi-structured interview guide was used to explore the perceptions of participants from different regions of Peru regarding COVID-19 vaccination. The Health Belief Model was used as theoretical framework and its dimensions are: susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and cues to action. Results. We interviewed 30 people, mostly were women. For the participants, the efficacy of vaccines is related to the country of origin of the vaccines; in addition, they consider that it is important to know the long-term effects on health after vaccination. The information received by governmental and health authorities can be a decisive factor for vaccination. People with the intention of not being vaccinated feel that vaccination promotion strategies violate their human rights. Conclusions. There is a group of people undecided or unsure about receiving COVID-19 vaccines who need to be encouraged according to their concerns and needs. Governmental and health authorities should work together to improve the confidence of the population and provide messages to clarify doubts about the efficacy and adverse reactions of vaccines.

Knowledge, Perceptions, Needs and Challenges of Dominican Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus / Conocimientos, percepciones, necesidades y desafíos de los adolescentes dominicanos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Introduction: The lack of metabolic control in patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) can cause severe complications and reduce their life expectancy. Transition into adolescence among children with T1DM effects important changes that could negatively influence their metabolic control. Purpose: To determine knowledge, perceptions, needs and challenges of Dominican adolescents with T1DM. Methodology: Phone interviews to adolescents with T1DM between 14 and 18 years. Analysis included coding using the Health Belief Model, and using Nvivo, with a deductive and inductive approach. Results: Participants reported a high level of perceived susceptibility to complications, and severity associated to an incurable disease that causes severe complications. Within modifying factors, the family socioeconomic level was identified as relevant, and the role of support networks in managing their disease was mentioned as an external variable. Conclusions: Culturally, relevant interventions are needed to improve metabolic control and psychosocial aspects among Dominican adolescents with T1DM, including the use of a self-management mobile application; in addition, incorporating perspectives, context realities and knowledge of adolescents in developing therapeutical education strategies about T1DM could improve the impact of these strategies

Introducción: el descontrol metabólico en pacientes con diabetes tipo 1 (DMT1) puede provocar complicaciones severas y reducir la esperanza de vida. La transición a la adolescencia en jóvenes con DMT1 determina cambios importantes que pueden influenciar negativamente el control metabólico. Propósito: determinar el nivel de conocimiento, las percepciones, las necesidades y los desafíos de los adolescentes dominicanos con DMT1. Metodología: entrevistas telefónicas a adolescentes con DMT1, entre 14 y 18 años. El análisis incluyó la codificación con base al Modelo de Creencias de Salud, utilizando NVivo, a través de un abordaje deductivo e inductivo. Resultados: participantes reportaron un alto nivel de susceptibilidad percibida de sufrir complicaciones y una percepción de severidad asociada a una enfermedad incurable que causa complicaciones severas. En los factores modificadores se destacan determinantes sociales como el nivel socioeconómico de la familia y, en las variables externas, el rol de las redes de apoyo en el manejo de la enfermedad. Conclusiones: se requieren intervenciones culturalmente relevantes para mejorar el control metabólico y los aspectos psicosociales en los adolescentes dominicanos con DMT1, como sería una aplicación móvil para el automanejo; además, incorporar las perspectivas, las realidades contextuales y los conocimientos de los adolescentes en las estrategias de educación terapéutica sobre la DMT1 favorecería su impacto

Factors associated with the helmet use among motorcycle drivers in District IV, Quezon City

Background@#In the Philippines, 34 Filipinos are killed daily due to road injuries. Of the reported road traffic fatalities, 25% in the world, 34% in South East Asia, and 53% in the Philippines are riders of motorized two- or three-wheeled vehicles. @*Objectives@#Considering that motorcycle drivers are most affected by road-related injuries in Metro Manila, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of helmet use, identify the factors affecting the intent to use helmets, and determine the factors associated with consistent helmet use among motorcycle drivers in District IV, Quezon City. @*Methods@#Eight barangays were included in the sample and respondents were chosen through systematic random sampling. @*Results@#A self-administered questionnaire was used. There were 421 respondents with a prevalence for consistent helmet-use of 67.46% (CI 95%: 62.81-71.78). It was found that the aggregate belief score was associated with the intention to use helmets. Meanwhile, every unit increase in knowledge score increased the odds of consistent helmet use by 1.21 (95% CI: 1.06-1.37). In addition, those with intention were 7.48 times more likely to consistently wear helmets than those who do not (95% CI: 2.80- 19.97). @*Conclusion@#Various sub-factors such as experience, formal driving education, perceived behavioral control, benefits, and ergonomic barriers may have contributed to the result; however, further studies are needed to establish these relationships.

Modelo predictivo para el vaticinio de la baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mujeres de edad mediana / A Predictive Model of Low Quality of Life Related to Health in Middle-Aged Women

Introducción: La calidad de vida ha sido una preocupación e interés para los investigadores, es definida como constructo social con limitaciones para su estudio, que se enmarcan en tres grupos de problemas: conceptuales, metodológicos e instrumentales. Objetivo: Desarrollar un modelo predictivo para el vaticinio de baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mujeres de edad mediana. Métodos: Investigación de desarrollo tecnológico (I+D+I). Se estipuló un tamaño de muestra de 532 mujeres, para la validación del modelo, se escogieron por muestreo simple aleatorio a 200 mujeres de edad mediana. Variables utilizadas: edad, edad de la menopausia, apoyo familiar percibido, cantidad de enfermedades e intensidad del síndrome climatérico. Resultados: Se creó un modelo estadístico para el vaticinio de la baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, se presentan la aplicación de la regresión logística múltiple. En esta se aprecia el ajuste del modelo, evaluado por el estadígrafo X2 de Hosmer y Lemeshow (X2 Hosmer-Lemeshow = 8,656), que resultó significativo (p = 0,374). Conclusiones: El incremento de la edad en años, el apoyo familiar percibido y la intensidad del síndrome climatérico constituyen factores de riesgo de baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en las mujeres investigadas.El modelo estadístico es adecuado para su uso en el vaticinio de la baja calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en mujeres de edad mediana(AU)

Introduction: Quality of life has been a concern and interest for researchers. It is defined as a social construct with limitations for its study, which are framed into three groups of problems: conceptual, methodological and instrumental. Objective: To develop a predictive model of low quality of life related to health in middle-aged women. Methods: Technological development research (R+D+I). A sample size of 532 women was chosen. For the validation of the model, 200 middle-aged women were chosen by simple random sampling. The variables used were age, age at menopause, perceived family support, number of illnesses, and intensity of climacteric syndrome. Results: A statistical model was created for predicting low quality of life related to health. The application of multiple logistic regression is presented. This shows the fit of the model, evaluated by Hosmer and Lemeshow's X2 statistic (X2 Hosmer-Lemeshow=8.656), which was significant (P=0.374). Conclusions: Age increase in years, perceived family support and intensity of climacteric syndrome are risk factors for low quality of life related to health in the women investigated. The statistical model is suitable to be used for predicting low quality of life related to health in middle-aged women(AU)

Crenças em saúde de pessoas vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana em tempos da COVID-19 / Health beliefs of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus in times of the COVID-19 pandemic

Introdução: A aids é uma doença infecciosa de grande importância epidemiológica e que representa grave problema mundial de saúde pública. Ao longo do desenvolvimento da epidemia, com a evolução do tratamento e com o potencial de cronicidade que a doença atingiu, foram propostas estratégias diferenciadas, voltadas para a sexualidade, para a identidade de gênero, para a singularidade do sujeito e para as melhorias na qualidade de vida. Contudo, ainda se observam a presença de aspectos negativos e uma pluralidade de crenças que permeiam as experiências de vida dessas pessoas. A dimensão de susceptibilidade sugere evidências de maior proporção ao ser analisada pelo prisma contemporâneo em tempos da pandemia da COVID-19. Objetivo: Analisar as crenças em saúde de pessoas vivendo com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana em tempos da pandemia da COVID-19. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, utilizando fonte secundária de informações (prontuário) e entrevistas junto às pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV), usuárias de um Serviço Especializado em IST/AIDS, de um município do interior de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram coletados utilizando a Estratégia Aninhada Concomitante, analisados estatisticamente com o auxílio do software IBM®SPSS, versão 21.0 e os dados qualitativos com base na análise de conteúdo indutivo, considerando-se o referencial de Crenças em Saúde de Rosenstock (1974). Todos os aspectos éticos foram comtemplados. Resultado: Participaram do estudo 46 pessoas, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino 31 (67,4%) e idade de 18 a 65 anos. Os dados qualitativos foram obtidos por meio de entrevista com duração média de 23,54 minutos. Os resultados e as discussões são dispostos nas categorias pré-definidas com base nas dimensões do Modelo de Crenças Saúde e, além destas, o Apoio e a Assistência às PVHIV. No que se refere à susceptibilidade percebida, a maioria dos participantes a relacionou à fragilidade do sistema imunológico inerente ao HIV. No que versa à COVID-19, foram apontadas dúvidas e desconhecimento sobre a temática, porém se reconhecem como "grupo de risco" e aplicam medidas de prevenção. Quanto à gravidade percebida, as pessoas sinalizaram o potencial da doença pelas próprias experiências ou pelo convívio próximo e pelo medo da morte. Dentre os benefícios percebidos, evidenciaram-se a terapia antirretroviral, a relevância de empregar hábitos saudáveis, a postura positiva frente à doença e o cuidado com outro, utilizando o preservativo nas relações sexuais. Na dimensão das barreiras percebidas, os aspectos psicossociais tiveram maior relevância, principalmente o preconceito, o sigilo do diagnóstico e a complexidade nos relacionamentos amorosos. Quanto ao apoio recebido, os contextos relacionados à família, seguido da religiosidade, obtiveram maior destaque nos achados, se mostrando os principais motivadores. No que tange à assistência os participantes relataram satisfação com os serviços prestados e com os profissionais de saúde revelando, ainda, as habilidades da equipe. A assistência foi analisada qualitativamente, utilizando-se os conceitos da Cascata de Cuidados Contínuos. Conclusão: A aplicação do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde permitiu identificar o conhecimento das PVHIV acerca do seu diagnóstico e analisar seus comportamentos. Possibilitou, ainda, refletir a dimensão dos aspectos psicossociais frente às vivências e à necessidade primordial do apoio das pessoas e do serviço especializado que os assistem.

AIDS is an infectious disease of great epidemiological importance and represents a serious worldwide public health problem. Throughout the development of the epidemic, with the evolution of treatment and the potential for chronicity which the disease has reached, different strategies have been proposed, focused on sexuality, gender identity, individual uniqueness and improvements in quality of life. However, there are still negative aspects and a plurality of beliefs through these people's life experiences. The dimension of susceptibility evidences a greater proportion when analyzed from a contemporary perspective in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: To analyze the health beliefs of people living with the human immunodeficiency virus in times of the COVID-19 pandemic. Method: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study, using a secondary source of information (medical records) and interviews with people living with HIV (PLHIV), users of a Specialized Service on STI / AIDS, in a Minas Gerais' inland city. Data were collected using a Concomitant Nested Strategy, statistical stimulus with the help of IBM®SPSS software version 21.0 and qualitative data based on the analysis of inductive content, considering the Rosenstock Health Beliefs (1974). All ethical aspects have been contemplated. Result: The study have been compound by 46 people, the majority being male 31 (67.4%) and aged from 18 to 65 years. Qualitative data were obtained through interviews with an average duration of 23.54 minutes. The results and discussions are classified in the pre-defined categories in the dimensions of the Health Belief Model and Support and Assistance to PLHIV. Regarding the perceived susceptibility, most participants related it to the fragility of the immune system inherent to HIV. In the case of COVID-19, doubts and ignorance about the theme were pointed out, but they recognize themselves as a "risk group" and apply preventive measures. As for the perceived severity, people signaled the potential of the disease through their own experiences or close contact and the fear of death. Among the perceived benefits, antiretroviral therapy showed the relevance of using healthy habits, a positive attitude towards the disease and caring for others, using condoms during sexual intercourse. In the dimension of perceived barriers, psychosocial aspects were more relevant, mainly prejudice, confidentiality of diagnosis and complexity in romantic relationships. Regarding the support received, the contexts related to the family, followed by religiosity, were more prominence in the findings, being the main motivators. About the assistance, the participants reported satisfaction with the services provided and with the health professionals, also revealing the team's skills. Assistance was analyzed qualitatively using the concepts of the Continuous Care Cascade. Conclusion: The application of the Health Belief Model allowed to identify the knowledge of PLHIV about their diagnosis and to analyze their behaviors. It also made it possible to reflect the dimension of the psychosocial aspects in the face of the experiences and the primary need for the support of people and the specialized service that assists them

Association of knowledge and risk perceptions of Manila City school teachers with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance

Background and Objective@#In addressing vaccine acceptance, teachers may play a pivotal role as educators and models of behavior, as they serve as reliable sources of information. Thus, this study aimed to determine the association between knowledge and risk perception of teachers and their acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. @*Methodology@#This study utilized an analytic, cross-sectional design. Seven hundred and seven public secondary school teachers in Manila City, Philippines accomplished the online self-administered questionnaire. The study was guided by the Health Belief Model (HBM). Multiple logistic regression was used to determine the factors associated with acceptance of the COVID-19 vaccine. @*Results@#Respondents had a high knowledge on COVID-19 mode of transmission (95.2%), signs and symptoms (92.9%), diagnosis (57.6%), treatment (98.9%), and prevention (92.2%). They had a high risk perception (>69.2%) pertaining to four constructs (Perceived Susceptibility, Perceived Severity, Perceived Benefits, Cues to Action) of the HBM. Low risk perception of barriers was observed (66.1%). The majority (92.5%) are willing to accept the COVID-19 vaccine. Respondents who teach health-related subjects (94.4%) garnered more vaccine acceptors compared to teachers of non-health-related subjects (91.6%). After adjusting for sex, age, highest educational attainment, and subjects taught, Cues to Action remained to be associated with COVID- 19 vaccine acceptance. @*Conclusion@#Although high levels of knowledge and risk perceptions were observed, only Cues to Action had a significant association with COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Hence, they need external cues, from physicians or the Food and Drug Administration, to accept the COVID-19 vaccine.

Knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and responses of type 2 diabetes clients toward acute coronary syndrome / Conhecimento, atitudes, crenças e respostas dos clientes com diabetes tipo 2 em relação à síndrome coronária aguda

Introduction: The response to a health threat, such as acute coronary syndrome symptoms (ACS), is determined by the patient's ability to identify the symptoms, establish the relationship with the disease and respond appropriately. This important ability of people with type 2 diabetes, who are at risk of having this syndrome, can be better understood by assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs concerning the ACS and the response to it. Objectives: To evaluate the perceived knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of type 2 diabetes clients toward acute coronary syndrome; to explore the association between the measures of the perceived acute coronary syndrome and their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics; and to explore the correlations between the measures of the perceived acute coronary syndrome and the measures of anxiety and depression symptoms. Methods: The study was carried out at Linden, Guyana, with 60 type 2 diabetes clients using a sociodemographic and clinical data questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire, and Acute Coronary-Response Index. All questionnaires were completed by the researcher during a face to face interview with each client. Descriptive analyses were performed for all variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the scores of the ACS Response Index subscales and the HADS anxiety and depression symptoms with sex, age, time since diabetes diagnosis and body mass index (not overweight or overweight). Comparisons were made between the measures of the ACS - Response Index subscales and educational levels (primary, secondary, university and professional) using the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple comparisons. The Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to calculate the correlations between the scores of the ACS - Response Index subscales and the anxiety and depression symptoms. The significance level for all the tests that were conducted was set at 0.05. Results: The total mean score of the Knowledge subscale was 9.12 (S.D.=3.4). Two participants had more than 70% of the correct answers. The number of participants who recognized the main symptoms of acute coronary syndrome varied from 27.1% to 49.2%. The total mean score of the Attitudes subscale was 11.2 (S.D.=3.5) and for beliefs 21.3 (S.D.=4.5). Clients with university level had better knowledge when compared to clients with clients who had primary level (p=0.043). Strong and positive correlation was found between knowledge and symptoms of depression, but not significant (r=0.63; p=0.67). The correlation between Attitudes and Beliefs was negative and weak and not significant. The correlation between symptoms of anxiety and beliefs was statically significant, negative, and strong (r=-0.53; p<0.001). Conclusions: Type 2 diabetes clients participating in this study showed a low level of knowledge about ACS. There was an effect of the educational level on the Knowledge subscale. The knowledge of the ACS risks improved the patients' ability to identify their signs and symptoms and respond appropriately to a cardiac event.

Introdução: A resposta a uma ameaça à saúde, como os sintomas da síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA), é determinada pela capacidade do paciente de identificar os sintomas, estabelecendo a relação com a doença e de responder apropriadamente. Essa importante habilidade das pessoas com diabetes tipo 2, em risco de ter essa síndrome, pode ser mais bem compreendida avaliando-se o conhecimento percebido, as atitudes e as crenças em relação à SCA e à resposta a ela. Objetivos: Avaliar o conhecimento percebido, atitudes e crenças percebidas de clientes com diabetes tipo 2 em relação à síndrome coronariana aguda; explorar as associações entre as medidas da síndrome coronária aguda percebida e as variáveis sócio demográficas e clínicas; e explorar as correlações entre as medidas da síndrome coronária aguda percebida e os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Métodos: O estudo foi realizado em Linden, Guiana, com 60 clientes com diabetes tipo 2, utilizando-se um questionário de dados sócio demográficos e clínicos, o Acute Coronary-Response Index (ACS-Response Index) e a Escala Hospitalar de Ansiedade e Depressão (HADS). Todos os questionários foram preenchidos pela pesquisadora por meio de entrevistas individuais. Análises descritivas foram realizadas para todas as variáveis. O teste de Mann-Whitney foi utilizado para comparar as medidas do ACS-Response Index e dos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão (HADS) com sexo, idade, tempo de diagnóstico e índice de massa corporal. Foram feitas comparações entre as medidas das subescalas do ACS - Índice de Resposta e os níveis de escolaridade (primário, secundário, universitário e profissional) usando o teste de Kruskal-Wallis para comparações múltiplas. Utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Spearman para calcular as correlações entre as medidas do ACS-Response Index e os sintomas de ansiedade e depressão. Para todos os testes, o nível de significância foi estabelecido em 0,05. Resultados: O escore médio total da subescala Conhecimento foi de 9,12 (D.P. = 3,4). Dois participantes tiveram mais que 70% de acertos nessa subescala. O número de participantes que reconheceu os principais sintomas da SCA variou de 27,1% a 49,2%. Os escores médios total das subescalas Atitudes e Crenças foram 11,2 (D.P. = 3,5) e de 21,3 (D.P. = 4,5), respectivamente. Pacientes universitários tiveram melhor conhecimento quando comparados aos clientes com clientes que possuíam nível primário (p = 0,043). Foi encontrada correlação forte e positiva entre a subescala Conhecimento e os sintomas de depressão, mas não estatisticamente significante (r = 0,63; p = 0,67). A correlação entre as subescalas Atitudes e Crenças foi negativa e fraca e não estatisticamente significante. A correlação entre os sintomas de ansiedade e a subescala Crenças foi estatisticamente significante, negativa e forte (r = -0,53; p <0,001). Conclusões: Clientes com diabetes tipo 2, participantes deste estudo, apresentaram baixo nível de conhecimento sobre a SCA. Constatou-se um efeito do nível educacional sobre a subescala Conhecimento. O conhecimento sobre a SCA pode melhorar a capacidade do paciente em identificar os sinais e sintomas do infarto agudo do miocárdio.

Controle ineficaz da saúde em pessoas vivendo com AIDS: análise de conteúdo / Control ineficaz de la salud en personas que viven con SIDA: análisis de contenido / Ineffective health control in people living with AIDS: a content analysis

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o conteúdo do diagnóstico de enfermagem da Taxonomia II da NANDA International, Inc (NANDA-I) Controle Ineficaz da Saúde em pessoas vivendo com Aids. Métodos Estudo do tipo metodológico, de abordagem quantitativa. A validação de conteúdo foi realizada por 41 especialistas quanto à definição, localização, características definidoras e fatores relacionados do diagnóstico estudado. Utilizou-se o teste binomial para determinar a proporção de especialistas que indicaram que cada item adequado não ficou abaixo de 85%. Para tanto, o nível de significância adotado foi de 5%, com p > 0,05, e o item pertinente foi acima de 85%. Resultados Os especialistas julgaram que a definição encontrada na análise de conceito foi mais adequada, quando comparada com a Taxonomia II da versão da NANDA-I (2018-2020). As características definidoras mais prevalentes foram: falha em incorporar o tratamento na vida diária e co-infecção Tuberculose/HIV. Já os Fatores relacionados mais frequentes foram: negação da doença e falta de expectativas na melhora clínica. Conclusão A amostra final do diagnóstico foi composta por 19 fatores relacionados e 8 características definidoras. Foi sugerida adequação na definição do diagnóstico controle ineficaz da saúde em pessoas vivendo com aids e de seus componentes.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar el contenido del diagnóstico de enfermería de la Taxonomía II de NANDA International, Inc (NANDA-I) Control ineficaz de la salud en personas que viven con SIDA. Métodos Estudio metodológico, con enfoque cuantitativo. La validación del contenido fue realizada por 41 especialistas respecto a la definición, localización, características definitorias y factores relacionados con el diagnóstico estudiado. Se utilizó la prueba binominal para determinar la proporción de especialistas que indicaron que cada ítem adecuado no quedó debajo de 85%. Para eso, el nivel de significación adoptado fue de 5%, con p > 0,05, y el ítem pertinente fue por arriba de 85%. Resultados Los especialistas consideraron que la definición encontrada en el análisis de concepto fue más adecuada cuando se la compara con la Taxonomía II de la versión de NANDA-I (2018-2020). Las características definitorias más prevalentes fueron: falla al incorporar el tratamiento en la vida diaria y coinfección Tuberculosis/VIH. Por otro lado, los factores relacionados más frecuentes fueron: negación de la enfermedad y falta de expectativas de mejora clínica. Conclusión La muestra final del diagnóstico fue compuesta por 19 factores relacionados y 8 características definitorias. Se sugirió la adecuación de la definición del diagnóstico control ineficaz de la salud en personas que viven con SIDA y de sus componentes.

Abstract Objective To analyze the content of NANDA International Taxonomy II (NANDA-I) nursing diagnosis, Ineffective Health Control in People Living with AIDS. Methods Methodological study with a quantitative approach. Content validation was performed by 41 experts regarding the definition, location, defining characteristics and related factors of the diagnosis studied. The binomial test was used to determine the proportion of experts who indicated that each appropriate item did not fall below 85%. The significance level adopted was 5%, with p> 0.05, and the pertinent item was above 85%. Results Experts considered that the definition found in the concept analysis was more appropriate when compared to Taxonomy II of the NANDA-I version (2018-2020). The most prevalent defining characteristics were failure to incorporate treatment into daily life and tuberculosis and HIV co-infection. The most frequent related factors were denial of disease and lack of expectations for clinical improvement. Conclusion The final diagnostic sample consisted of 19 related factors and 8 defining characteristics. Adequacy has been suggested in the definition of the diagnosis ineffective health control in people living with AIDS and its components.

Evidências de Validade da Champion's Health Belief Model Scale para o Brasil / Evidencias de Validez de la Champion's Health Belief Model Scale para Brasil / Champion's Health Belief Model Scale Validity Evidence for Brazil

Resumo Objetivo Realizar tradução e adaptação transcultural da Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) para uso no Brasil, no rastreamento mamográfico, e verificar as evidências de validade da versão brasileira desta escala. Métodos Estudo metodológico, realizado com 206 mulheres frequentadoras de unidade básica de saúde, na cidade de Fortaleza-CE, Brasil, de agosto de 2015 a dezembro de 2017. A escala passou por processo de tradução e adaptação transcultural, incluindo validação de face e conteúdo. Posteriormente, foram verificadas as evidências de validade (1.Validade baseada na estrutura interna, avaliada mediante análise exploratória, com rotação ortogonal varimax e retenção de fatores por análises paralelas; 2. Confiabilidade, a partir da homogeneidade por alfa de Cronbach e estabilidade por teste-reteste). Resultados Na validação de face e conteúdo, o instrumento apresentou boa aceitação entre os juízes e o público-alvo. O modelo final da análise fatorial exploratória resultou em escala com sete itens, divididos em três domínios, com variância explicada de 71,4%, com alfa de Cronbach variando de 0,50 a 0,88. Para confiabilidade da escala, o r de Pearson e o ρ de Spearman mostraram alta confiabilidade (0,997 e 0,986). Conclusão A versão brasileira da Champion's Health Belief Model Scale apresenta boas evidências de validade baseada na estrutura interna e é confiável, podendo ser empregada no Brasil para avaliação do monitoramento da adesão à mamografia.

Resumen Objetivo Realizar la traducción y adaptación transcultural de la Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) para su aplicación en Brasil en el rastreo mamográfico y para verificar las evidencias de validez de la versión brasileña de esta escala. Métodos Estudio metodológico, realizado con 206 mujeres que asistían con frecuencia a una unidad básica de salud, en la ciudad de Fortaleza, estado de Ceará, Brasil, de agosto de 2015 a diciembre de 2017. La escala pasó por un proceso de traducción y adaptación transcultural, que incluyó validación aparente y de contenido. Posteriormente, se verificaron las evidencias de validez (1. Validez basada en la estructura interna, evaluada mediante análisis exploratorio, con rotación ortogonal varimax y retención de factores por análisis paralelos; 2. Confiabilidad a partir de la homogeneidad por alfa de Cronbach y estabilidad por test-retest). Resultados En la validación aparente y de contenido, el instrumento presentó buena aceptación entre los jueces y el público destinatario. El modelo final del análisis factorial exploratorio tuvo como resultado una escala con siete ítems, divididos en tres dominios, con varianza explicada de 71,4%, con alfa de Cronbach que varía de 0,50 a 0,88. En la confiabilidad de la escala, el r de Pearson y el ρ de Spearman demostraron alta confiabilidad (0,997 y 0,986). Conclusión La versión brasileña de la Champion's Health Belief Model Scale presenta buenas evidencias de validez basada en la estructura interna y es confiable, por lo que puede emplearse en Brasil para evaluar el monitoreo de la adherencia a la mamografía.

Abstract Objective Performing translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) for use in Brazil for mammographic screening, and verify the validity evidence of the Brazilian version of this scale. Methods Methodological study, conducted with 206 women attending a Basic Health Unit, in the city of Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil, from August 2015 to December 2017. The scale went through a process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation, including face and content validation. Afterwards, validity evidence was verified (1.Vality based on internal structure, assessed by exploratory analysis, with varimax orthogonal rotation and retention of factors by parallel analyzes; 2. Reliability from Cronbach's alpha homogeneity and test-retest stability). Results In face and content validation, the tool showed good acceptance among the judges and the target audience. The final exploratory factor analysis model resulted in a seven-item scale, divided into three domains, with an explained variance of 71.4%, with Cronbach's alpha ranging from 0.50 to 0.88. For scale reliability, Pearson r and Spearman ρ showed high reliability (0.997 and 0.986). Conclusion The Brazilian version of Champion's Health Belief Model Scale provides good evidence of validity based on internal structure and is reliable. It may be used in Brazil to assess mammography compliance monitoring.

Beliefs about childhood cancer: perceptions of survivors and mothers / Crenças sobre o câncer infantil: percepção de sobreviventes e mães / Creencias sobre el cáncer en niños: percepción de sobrevivientes y madres

Beliefs regarding a disease refer to mental schemes people construct based on their direct or indirect experiences and that are related to their health behavior and self-regulation. Such beliefs help childhood cancer survivors understand their behavior in their follow-up treatment. This study's purpose was to examine the beliefs concerning childhood cancer among 27 survivors and 49 mothers, who completed sociodemographic surveys and questionnaires addressing disease perceptions via an online platform. Results reveal that mothers, more frequently than survivors, perceived childhood cancer as a chronic disease with cyclical symptoms, with more negative consequences and emotional representations. The mothers also reported having greater understanding regarding the disease and more strongly believed in personal and treatment control in comparison to survivors. The conclusion is that the fact that survivors more positively perceived childhood cancer may indicate they re-signified their experiences in an adaptive manner.

As crenças sobre a doença referem-se a esquemas mentais que as pessoas constroem a partir de sua experiência direta ou indireta e que se relacionam com o seu comportamento em saúde e autorregulação. Em sobreviventes de câncer infantil, as crenças ajudam a compreender seus comportamentos no período pós-tratamento. Objetivou-se examinar as crenças sobre o câncer infantil em 27 sobreviventes e 49 mães que responderam a questionários sociodemográficos e de percepção da doença numa plataforma on-line. Os resultados apontaram que as mães perceberam o câncer infantil como uma doença crônica, com sintomas cíclicos, com consequências e representação emocional mais negativas que os sobreviventes. Ainda, as mães referiram compreender os aspectos relacionados à doença e acreditam no controle pessoal e do tratamento num nível mais elevado que os sobreviventes. Conclui-se que o fato de os sobreviventes perceberem o câncer infantil de maneira mais positiva pode indicar uma ressignificação da experiência de forma adaptativa.

Las creencias sobre la enfermedad se refieren a esquemas mentales que las personas construyen a partir de su experiencia directa o indirecta y que se relacionan con su conducta en salud y autorregulación. En sobrevivientes de cáncer en la niñez, sus creencias ayudan a comprender sus conductas en el periodo post-tratamiento. El objetivo fue examinar las creencias sobre el cáncer en la niñez en 27 sobrevivientes adultos jóvenes y 49 madres que contestaron a cuestionarios sociodemográfico y de percepción de la enfermedad en un sitio web. Los resultados mostraron que las madres percibieron el cáncer en la niñez como una enfermedad crónica, con síntomas cíclicos, con consecuencias y representación emocional más negativa que los sobrevivientes. Además, las madres refirieron comprender la enfermedad y creer en el control personal y del tratamiento a un nivel más alto que los sobrevivientes. Se concluye que el hecho de que los sobrevivientes perciban el cáncer en la niñez de manera más positiva pueda indicar una nueva significación de la experiencia de manera positiva.

Health Beliefs Predict Self-Care Practices And Glycaemic Control In Malaysian Patients With Insulin-Treated Diabetes: A Longitudinal Study

@#The practice of diabetes self-care plays an important role in achieving and maintaining good glycaemic control. However, not all patients with insulin-treated diabetes engage in their self-care activities. There is some evidence that self-care practices in patients with insulin-treated diabetes can be understood and predicted by their health beliefs, although studies are often hampered by methodological weaknesses, and the fact that less is known about adults with insulin-treated diabetes in Malaysia. This study was conducted to examine whether health beliefs (as specified in the Health Belief Model: HBM) can predict self-care practices and glycaemic control in patients with insulin-treated diabetes in Malaysia. Longitudinal design with self-reported questionnaire measures was administered at baseline (Time 1:T1) and six months later (Time 2: T2). Participants were recruited from three endocrinology clinics in Malaysia. The measures included self-care practices (diet, insulin intake, exercise and self-blood glucose monitoring: SMBG), health beliefs and diabetes knowledge. Participants’ glycaemic control was examined based on their glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) results. Data analysis was performed at different points of the study times; T1, T1-T2 and T2. Diabetes knowledge and demographic data were controlled for in predictive statistical analyses. A total of 159 patients with insulin-treated diabetes (aged 18-40 years) completed the measures at T1. Of these, only 108 (67.9%) completed follow-up measures at T2. However, demographic characteristics were not significantly different between those who completed and dropped out of the study (p>0.05). The HBM was significantly predictive of diet self-care at T2, insulin intake practice at T1 and HbA1c at T1-T2 andT2. Of the HBM constructs, perceived benefits significantly predicted good dietary habits at T1 (OR 1.92) and T2 (OR .23) and adherence to insulin injection at T1 (OR 3.17) and T1-T2 (OR 2.68). With the exception of perceived severity, all other HBM constructs significantly predicted HbA1c [perceived susceptibility (β .169) at T1, perceived barriers (β -.206) and perceived benefits (β -.397) at T2 and cues to action (β -.233) at T1-T2]. Health beliefs predict self-care practices and glycaemic control in young to middle-aged adults with insulin-treated diabetes in Malaysia. Diabetes educators could use this knowledge in their efforts to improve diabetes self-care in this patient groupby modifying those beliefs through their diabetes education.

Health locus of control, spirituality and hope for healing in individuals with intestinal stoma / Locus de controle em saúde, Espiritualidade e Esperança de cura nos indivíduos com estoma intestinal

Objective: To assess the health locus of control, spirituality and hope of cure in patients with intestinal stoma. Methods: This study was conducted at the Polo of Ostomized People in the city of Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais. Participants were 52 patients with intestinal stoma. Three questionnaires were applied for data collection: a questionnaire on demographic and stoma-related data; the Scale for Health Locus of Control; the Herth Hope Scale, and the Self-rating Scale for Spirituality. Results: Most ostomized subjects were women aged over 61 years, married and retired. As to the stoma, in the majority of cases these operations were definitive and were carried out due to a diagnosis of neoplasia. Most ostomized subjects had a 20- to 40-mm diameter colostomy, 27 showed dermatitis as a complication, and 39 (75%) used a two-part device. The mean total score for the Scale for Health Locus of Control, the Herth Hope Scale, and the Self-rating Scale for Spirituality were 62.42, 38.27, and 23.67, respectively. Regarding the dimensions of the Scale for Health Locus of Control, the dimension "completeness of health" = 22.48, dimension "externality-powerful others" = 22.48, and dimension "health externality" = 19.48. Conclusion: Ostomized patients participating in the study believe they can control their health and that caregivers and individuals involved in their rehabilitation can contribute to their improvement. The cure or improvement has a divine influence through religious practices or beliefs.

Objetivo: Verificar o locus de controle da saúde, espiritualidade e esperança de cura em indivíduos ostomizados. Métodos: Este estudo foi realizado no Polo dos ostomizados da cidade de Pouso Alegre, Minas Gerais. Fizeram parte do estudo 52 pacientes com estoma intestinal. Foram utilizados para coleta de dados três questionários: questionário sobre os dados demográficos e relacionados ao estoma; Escala para Locus de controle da saúde; Escala de Esperança de Herth e Escala de auto-classificação para Espiritualidade. Resultados: A maioria dos ostomizados era do gênero feminino com idade acima de 61 anos, casados e aposentados. Com relação ao estoma, a maioria desses dispositivos era definitiva e as causas para a sua confecção do dispositivo foram, em sua maioria, um diagnóstico de neoplasia. A maioria dos ostomizados tinha uma colostomia com diâmetro de 20 a 40 mm e apresentavam dermatite como complicação; e 39 (75%) utilizavam dispositivos de duas peças. A média do escore total da escala para Locus de controle da saúde, Escala de Esperança de Herth, e Escala de Auto-classificação para Espiritualidade foi de, respectivamente, 62,42, 38,27 e 23,67. Com relação às dimensões da Escala para Locus de Ccontrole da Saúde, foram obtidos os seguintes valores: dimensão integralidade "saúde" = 22,48, dimensão externalidade "outros poderosos" = 20,48 e dimensão externalidade "saúde" = 19,48. Conclusão: Os pacientes ostomizados que participaram do estudo acreditam que podem controlar sua saúde, e que as pessoas envolvidas no cuidado e em sua reabilitação podem contribuir para sua melhora. A cura ou melhora tem influência divina por meio das práticas ou crenças religiosas.

Creencias sobre Papanicolaou y cáncer cérvicouterino en un grupo de mujeres chilenas / Beliefs about Papanicolaou and cervical cancer in a group of Chilean women

ANTECEDENTES: Son variadas las descripciones en relación a las creencias y como estas se relacionan con las conductas preventivas en cáncer cérvicouterino. OBJETIVO: Describir las creencias que tienen un grupo de mujeres chilenas pertenecientes al sistema público de atención acerca del Papanicolaou y cáncer cérvicouterino. MÉTODO: Estudio analítico de corte transversal realizado en 333 mujeres chilenas. Se estudiaron las creencias sobre el Papanicolaou y el cáncer cérvicouterino con un instrumento desarrollado y validado en población chilena (CPC-28). RESULTADOS: El 96% de las mujeres refiere tener un Papanicolaou en los últimos 3 años. El antecedente familiar es reportado por el 49,8% como causa de cáncer cérvicouterino. La barrera principal para adherir al Papanicolaou es la falta de conocimiento en cuanto a la edad requerida. La principal señal de acción que impulsa a que la mujer adhiera al tamizaje es la indicación entregada por el doctor. El beneficio mas importante es el cuidado de la salud. El 14,1% señala la presencia de relaciones sexuales como necesaria para adherir al tamizaje. El 17,4% de las mujeres se percibe fuera de riesgo de desarrollar un cáncer cérvicouterino. Las 6 dimensiones estudiadas se correlacionan entre si. CONCLUSIÓN: Las creencias deben ser consideradas al momento de intervenir una población, empezando por valorarlas y comprenderlas para posteriormente poder modificarlas.

BACKGROUND: Many reasons has been described about relation between beliefs and cervical cancer behaviors. OBJECTIVE: To describe the beliefs about cervical cancer and Pap test in a group of chilean women. METHOD: Cross sectional and analytic study was done with 333 chilean women. Beliefs about cervical cancer and Pap test was studied with the CPC-28 questionnaire, developed and validated in Chilean population. RESULTS: 96% have had a Pap test in the last 3 years. Family history about cervical cancer was reported by 49.8% as a cause of cervical cancer. The principal barrier to Pap test was lack of knowledge about the age. The principal cue to action was the doctor recommendation. The benefit was the care of health. The sexual intercourse was reported by 14.1% as necessary to take a Pap test. The risk to develop cervical cancer is reported by 17.4%. The six dimensions studied were correlated between them. CONCLUSION: The beliefs must be considered to education programs, firstly understanding and then modifying them.