Sistemas de nanopartículas poliméricas i: de biodetección y monitoreo de glucosa en diabetes a bioimagen, nano-oncología, terapia génica, ingeniería de tejidos / regeneración a nano-odontología / Polymer nanoparticle systems: from biodetection and glucose monitoring in diabetes to bioimaging, nano-oncology, gene therapy, tissue engineering / regeneration to nano-dentistry

Nanotecnología es la ciencia que involucra la síntesis de materiales en escala entre 1-100 nm (nanomateriales) es aplicable en diferentes áreas tales como medio ambiente, electrónica, alimentos, energía, entre otros. Los campos que serán relevantes dentro de esta revisión y explicados en detalle son la nanomedicina y la nano-odontología. Actualmente, en estas áreas los tres principales temas en desarrollo son específicamente en el sub-área de la nanobiotecnología y corresponden a: sensorización (biosensores/biodetección), diagnóstico (biomarcadores/bioimagen) y transportes de genes, proteínas o fármacos (sistemas de intercambio controlado en blancos sistémicos versus localizados). También se han presentado avances en bioaplicaciones como modelamientos de membranas, marcaje celular, entrega de agentes a blancos específicos, estrategias para prevención de enfermedades, ingeniería de tejidos, regeneración de órganos, estrategias de inmunoensayos y nano-oncología. Este artículo de revisión pretende abordar algunos de los aportes más relevantes, que tienen algunos de los trabajos recientes, sobre los sistemas de nanopartículas, principalmente aquellos dirigidos a terapias en áreas como diabetes, nano-oncología, terapia de fármacos y genes, mediante la técnica layer-by-layer y autoensamblado, muy utilizados también en ingeniería de tejidos y regeneración tisular, junto a un breve resumen de los avances que existen en el campo de la nano-odontología.

Nanotechnology is the science that involves the synthesis of materials in scale between 1-100 nm (nanomaterials) and is applicable in different areas such as environment, electronics, food, energy, among others. The fields that will be relevant within this review and explained in detail are nanomedicine and nano-dentistry. Currently, in these areas, the three main topics under development are specifically in the sub-area of nanobiotechnology and correspond to: sensorization (biosensors / biosensing), diagnostics (biomarkers / bioimaging) and transport of genes, proteins or drugs (exchange systems) controlled in systemic versus localized targets). Advances have also been presented in bioapplications such as membrane modeling, cell marking, delivery of agents to specific targets, strategies for disease prevention, tissue engineering, organ regeneration, immunoassay strategies and nano-oncology. This review article aims to address some of the most relevant contributions, some of the recent work, on nanoparticle systems, mainly those aimed at therapies in areas such as diabetes, nanooncology, drug and gene therapy, through the layer-by-layer and self-assembled technique, also widely used in tissue engineering and tissue regeneration, together with a brief summary of the advances that exist in the field of nano-dentistry.

Nanomedicine and therapy of lung diseases / Nanomedicina e terapia de doenças pulmonares

The use of nanotechnology has significantly increased in different fields of science, including the development of drug delivery systems. Currently, the most modern pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, nanoemulsions and polymeric nanoparticles, demonstrate extremely useful properties from the point of view of drug therapy. In this context, the development of nanocarriers for pulmonary application has been much debated by the scientific community in recent decades. Although research on the use of nanoparticles for pulmonary application are still in the initial phase, the studies conducted to date suggest that the development of drug delivery systems for systemic or local treatment of diseases that affect the respiratory system may be promising.

O uso da nanotecnologia tem aumentado significativamente em diversas áreas da ciência. Entre elas, está o desenvolvimento de sistemas de liberação de medicamentos. Atualmente, os nanocarreadores farmacêuticos mais modernos, como os lipossomas, as micelas, as nanoemulsões e as nanopartículas poliméricas, demonstram propriedades extremamente úteis do ponto de vista farmacoterápico. Nesse contexto, o desenvolvimento de nanocarreadores para aplicação pulmonar tem sido um tema amplamente debatido pela comunidade científica nas últimas décadas. Embora as pesquisas sobre o uso de nanopartículas para aplicação pulmonar ainda estejam em fase inicial, estudos realizados até hoje sugerem que o delineamento de sistemas de liberação de medicamentos para o tratamento sistêmico ou local de doenças que afetam o sistema respiratório, pode ser promissor no desenvolvimento de novas terapias de doenças pulmonares.

Nanotechnology in Dermatology

The scientific community and general public have been exposed to a series of achievements attributed to a new area of knowledge: Nanotechnology. Both abroad and in Brazil, funding agencies have launched programs aimed at encouraging this type of research. Indeed, for many who come into contact with this subject it will be clear the key role that chemical knowledge will play in the evolution of this subject. And even more, will see that it is a science in which the basic structure is formed by distilling different areas of inter-and multidisciplinary knowledge along the lines of new paradigms. In this article, we attempt to clarify the foundations of nanotechnology, and demonstrate their contribution to new advances in dermatology as well as medicine in general. Nanotechnology is clearly the future. .

Nanotechnology approaches for ocular drug delivery

Blindness is a major health concern worldwide that has a powerful impact on afflicted individuals and their families, and is associated with enormous socio-economical consequences. The Middle East is heavily impacted by blindness, and the problem there is augmented by an increasing incidence of diabetes in the population. An appropriate drug/gene delivery system that can sustain and deliver therapeutics to the target tissues and cells is a key need for ocular therapies. The application of nanotechnology in medicine is undergoing rapid progress, and the recent developments in nanomedicine-based therapeutic approaches may bring significant benefits to address the leading causes of blindness associated with cataract, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and retinal degeneration. In this brief review, we highlight some promising nanomedicine-based therapeutic approaches for drug and gene delivery to the anterior and posterior segments

Uso da nanotecnologia no reparo das lesões traumáticas de nervos / Nanotechnology and repair of peripheral nerve injuries

A nanotecnologia tem permitido avanços revolucionários nos últimos anos em diversas áreas da Ciência, incluindo a medicina, onde o impacto de novas aquisições se faz presente também na neurocirurgia.Trabalhos experimentais têm demonstrado diversas possibilidades do uso de artefatos obtidos a partir da nanotecnologia no tratamento das lesões traumáticas de nervos periféricos. Isto inclui desde a construção de dispositivos semi-sintéticos que substituem a estrutura de um nervo até a manipulação direta dos axônios. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar ao neurocirurgião uma revisão sobre as principais técnicas de manufatura de nanomateriais e suas aplicações atuais e futuras no manejo das patologias traumáticas dos nervos periféricos.

Over the last several years, nanotechnology has made possible revolutionary advances in several áreas of Science, including medicine, where the impact of new acquisitions also has occurred in neurosurgery.Experimental researchs have demonstrated several possibilities for the treatment of peripheral nerve traumatic lesions with artefacts obtained from nanotechnology. This have included the construction of semi-synthetic devices that replace the structure of the nerve and the direct manipulation of axons. The goal of this study is to present a review to the neurosurgeon about nanomaterials manufacture techniques and its current and future applications in peripheral nerve injury.