Prevalencia de tipos histológicos de pólipos gástricos en pacientes adultos de un hospital público de Lima-Perú, en el periodo 2007 al 2016 / Prevalence of histological types of gastric polyps in adult patients from a public hospital in Lima-Peru (2007 - 2016)

Objetivos: Determinar la prevalencia de pólipos gástricos detectados mediante endoscopía digestiva alta, en pacientes mayores de 18 años del Hospital Cayetano Heredia, en el periodo 2007-2016. Materiales y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de corte transversal, realizado con datos de biopsias gástricas de pacientes sometidos a endoscopía digestiva alta entre enero de 2007 y julio de 2016. Se evaluó cambios histológicos asociados, datos demográficos y características endoscópicas, las cuales fueron sometidas a análisis estadístico mediante STATA v14.2. Resultados: En una población de 16 552 endoscopías realizadas, se encontró 407 biopsias compatibles con pólipos gástricos, lo cual da una prevalencia de 2,5%. Los pólipos gástricos fueron más frecuentes en mujeres (62,38%). La mediana de edad fue de 61 años (52-71 años). El tipo histológico más frecuente fue el pólipo glandular fúndico (PGF) (44,85%), seguido de pólipo hiperplásico (38,48%) y adenomatoso (15,23%). La localización más frecuente fue en fondo/cuerpo (48,65%, p=0,001) Se detectó la presencia de Helicobacter pylori (Hp) en el 30,6% de las biopsias compatibles con pólipos. Conclusión: La prevalencia de pólipos gástricos es similar con otras regiones del mundo; los PGF e hiperplásicos son los más frecuentes. Los pólipos adenomatosos estuvieron en mayor relación a cambios como metaplasia y displasia.

Objectives: Establish the prevalence of gastric polyps detected by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in patients older than 18 years old during the period from 2007 - 2016 in Cayetano Heredia Hospital. Materials and methods: Retrospective cross- sectional study, performed with data from the gastric biopsies reports of patients that have undergone upper gastrointestinal endoscopy between January 2007 and July 2016. Demographic data, endoscopic characteristics of the polyps and associated histological changes of the surrounding gastric mucosa were evaluated, which were subjected to statistical analysis using STATA v14.2. Results: In a population of 16 552 endoscopies, 407 gastric polyps biopsies were found. These results give a prevalence of 2.5% .Gastric polyps were detected predominantly in women (62.38%). The median age was 61 years (52-71 years). The most frequent histological type was the fundic gland polyp (FGP) (44.85%), followed by the hyperplastic (38.48%) and adenomatous (15.23%) polyp. The most frequent location was in the fundus / corpus (48.65%, p = 0.001). The presence of Hp was detected in 30.6% of the biopsies with polyps. Conclusion: The prevalence of gastric polyps is similar to other regions of the world; PGF and hyperplastic are the most frequent. Adenomatous polyps showed a greater relationship with and metaplasia and dysplasia.

Video Caso Clínico: Tumores Subepiteliales del Estómago / Case Report: Subepithelial Tumors of the Stomach

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las lesiones subepiteliales son aquellas estructuras ubicadas debajo de una mucosa normal que se ven como bultos o protuberancias, en cualquier parte de la luz del tracto digestivo. Los estudios informan que estas protuberancias ocurren en 1 de cada 300 endoscopias [1] o en 1 % de las endoscopias digestivas altas, con una incidencia de 0.76 % en Ecuador [2]. Uno de ellos es el pólipo fibroide inflamatorio, representa el tumor benigno menos frecuente entre el 1 al 4 %, con una incidencia de 0.1 % [3] y otro es el GIST, el más común de los tumores gastrointestinales, principalmente en el estómago con frecuencia entre el 60 al 70 % [4].Los tumores subepiteliales se encuentran principalmente en el estómago con un 60 a 70 %, seguido de intestino delgado con un 20 a 30 %, luego colon con 5 % y en esófago en menos del 5 % [5]. En el estómago los tumores más comunes son los GIST, se originan de las células intersticiales de Cajal con un CD117 positivo que detecta un componente celular llamado c-kit en el 95 % de estas. En el video se ilustra las técnicas usadas en estos dos pacientes para obtener una muestra y orientar la conducta.

BACKGROUND: Subepithelial lesions are those structures located below a normal mucosa that are seen as lumps or bulges located in any part of the lumen of the digestive tract. Studies report that these bulges occur in 1 in 300 endoscopies [1] or in 1 % of upper digestive endoscopies or with an incidence of 0.76 % in Ecuador [2]. One of them is the inflammatory fibroid poly; it represents the less frequent benign tumor between 1 to 4 %, with an incidence of 0.1 % [3] and another is the GIST which represents the most common subepithelial lesions, with a frequency between 60 to 70 % in the stomach [4]. Subepithelial tumors are found mainly in the stomach with 60 to 70 %, followed by small intestine with 20 to 30 %, then colon with 5 % and in the esophagus in less than 5 % [5]. In the stomach, the most common tumors are GIST, they originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal with a positive CD-117 that detects a cellular component called c-kit in 95 % of these. The video illustrates the techniques used in these two patients to obtain a sample and guide behavior.

Caracterização dos fenótipos de mucina podem prever a recorrência do câncer gástrico precoce após a mucosectomia endoscópica / Characterization of the mucin phenotype can predict gastric cancer recurrence after endoscopic mucosal resection

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Endoscopic mucosal resection is still considered an accepted treatment for early gastric cancer for selected cases. Histopathologic criteria for curative endoscopic resection are intramucosal well-differentiated adenocarcinoma, lateral and deep margins free of tumor, no histological ulceration, and no venous or lymphatic embolism. A 5% local recurrence rate has been described even when all the above-mentioned criteria are met. On the other hand, antigen expression by tumoral cells has been related to the biological behavior of several tumors. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether early gastric cancer mucin immunoexpression, p53 and Ki-67, can predict recurrence after endoscopic mucosal resection, even when standard histopathologic criteria for curative measures have been attempted. METHODS: Twenty-two patients with early gastric cancer were considered to have been completely resected by endoscopic mucosal resection. Local recurrence occurred in 5/22 (22.7%). Immunohistochemical study was possible in 18 (81.8%) resected specimens. Patients were divided in two groups: those with and those without local recurrence. They were compared across demographic, endoscopic, histologic data, and immunohistochemical factors for MUC2, MUC5a, CD10, p53, and Ki-67. RESULTS: Mucin immunoexpression allowed a reclassification of gastric adenocarcinoma in intestinal (10), gastric (2), mixed (4), and null phenotypes (2). Mixed phenotype (positive for both MUC2 and MUC5a) was found in 80% of cases in the local recurrence group, while the intestinal type (positive MUC2 and negative MUC5a) was found in 76.9% of cases without local recurrence (P=0.004). Other observed features did not correlate with neoplastic recurrence. CONCLUSION: The mixed phenotype of early gastric adenocarcinoma is associated with a higher probability of local recurrence after endoscopic mucosal resection.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A ressecção endoscópica da mucosa é tratamento aceito para o tratamento do câncer gástrico precoce em casos selecionados. Os critérios histopatológicos favoráveis à ressecção endoscópica curativa são adenocarcinomas intramucosos, bem diferenciados, com margens lateral e profunda livres, ausência de ulceração ou de embolização angiolinfática. Taxas de recorrência local próximas a 5% têm sido descritas mesmo quando se cumprem tais critérios. Por outro lado, a expressão antigênica por células tumorais tem sido relacionada com o comportamento biológico de diversos tumores. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se a imunoexpressão de mucinas, p53 e Ki-67 podem predizer a recorrência tumoral após mucosectomia endoscópica no câncer gástrico precoce, mesmo se critérios de cura histopatológicos forem atingidos. MÉTODOS: Vinte e dois pacientes com critérios de cura para ressecção endoscópica e sumetidos a mucosectomia foram selecionados. A recorrência local ocorreu em 5/22 (22,7%). O estudo imunohistoquímico foi realizado em 18 (81,8%) espécimens. Os pacientes foram divididos em grupos com e sem recorrência local. Foram comparados quanto a dados demográficos, endoscópicos, histológicos e fatores imunohistoquímicos para MUC2, MUC5A, CD10, p53, e Ki-67. RESULTADOS: A imunoexpressão de mucinas permitiu a reclassificação dos adenocarcinomas gástricos em intestinal (10), gástrico (2), e de fenótipo misto (4) e nulo (2). Os fenótipos mistos (positivos tanto para MUC2 quanto para MUC5A) foram encontrados em 80% dos casos no grupo de recorrência local, enquanto tipos intestinais (MUC2 positivo e MUC5A negativo) foram identificados em 76,9% dos casos sem recorrência (P=0,004). Os outros fatores observados não se relacionaram com a recorrência tumoral. CONCLUSÃO: O fenótipo misto do câncer gástrico precoce está associado a maior probabilidade de recorrência local após a mucosectomia.

Gastric neuroendocrine tumor: review and update / Tumor neuroendócrino gástrico: revisão e atualização

ABSTRACT Introduction: The frequency of gastric neuroendocrine tumors is increasing. Reasons are the popularization of endoscopy and its technical refinements. Despite this, they are still poorly understood and have complex management. Aim: Update the knowledge on gastric neuroendocrine tumor and expose the future perspectives on the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Method: Literature review using the following databases: Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library and SciELO. Search terms were: gastric carcinoid, gastric neuroendocrine tumor, treatment. From the selected articles, 38 were included in this review. Results: Gastric neuroendocrine tumors are classified in four clinical types. Correct identification of the clinical type and histological grade is fundamental, since treatment varies accordingly and defines survival. Conclusion: Gastric neuroendocrine tumors comprise different subtypes with distinct management and prognosis. Correct identification allows for a tailored therapy. Further studies will clarify the diseases biology and improve its treatment.

RESUMO Introdução: A frequência de tumores neuroendócrinos gástricos está aumentando. As razões são a popularização da endoscopia e seus refinamentos técnicos. Apesar disso, os gástricos ainda são pouco compreendidos e têm manejo complexo. Objetivo: Atualizar os conhecimentos nos tumores neuroendócrinos gástricos e expor as perspectivas futuras no diagnóstico e tratamento. Método: Revisão da literatura utilizando as seguintes bases de dados: Medline/PubMed, Cochrane Library e SciELO. Os descritores da busca foram: carcinóide gástrico, tumor neuroendócrino gástrico, tratamento. Dos artigos selecionados, 38 foram incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados: Tumores neuroendócrinos gástricos são classificados em quatro tipos clínicos. A identificação correta do tipo clínico e grau histológico é fundamental, pois a conduta é variável e define a sobrevida. Conclusão: Tumor neuroendócrino gástrico possui diferentes subtipos com tratamento e prognóstico distintos. A identificação correta destes e seu entendimento permite o tratamento individualizado. Estudos futuros ajudarão a esclarecer a biologia desta doença e melhorar o tratamento.

Diagnosis and management of gastric dysplasia

Gastric dysplasia is a neoplastic lesion and a precursor of gastric cancer. The Padova, Vienna, and World Health Organization classifications were developed to overcome the discrepancies between Western and Japanese pathologic diagnoses and to provide a universally accepted classification of gastric epithelial neoplasia. At present, the natural history of gastric dysplasia is unclear. Much evidence suggests that patients with high-grade dysplasia are at high risk of progression to carcinoma or synchronous carcinoma. Therefore, endoscopic resection is required. Although patients with low-grade dysplasia have been reported to be at low risk of progression to carcinoma, due to the marked histologic discrepancies between forceps biopsy and endoscopic specimens, endoscopic resection for this lesion is recommended, particularly in the presence of other risk factors (large size; depressed gross type; surface erythema, unevenness, ulcer, or erosion; and tubulovillous or villous histology). Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with dysplasia after endoscopic resection appear to reduce the incidence of metachronous lesions.

Disección sub-mucosa endoscópica en cáncer gástrico incipiente / Endoscopic sub-mucosal dissection for early gastric cancer

Introduction: Gastric cancer is the leading cause of mortality in Chile and the survival rates are in direct relation with the stage of the disease. Early gastric cancer is defined as that confined to the mucosa or submucosa, regardless of the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastases and it is characterized for its great prognosis, with a survival rate of more than 90 percent at ten years of follow up. Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a technique described and developed in Japan that allows the endoscopic complete en-bloc resection of lesions of more than 2 cm with tumor cell-negative margins. Method: Databases (Pubmed, EBSCO, Cochrane) were reviewed under the terms "gastric cancer", "early gastric cancer", "endoscopic submucosal dissection". Results: The results of published series demonstrate survival rates comparable to standard surgery with less morbidity and without mortality. The present revision describes the endoscopic submucosal dissection technique in early gastric cancer, its indications, the results, the analysis of the resected pieces, the complications and the follow up of the patients. Conclusion: Endoscopic submucosal dissection is a feasible technique, with excellent oncologic results and low morbidity in selected patients.

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es la primera causa de muerte por cáncer en Chile y la sobrevida se encuentra en directa relación con la etapa de la enfermedad. El cáncer gástrico incipiente se define como aquel cáncer limitado a la mucosa o sub-mucosa independiente del compromiso ganglionar y se caracteriza por su excelente pronóstico, con sobrevida mayor a 90 por ciento a 10 años de seguimiento. La disección sub-mucosa endoscópica es una técnica descrita y desarrollada en Japón que permite la resección en bloque y con márgenes negativos de tumores incipientes mayores a 2 cm por vía endoscópica. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos (Pubmed, EBSCO, Cochrane) bajo las palabras clave: "gastric cáncer", "early gastric cáncer", "endoscopic submucosal dissection". Resultados: Los resultados de grandes series demuestran una sobrevida comparable a la cirugía clásica, con menor morbilidad y sin mortalidad asociada. La presente revisión describe la técnica de disección sub-mucosa endoscópica en cáncer gástrico incipiente, sus indicaciones, los resultados, el análisis de las piezas resecadas, las complicaciones y el modo de seguimiento de los pacientes. Conclusión: La disección sub-mucosa endoscópica es una alternativa válida, con buenos resultados a largo plazo en pacientes debidamente seleccionados.

Carcinoide gástrico: actualización y controversias / Gastric carcinoid: update and controversies

Gastric carcinoid corresponds to a rare malignancy, whose frequency increases with time. Several arguments attempt to explain this change. It ́s derived from one type of gastric neuroendocrine cell, the enterochromaffin-like cells. Various classifications have been used, however, the 1993 classification of Rindi remains the most used, which includes 3 types of gastric carcinoid based on its associated conditions, frequency, morphology, pathophysiology and prognosis. Also, a fourth type has been recognized that would represent a more aggressive neoplasm, like an adenocarcinoma. Diagnosis requires an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, biopsies and ideally levels of chromogranin A as a serum marker. Once the type of gastric carcinoid is established the proper management can range from simple observation, endoscopic resection or surgery. In the case of metastatic disease a number of other treatments that might even eventually include liver transplantation are added. It is still much to learn from this disease, with many controversies in the pathophysiology and management, some of which we will try to clarify in the following article...

Adenocarcinoma gástrico Borrmann tipo IV: análise dos resultados da ressecção curativa / Type IV Borrmann gastric adenocarcinoma: analysis of curative resection results

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o resultado obtido com a ressecção de intenção curativa do adenocarcinoma gástrico Borrmann IV(B IV), através da análise de variáveis clínicas, cirúrgicas e anatomopatológicas, identificando quais destes fatores prognósticos se associaram à sobrevida. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados retrospectivamente, no período de janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2005, 123 pacientes com adenocarcinoma gástrico B IV submetidos ao tratamento cirúrgico no Serviço de Cirurgia Abdômino-Pélvica do Instituto Nacional de Câncer (INCA). O grupo submetido à ressecção curativa teve analisado diversos fatores prognósticos com relação à sobrevida global. RESULTADOS: Dos 123 pacientes estudados, 68 foram submetidos à gastrectomia, 52 (42,3 por cento) com intenção curativa e 16 (13 por cento) como ressecção paliativa, enquanto 55 (44,7 por cento) tiveram doença não passível de ressecção. Três óbitos no pós-operatório seguiram-se à ressecção curativa, configurando uma taxa de mortalidade de 5,76 por cento. Em nove (17,3 por cento) pacientes ocorreram complicações técnicas, sendo a fístula esofagojejunal com sete casos, a mais frequente. Todos os óbitos e complicações técnicas ocorreram após gastrectomias totais, que foi o tipo de ressecção curativa mais realizada nesta série. O padrão de recidiva mais comum foi a carcinomatose peritoneal. A localização do tumor, metástase linfonodal, invasão linfática e estadiamento patológico foram considerados fatores prognósticos significantes. O tempo de sobrevida mediano foi de 29 meses, com taxa de sobrevida em cinco anos de 33 por cento nos pacientes submetidos à ressecção curativa CONCLUSÃO: A ressecção com intenção curativa do adenocarcinoma gástrico B IV apresentou um impacto positivo na sobrevida dos pacientes com a doença nos estágios IB, II e III; com até 15 linfonodos comprometidos (pN2) e no tipo localizado.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results obtained with curative resection of Borrmann IV gastric adenocarcinoma (B IV) through the analysis of clinical, surgical and pathological data, identifying which of these prognostic factors were associated with survival. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 123 patients with B IV gastric adenocarcinoma undergoing surgical treatment at the Department of the pelvic-abdominal surgeries of the National Cancer Institute (INCA) from January 1997 to December 2005. The group undergoing curative resection was examined for various prognostic factors regarding overall survival. RESULTS: Of the 123 patients studied, 68 underwent gastrectomy, 52 (42.3 percent) with curative intent and 16 (13 percent) palliative resection, while 55 (44.7 percent) had disease not subject to resection. Three postoperative deaths followed the curative resection, constituting a mortality rate of 5.76 percent. In nine (17.3 percent) patients there were technical complications, and esophagojejunal fistula seven cases, the most frequent. All technical complications and deaths occurred after total gastrectomy, which was the most commonly performed curative resection type in this series. The most common pattern of recurrence was peritoneal carcinomatosis. The location of the tumor, lymph node metastasis, lymphatic invasion and pathological staging were considered significant prognostic factors. The median survival time was 29 months, with a rate of five-year survival of 33 percent in patients undergoing curative resection. CONCLUSION: The curative resection of B IV gastric adenocarcinoma had a positive impact on survival of patients with the disease in stages IB, II and III, with up to 15 lymph nodes (pN2) and localized type.

Registro de evaluación de tratamiento de cáncer gástrico en Chile (REGATE): características clínicas básales de 523 pacientes / Registry of gastric cancer evaluation in Chile (REGATE): basal clinical features of 523 patients

Background: Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths in Chile and worldwide. No consensus exists for therapeutic management. Aim: To assess clinical features and practice patterns of patients with newly diagnosed gastric cancer in Chile. Method: Chilean patients > 18 years old with newly diagnosed primary gastric adenocarcinoma enrolled by thirteen centers from different regions of Chile. Target sample size calculated according to gastric cancer prevalence in Chile. Data collected from two visits within a 10-month timeframe: baseline (patients and tumor features, treatment plan) and end of study (completion of initial treatment). Herein, baseline visit data is presented. Results: Between 2005 and 2008, 523 patients enrolled. Median age 61.3 years. Diagnosis by endoscopy in 98.5 percent patients. Location: body 35.8 percent, proximal 35.4 percent, and antral 23.9 percent. Most frequently used histopathological classification was WHO classification, with tubular adenocarcinoma being most frequent finding (53.1 percent). AJCC/UICC clinical staging (available in 31.1 percent of patients) was: 0 and I - 23.3 percent, II - 18.3 percent, III- 20.8 percent, IV - 37.6 percent. Therapeutic choice based mainly on clinical staging (49.9 percent) and included surgery in 440 patients (84.1 percent). Therapy planned by surgeon (54.9 percent) or multidisciplinary team (42.3 percent). Conclusions: REGATE is the largest prospective multicenter registry study performed in Chile. Basal visit data report that diagnosis is established frequently at advanced stages. Surgery is the most frequent therapeutic choice, (neo-) adjuvant therapies are only planned in one out of four patients. End of study visit data will provide the full scope of diagnosis and treatment of these patients.

Introducción: El cáncer gástrico es una de las principales causas de muerte por cáncer en Chile. No existe consenso acerca del tratamiento. Objetivos: Conocer características clínicas y patrón de tratamiento de pacientes con cáncer gástrico recién diagnosticado. Material y Método: Pacientes chilenos mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico reciente de adenocarcinoma gástrico primario, enrolados en 13 centros de diferentes regiones de Chile. Datos obtenidos en dos visitas dentro de período de 10 meses: basal (características del tumor y paciente, plan de tratamiento) y fin de estudio (tratamiento inicial completado). Se presentan datos de visita basal. Resultados: Entre 2005 y 2008, 523 pacientes enrolados. Mediana edad 61,3 años. Diagnóstico por endoscopia en 98,5 por ciento pacientes. Localización: corporal 35,8 por ciento, proximal 35,4 por ciento y antral 23,9 por ciento. Clasificación histopatológica más usada fue clasificación OMS, y tipo histopatológico más frecuente fue tubular 53,1 por ciento. Etapificación clínica AJCC/UICC (disponible en 37,6 por ciento de pacientes) distribuida en: 0 y I - 23,3 por ciento, II -18,3 por ciento, III - 20,8 por ciento, IV - 37,6 por ciento. Principal característica clínica para elección de terapia planeada fue etapificación clínica (49,9 por ciento). Plan de tratamiento consideró cirugía en 440 pacientes (84,1 por ciento). En mayoría de casos, plan terapéutico decidido por cirujano (54,9 por ciento) o equipo multidisciplinario (42,3 por ciento). Conclusiones: REGATE es el estudio de registro prospectivo multicéntrico más grande desarrollado en Chile. Datos visita basal informan que diagnóstico se establece frecuentemente en etapas avanzadas. Cirugía es alternativa terapéutica más frecuentemente indicada; terapias (neo-) adyuvantes sólo son ofrecidas a uno de cuatro pacientes. Datos visita fin de estudio proveerá visión completa del diagnóstico y tratamiento de estos pacientes.

The Comparison between 6th and 7th International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer Classification for Survival Prognosis of Gastric Cancer / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging is an useful system to assess the prognosis of any solid cancer. As new TNM staging classification of 7th stomach cancer was revised in 2009, we evaluated the prognostic predictability of the 7th International Union Against Cancer/American Joint Committee on Cancer (UICC/AJCC) TNM classification compared to 6th UICC/AJCC TNM classification in gastric cancer. METHODS: From January 2000 to December 2009, 5-year survival rates of 266 patients with gastric cancer were calculated by the 6th and 7th UICC/AJCC TNM classification. RESULTS: Using the 7th UICC/AJCC TNM classification, there was no significant difference in the 5-year cumulative survival rates (5 YSR) between stage IIA and IIB, IIB and IIIA, and IIIA and IIIB (70% vs. 71%, p=0.530; 71% vs. 80%, p=0.703; 80% vs. 75%, p=0.576, respectively) though significant differences of the survival rates were observed among stages of 6th edition. Using T stage of 7th edition, 5 YSR was not different between T2 and T3 (86% vs. 82%, p=0.655). Using N stage of 7th edition, 5 YSR were not different between N1 and N2, N3a and N3b (79% vs. 81%, p=0.506; 41% vs. 17%, p=0.895, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The 7th UICC/AJCC TNM classification had poor prognostic predictability in gastric cancer compared to the 6th edition.

Comparison in pathological behaviours & prognosis of gastric cancers from general hospitals between China & Japan.

Background & objective: Gastric cancer is the fourth most common cancer and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths after lung carcinoma. The aim of this study was to understand the difference in clinicopathological behaviours and prognosis of gastric cancer in patients from China and Japan. Methods: Paraffin-fixed tissue samples of gastric cancer were collected retrospectively from two hospitals between 1993 to 2006 in Japan (n=2063) and during 1980-2003 in China (n=2496) respectively, and staging was done by TNM system and typing by Japanese Endoscopy Society criteria or Borrmann’s classification. The histological architecture of the tumours was expressed according to Lauren’s classification. Results: Compared to Japan, the occurrence of gastric cancer was more common in younger Chinese population and prone to invasion and metastasis in muscularis propia, lymphatic, lymph node, liver, peritoneal parts, and exhibited large tumour size and high TNM staging in both the sexes and in different age groups (P<0.05). Intestinal and mixed types of carcinomas were more frequently observed in Japanese patients compared to Chinese and the difference was significant (P<0.05). It was observed that the commonly reported types in early gastric cancers (EGC) in Japanese patients were IIc, IIa+IIc or IIa while those of Chinese patients were IIc, III or IIb. In the case of advanced gastric cancers (AGC), type II and III were most common in both the countries. The cumulative survival rate of Chinese patients was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to Japanese in different stratified groups via depth of invasion, TNM staging or Lauren’s classification. Interpretation & conclusion: Gastric cancers in Chinese patients had more aggressive pathological characteristics and poorer prognosis than those from Japan. To reduce incidence and to improve treatment facilities, it is necessary to have a systematic screening system.

Pathologic Diagnosis of Gastric Epithelial Neoplasia / 대한소화기학회지

Gastric epithelial neoplasia is a very common disease entity in Korea, encompassing gastric adenoma and adenocarcinoma. There are still discrepancies in pathologic diagnosis of gastric epithelial neoplasia between Western and Japanese pathologists after Vienna consensus classification. With increasing use of endoscopic therapy such as endoscopic mucosal resection and endoscopic submucosal dissection, it is very important to agree on the consensus criteria in the diagnosis of gastric epithelial neoplasia among pathologists in Korea. On this background, the current concepts, and contemporary issues of definition, diagnostic and classification criteria of gastric epithelial neoplasia were reviewed.

Clinicopathologic Characteristics of Adenocarcinoma in Cardia according to Siewert Classification / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinicopathologic differences between Type II and Type III groups that were classified by Siewert in cardia cancer. METHODS: A hundred forty-one patients who were diagnosed as gastric cardia cancer and underwent surgery between January 1990 and December 2006 by single surgeon at Department of Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine were included in this study. The Kaplan-Meier method and log rank test were used for survival analysis. RESULTS: Barrett's adenocarcinoma was recognized in two patients so called type I. There were significant differences between type II and III in aspect of depth of invasion, Lauren's classification, and the number of retrieved lymph nodes in which cancer infiltrated. In type III, prognostic factors affecting survival were depth of invasion and nodal status in contrast to the no demonstrable prognostic factors existing in type II. However, there were no differences in recurrence and survival between two groups. CONCULSIONS: Several clinicopathologic differences exist between type II and III cardia cancer. In the future, further evaluation is needed regarding the classification and entities of the cardia cancer.

Classificação molecular dos carcinomas gástricos / Molecular classification of gastric cancer

Embora tenhamos observado uma queda importante de sua incidência nos últimos anos, o carcinoma gástrico continua sendo uma das principais causas de morte por câncer no mundo. O prognóstico dos carcinomas gástricos não mudou muito nos últimos anos e é dependente principalmente do estadiamento e do grau histológico do tumor, porém estes indicadores não são preditivos de progressão tumoral. Variáveis ligadas ao paciente, ao tratamento e a biologia tumoral podem fornecer maiores informações em relação ao comportamento destas neoplasias. O tratamento dos carcinomas gástricos é eminentemente cirúrgico e há um consenso que o tipo de excisão cirúrgica é relevante à sobrevida. Análises moleculares recentes têm demonstrado que muitas alterações genéticas como nos genes p53, β-catenina, E-caderina e c-erbB-2 entre outros, estão associadas à carcinogênese gástrica. Estudos anteriores mostraram que há genes diferencialmente expressos na mucosa tumoral em comparação à normal e nos carcinomas gástricos do tipo intestinal, mas uma classificação dos tumores gástricos baseada nos padrões de expressão protéica de múltiplos genes ainda não foi proposta. Nosso estudo demonstrou por imunoistqouímica que os carcinomas gástricos frequentemente expressam proteínas associadas ao ciclo celular, fatores de crescimento, adesão, transcrição e diferenciação celulares, além das sintases do óxido nítrico e através das análises clusterizadas destes resultados caracterizamos 2 grupos de carcinomas gástricos. Estes resultados são importantes, pois fornecem novas bases moleculares para desvendar os mecanismos biológicos da carcinogênese gástrica, além de oferecer novos marcadores diagnósticos bem como alvos terapêuticos para o desenvolvimento de drogas específicas.

Although its incidence is declining in the last years, gastric cancer remains one of the leading causes of cancer death in the world. The prognosis of gastric cancer did not change and depends mainly of staging and tumor histological grade, but these indicators are not preditive of tumoral progression. Features concerning to patient, treatment, and tumoral biology may provide more evidence regarding tumoral behavior. The surgical treatment is mainstay and there is a consensu about the excision type and better prognosis.Recently, molecular investigations have provided evidence that multiple genetic alterations such as p53, ß-catenina, E-caderina e cerbB-2 are involved in gastric carcinogenesis. Previous studies showed differentially expressed genes in gastric tumors in comparison to normal mucosae, and in intestinal type of gastric carcinoma, but a classification of gastric carcinomas based on patterns of protein expression of multiple gens have not ever been demonstrated.Using immunohistochemistry, our study showed frequently expression of proteins related with cell cycle, growth factors, cell adhesion, transcription, cell differentiation and oxide nitric synthases. Two groups of gastric cancer were identified by clustering analyses. These results are important not only providing new molecular basis for understanding biological properties of gastric carcinogenesis, but also useful resources for diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for new drugs development (AU)

Analysis of Endoscopic Electronic Image of Intramucosal Gastric Carcinoma Using a Software Program for Calculating Hemoglobin Index

Hemoglobin is the predominent pigment in the gastrointestinal mucosa, and the development of electronic endoscopy has made it possible to quantitatively measure the mucosal hemoglobin volume, by using a hemoglobin index (IHb). The aims of this study were to make a software program to calculate the IHb and then to investigate whether the mucosal IHb determined from the electronic endoscopic data is a useful marker for evaluating the color of intramucosal gastric carcinoma with regard to its value for discriminating between the histologic types. We made a software program for calculating the IHb in the endoscopic images. By using this program, the mean values of the IHb for the carcinoma (IHb-C) and those of the IHb for the surrounding non-cancerous mucosa (IHb-N) were calculated in 75 intestinal-type and 34 diffuse-type intramucosal gastric carcinomas. We then analyzed the ratio of the IHb-C to the IHb-N (C/N ratio). The C/N ratio in the intestinal-type carcinoma group was higher than that in the diffuse-type carcinoma group (p<0.001). In the diffuse-type carcinoma group, the C/N ratio in the body was lower than that in the antrum (p=0.022). The accuracy rate, sensitivity, specificity, and the positive and negative predictive values for the differential diagnosis of the diffuse-type carcinoma from the intestinal-type carcinoma were 94.5%, 94.1%, 94.7%, 88.9% and 97.3%, respectively. IHb is useful for making quantitative measurement of the endoscopic color in the intramucosal gastric carcinoma, and the C/N ratio by using the IHb would be helpful for distinguishing the diffuse-type carcinoma from the intestinal-type carcinoma.

Gastrointestinal lymphoma in Thailand: a clinicopathologic analysis of 120 cases at Siriraj Hospital according to WHO classification.

Clinicopathologic information of gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma in Southeast Asia is lacking. A retrospective analysis of 120 cases of GI lymphoma in Thailand diagnosed at Siriraj Hospital based on WHO classification was performed. All were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The peak age was in the sixth and seventh decades; a slight male preponderance was observed. Sites of involvement included stomach (49.2%), intestine (46.7%), and multiple sites (4.2%). There were 104 cases of primary GI lymphoma (86.7%) and 16 cases of secondary GI lymphoma (13.3%). Presenting GI symptoms were more common in the former; while superficial lymphadenopathy and fever were more common in the latter. Mass lesions were observed in both groups (72.1% vs 56.3%). Localized and advanced diseases were found in 68.3% and 31.7% of primary GI lymphomas, respectively. The most common type of lymphoma in both groups was diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Lymphoepithelial lesions (LEL) were not significantly different between the two groups (58.2% vs 42.9%), but Helicobacterpylori infection was significantly associated with primary gastric lymphoma (p < 0.0001). The treatment of choice for localized primary GI lymphoma is controversial. Complete surgical resection may increase the chance of complete remission, but mortality and relapse rates might be higher than those observed with combination chemotherapy alone. GI lymphomas in Thailand are mostly primary B-cell NHL. LEL is not indicative of primary GI lymphoma, but H. pylori infection is closely associated with primary gastric lymphoma. A prospective study to determine the treatment of choice for localized GI lymphoma is needed.

Experience with gastric cancer in Baghdad Teaching Hospital

The aim of the study was to assess the following points among the patients with gastric cancer admitted to the surgical wards in Baghdad Teaching Hospital: sex and age distribution, mode of presentation, results of endoscopic findings, histopathology, risk factors, tumor staging, and treatment options. Patients and A prospective study was done in Baghdad Teaching Hospital for a period of three years from [January 1998-December 2000]. Fifty cases with biopsy proven gastric cancer were assessed. The above mentioned points were analyzed. The male to female ratio was 1.4:1. Peak age incidence was 50-60 years. Non-specific symptoms such as vague epigastria pain, dyspepsia, anorexia, and weight loss were the most common symptoms. The esophagogastric junction was the commonest site. The polypoid type was the commonest endoscopic finding [44%]. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsy was the most accurate method of diagnosing gastric cancer. Adenocarcinoma was the most frequent histopathological type [96%]. Cigarette smoking was the predominant risk factor [64%]. In the majority of the patients, the disease was well advanced and curative measures were not possible. Gastric cancer remains a significant problem in Iraq where it leads the list of gastrointestinal malignancies. No age group of either sex can be exempted. Late presentation is a stigma of the disease, and the gloomy prognosis can only be improved by early detection based on a more vigorous diagnostic approach following a high index of suspicion in individuals at risk