Nasal Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma after Radiotherapy: Case Report

Introduction Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) is a tumor originated from the epitheliumof the glandular excretory ducts and has highly variable biological potential. It is the most prevalent cancer of the salivary glands. The present report aims to describe a case of nasal mucoepidermoid carcinoma that developed after adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) treatment of a recurrent pituitary macroadenoma. Case Report Male patient, 62 years old, presented with recurrent nasal epistaxis on the right, associated with intense pulsatile headache, visual analogical scale (VAS) 10/10, with improvement only with the use of opioids andmorphine. After undergoing oncological screening and study by imaging exams, the presence of an expansive seal lesion with suprasellar extension was seen, involving the medial wall of the cavernous segment of the right carotid artery and the anterior cerebral artery, as well as the presence of a new expansive lesion in the right nasal cavity, with ethmoid bone invasion superiorly and medial orbit wall invasion laterally, compressing the ipsilateral optic nerve canal. Discussion Sinonasal neoplasms represent a small portion of all malignancies of the upper aerodigestive tract, accounting for<5% of these neoplasms. The development of MEC involves risk factors such as occupational issues, history of trauma and surgery involving the nasal area, and radiation exposure, as in previous RT. Conclusion Mucoepidermoid carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasia and can be associated with RT treatment, as used in cases of recurrent pituitary macroadenoma. In general, surgical resection to obtain free margins of neoplastic tissue is the aimed treatment, seeking better prognosis.

Radioterapia como indicación post operatoria en macroadenomas hipofisiarios no funcionantes: a propósito de un caso / Surgical treatment of a non functioning pituitary macroadenoma without postoperative radiotherapy: report of one case

We report a 45 years old female that consulted for amenorrhea and galactorrhea after discontinuing oral contraceptives, that she used for several years. The patient had hyperprolactinemia, a hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and a primary hypothyroidism. Sella turcica magnetic resonance showed a pituitary macroadenoma with a diameter of 23 mm and supraselar extension. The patient was subjected to a transsphenoidal excision of the tumor with good clinical and surgical results. Therefore radiotherapy was not used for the treatment of the tumor.

Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea complicating conventional radiotherapy in a patient with pituitary adenoma

A 24-year-old man with a history of non-functional pituitary adenoma was treated with conventional radiotherapy. Two months following radiotherapy, the tumour size had significantly decreased, but early post radiotherapy rhinorrhea. This case highlights two predisposing factors of cerebrospinal fluid leak after radiotherapy of pituitary adenomas, i.e. skull base erosion and rapid significant tumour regression

Avaliação do perfil e resposta ao tratamento de pacientes portadores de adenoma hipofisário submetidos a radioterapia / Clinical profile and response to treatment of patients with pituitary

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o perfil de pacientes portadores de adenoma hipofisário e a resposta à radioterapia externa. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo com 22 pacientes portadores de adenoma hipofisário, os quais foram submetidos à radioterapia entre março de 2004 e dezembrode 2008. Foram analisadas características dos pacientes, como sexo, idade e quadro clínico, tipo de cirurgia, perfil imuno-histoquímico, dose de radioterapia, resposta à terapia com dosagens hormonais e exames de imagem. RESULTADOS: Observou-se idade mediana de 51 anos, com distribuição semelhante em ambos os sexos. De acordo com a classificação de Hardy para tumores hipofisários, 27,5% apresentavam grau II, 27,5% eram grau III e 45%, grau IV. O principal sintoma apresentado pelos pacientes na ocasião do diagnóstico foi deficiência visual em 77% dos casos, seguido de cefaleia em 68%, acromegalia em 27%, amenorreia em 18% e galactorreia em 4,5%. A abordagem cirúrgica por via transesfenoidal ocorreu em 21 pacientes e em somente um por viatranscraniana, sendo realizadas ressecções parciais em 91% dos casos. Quanto à imuno-histoquímica, a expressão de ACTH foi a mais frequente, estando presente em 41% dos casos. Os pacientes foram tratados em aparelhos de megavoltagem, em sua grande maioria com acelerador linear de 6 MV, com dose total de 45 Gy em 68% e dose de 50,4 Gy em 13% dos casos. O planejamento tridimensional foi utilizado em 20 pacientes. O seguimento mediano foi de 41 meses, sendo observado, no seguimento laboratorial e de imagem, melhora em 73% dos pacientes, estabilidade do quadro em 22,5% e piora em 4,5%. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados encontrados mostram bons índices de resposta e controle dos tumores de hipófise após radioterapia adjuvante à cirurgia, e por ser uma doença de resposta lenta ao tratamento é grande a probabilidade de melhora ainda maior dos resultados a médio prazo.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical profile of patients with pituitaryadenoma and their response to radiotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective study with 22 patients with diagnosis of pituitary adenoma which were submitted to radiotherapy between March 2004 and December 2008. Patients' characteristics such as gender, age, clinical presentation, surgical approach, immunohistochemistry profile, dose of radiation and the response to therapy were analyzed using hormonal dosages and imaging exams. RESULTS: The median age was 51 years and equally distributed in both genders. The tumors were divided according to the Hardy's classification: 27.5% had grade II, 27.5% had grade III and 45% had grade IV. The main symptoms presented by patients at diagnosis were visual impairment in 77% of cases, headache in68%, amenorrhea and acromegaly in 27% and galactorrhea in 4.5%. Transphenoidal surgery was performed in 21 patients and only 1 patient was submitted to transcranial approach; 91% of cases had partial resection. Concerning to immunohistochemistry, the expression of ACTH was the most frequent, being present in 41% of cases.The patients were treated in megavoltage equipment mostly with6 MV linear accelerator. The total radiation dose was 45 Gy in 68%of patients and a dose of 50.4 Gy in 13% of cases. Three-dimensionalplanning was used in 20 patients. The median follow-up was 41 months. Laboratory and imaging improvement were observed in 73% of patients, stability in 22.5%, and worsening in 4.5%. CONCLUSION: The results show good rates of response and control of pituitary adenomas by radiation in the first four years after treatment. Considering it has a slow response to treatment, there is a high chance of improvement in results later during the follow-up. Keywords: Radiotherapy; Pituitary; Adenoma.

Manejo atual dos macroprolactinomas: revisão de literatura / Current management of macroprolactinomas: literature review

Tumores hipofisários secretores de prolactina representam ate 64 por cento do total de adenomas secretores. A proporção superior de macroprolactinomas em homens ainda não tem sua causa estabelecida, apesar de estudos moleculares iniciais apontarem para um provável crescimento tumoral acelerado no sexo masculino; uma outra causa seria a apresentação clínica diferente entre os sexos. O tratamento farmacológico apresenta-se como escolha inicial na maioria dos casos, com altas taxas de controle tumoral mediante o uso de agonistas dopaminérgicos. A cirurgia é indicada principalmente a pacientes que não toleram ou não obtém bons resultados com as medicações, em tumores de grande conteúdo cístico e em casos de apoplexia hipofisária. A indicação da radioterapia ainda não está bem definida, porém os melhores resultados obtidos atualmente com o uso de radiocirurgia indicam o possível papel dessa modalidade no tratamento de adenomas que não responderam adequadamente à cirurgia nem ao tratamento clínico...

Malignant astrocytoma following radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma.

Radiation induced gliomas are uncommon. Occurrence of glioma following radiotherapy for craniopharyngiomas is extremely uncommon and only eight case reports have been so far published. We present our experience with one similar case of temporal gliomas occurring twelve years following radiotherapy for a sub totally excised craniopharyngioma. Although the exact mechanism of gliomas formation is unclear, their occurrence following conventional radiotherapy is a distinct possibility and signifies a poor prognosis.

Pregnancy in a patient with hypopituitarism following surgery and radiation for a pituitary adenoma.

This is a case of partial hypopituitarism resulting from surgery and radiation for a non- functioning pituitary macroadenoma. The patient had amenorrhea which was secondary to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism and had been on L-thyroxine for central hypothyroidism. For pregnancy, ovulation was induced by gonadotrophins and this was followed by an intrauterine insemination. The antenatal period was uneventful and a Caesarean section was done at 33 weeks when the patient presented with preterm labour. Both infant and mother are well, eight months after delivery.

Pilocytic astrocytoma following radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma: case report

Administration of fractionated doses of irradiation is part of the adjutant therapy for CNS tumours such as craniopharyngiomas and pituitary adenomas. It can maximise cure rates or expand symptom-free period. Among the adverse effects of radiotherapy, the induction of a new tumour within the irradiated field has been frequently described. The precise clinical features that correlate irradiation and oncogenesis are not completely defined, but some authors have suggested that tumors are radiation induced when they are histologically different from the treated ones, arise in greater frequency in irradiated patients than among normal population and tend to occur in younger people with an unusual aggressiveness. In this article, we report a case of a papillary astrocytoma arising in a rather unusual latency period following radiotherapy for craniopharyngioma

Tratamiento de la Hiperprolactinemia en la mujer / Treatment of hyperprolactinemia in women

La hiperprolactinemia ocupa un lugar importante entre las causas de infertilidad, trastornos menstruales y galactorrea en la mujer, por ello nuestro interés en este trabajo fue presentar una revisión de las diferentes opciones terapéuticas de la hiperprolactinemia. Se plantea que la bromocriptina ha sido el medicamento de mayor uso y que actúa estimulando directamente los receptores dopaminérgicos D2 de las células hipofisarias. Se hace referencia a otros agonistas dopaminérgicos propuestos como lisurida, tergurida, metergolina, quinagolida, cabergolina, pergolida. Se destaca la relevancia clínica, por su buena tolerancia y actividad biológica sostenida, de la cabergolina y la quinagolida (CV-205-502). El riesgo tan reducido del crecimiento tumoral durante el embarazo en pacientes con microadenomas permite suspender el tratamiento con agonistas dopaminérgicos en cuanto se confirma el embarazo, pero se deberá reiniciar en caso de complicaciones neurológicas durante el mismo. Como conclusión, existe un consenso general de que el tratamiento medicamentoso es la primera opción en los pacientes con prolactinoma, la cirugía hipofisaria estaría indicada en pacientes según criterios muy seleccionados y el embarazo no está contraindicado en la mayoría de las pacientes

Tumores sellares y suprasellares que afectan al quiasma y nervios ópticos. I. Consideraciones generales / Sellar and suprasellar tumors affecting the chiasma and optic nerves. General considerations

Las neoplasias sellares y suprasellares representan únicamente el 7.5 por ciento de los tumores intracraneanos. Las variedades más importantes son los craneofaringiomas y los adenomas. Estas neoplasias se manifiestan clínicamente por el daño a las vías visuales anteriores. Los adenomas son neoplasias funcionales específicas mientras que los craneofanrigiomas cursan con hipopituitarismo. La resonancia nuclear magnética y la topografía axial computada substituyen con muchas ventajas a los procedimiento radiológicos anteriores. El tratamiento puede ser médico, quirúrgico, con radiaciones ionizantes y recientemente con una variante que es la radiocirugía o el bisturí de rayos gamma. Hisotológicamente tienen un patrón característico cada una de sus variedades y actualmente se puede demostrar su estirpe con toda precisión. El oftalmólogo juega el papel más importante en la detección de estas neoplasias

Adenoma hipofisario no funcionante: aspectos clínicos y terapeúticos / Non-funtioning pituitary adenoma: clinical and therapeutical aspects

Se presentan las características clínicas y radiológicas de 20 pacientes (10 hombres y 10 mujeres) con diagnóstico de adenoma hipofisario no funcionante. El 85 por ciento presentó macroadenomas hipofisarios. El rango de edades estuvo entre 15 y 64 años. Los síntomas más frecuentes referidos fueron los trastornos visuales y la cefalea, con el 75 y 55 por ciento , respectivamente. Otros síntomas y signos encontrados fueron la pérdida de la libido, el retraso puberal, la amenorrea secundaria, los mareos y la obesidad. En 17 pacientes se observaron afectaciones en los estudios de campo visual, predominó la hemianopsia bitemporal en el 35 por ciento de los casos, la cuadrantanopsia temporal superior en el 15 por ciento y la reducción concéntrica unilateral. En los estudios radiológicos de silla turca se encontraron aumento de los diámetros anteroposterior y vertical de la silla, balonamiento, doble contorno del suelo y destrucción de éste, afinamiento o destrucción de las clinoides y porosis del dorso selar; mientras que en la tomografía computarizada fue más frecuente la presencia de masas hipodensas intraselares o con crecimiento supraselar. El hipopituitarismo parcial o completo se evidenció en 14 de los 20 pacientes y 4 de ellos presentaban diabetes insípida vasopresin sensible permanente. En cuanto al tratamiento, 18 enfermos fueron sometidos a cirugía transesfenoidal o transfrontal y 2 a tratamiento radiante exclusivamente. De los primeros, en 4 fue necesaria la reintervención quirúrgica en un período de 3 a 5 años. Se plantea la terapeútica más conveniente, y se reconoce la microcirugía transesfefnoidal como la de más baja morbilidad, así como la vigencia de la radioterapia sola o combinada con la cirugía, y se concluye señalando la importancia de los estudios por imágenes y neuroftalmológicos en el seguimiento evolutivo de estos pacientes

Trans-sphenoidal excision of craniopharyngiomas.

Craniopharyngiomas have been by and large excised by the transcranial route. Since 1982, 11 patients have been operated by the traus-sphensidal route in the department. The clinical features with which they were presented, diagnostic investigations, details of surgical procedures and follow-up analysis is being presented here. A retrospective study of radiological investigation was done to determine the features that help decide the choice of surgical approach to these lesions. Only lesions that were primarily intrasellar, cystic and those that expanded the sella could be treated by the trans-sphenoidal route. Associated suprasellar extensions could also be removed. Predominantly calcified or firm, fleshy tumours lent themselves poorly to removal by the trans-sphenoidal route.

Damage to the anterior visual pathway and brain parenchyma following external pituitary irradiation.

Three cases of damage to the optic nerves and chiasma following pituitary irradiation with Co60 teletherapy are described. All of them presented with progressive visual impairment months following irradiation and simulated recurrence of the tumour. CT scan was also not helpful in differentiating radionecrosis from tumour recurrence. On exploration the optic nerves and chiasma appeared discoloured and scarred. One case, who also had diffuse radionecrosis of brain parenchyma, died. No satisfactory therapy is currently available for this grave complication but proper safeguards can prevent it.

Craneofaringioma: un abordaje razonable para el tratamiento; reporte de un caso / Craniopharyngioma: an boarding reasonable for the treatment; report a case

Se presenta un caso de Craneofaringioma. La literatura enseña, que la recurrencia clínica - sintomática, significa defecto en el grado del poder terapéutico. Pacientes tratados : 1. Aspiración quística + radioterapia profunda. 2. Resección quirúrgica total. 3. Resección quirúrgica subtotal + radioterapia profunda. 4. Resección quirúrgica subtotal. Son categóricos al confirmar que el 50 (por ciento), de los pacientes tratados con el drenaje quístico + la radioterapia profunda, experimentan recidiva clínica sintomática en un intervalo de 4, 4 años después del tratamiento. Se discuten las característiccas de los craneofaringiomas, favorecidos por la Resección total. Cuando ésta no es posible, la Radioterapia, es otro recurso adicional en la prevención del neocrecimiento tumoral, que debe ser utilizado en todo niño que presente un Craneo-faringioma