RESUMO
A new withanolid amine was isolated from Dunalia spinosa (Solanaceae). Its relative stereochemistry was determined using FT-IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and high resolution mass spectrometry. Nicotine was also isolated; chemotaxonomic and archaeological implications are discussed.
Un nuevo amino-witanólido fue aislado de Dunalia spinosa (Solanaceae). Su estereoquímica relativa fue determinada usando espectroscopías FT-IR y RMN de 1H y 13C, y espectrometría de masas de alta resolución. También fue aislada nicotina; se discuten las implicancias quimotaxonómicas y arqueológicas.
Assuntos
Alcaloides/isolamento & purificação , Nicotina/isolamento & purificação , Solanaceae/química , Vitanolídeos , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de MassasRESUMO
El tabaquismo es uno de los problemas de salud más graves a nivel mundial. La dependencia al tabaco está dada por la nicotina, principal alcaloide de este vegetal. Existen evidencias de que la nicotina no es exclusiva del tabaco, ya que se ha encontrado en otros vegetales, como tomate, papa, berenjena, coliflor y pimienta verde, así como en diversos tés, como el té negro. Para conocer los niveles de exposición a nicotina, se determinan las concentraciones séricas o urinarias de cotinina, principal metabolito de ella. Algunos autores consideran que el consumo de nicotina en la dieta pudiera interferir en las determinaciones de exposición pasiva a humo de tabaco ambiental; sin embargo, la magnitud con la que contribuye a los niveles de cotinina es tan pequeña, que no se modifica considerablemente su interpretación
Assuntos
Cotinina/isolamento & purificação , Nicotina/isolamento & purificação , PlantasRESUMO
The influence of outdoor pollution on indoor air quality was studied in downtown Santiago (Bandera street). Carbon monoxide (CO), nicotine, particulate matter, respirable fraction (PM5) and total and carcinogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were simultaneously monitores indoors and outdoors and indoors in restaurants, offices and other places. The levels of CO changed simultaneously outdoors and indoors (r=0.89) specially during traffic rush hours, demonstrating the importance of outdoor infiltration into the indoor air quality and masking the contribution of other CO indoor sources. The maximun CO concentrations were over 800 percent and over 1000 percent higher indoors and outdoors respectively than the 9 ppm CO National Ambient Air Quality. The PM5 concentrations were very high and showed no significant differences (p>0.05) from indoor to outdoors, or between indoor levels in restaurants, offices and other places. Total ans carcinogenic PAHs levels were also very high, outdoors and indoors, outodoor levels being generally higher than those indoors and no significant; differences (p>0.05) were found for the indoor levels between restaurants, offices and other places. Nicotine levels showed significant differences (p<0.05) between indoor and outdoor levels. In addition, great differences (p<0.05) in indoor levels, were found between offices and restaurants, and offices and other places. Among indoor sources cigarrete smoke seems to be a minor source since nicotine concentrations, bieng 2.3 times higher in restaurants and other places than in offices, do not contribute to enhance significantly PM5 and total and carcinogenic HAPs in the first ones. These results suggest that in downtown Santiago, infiltration might be the main source of indoor pollution. This is supported by 2 evidences: a) coronene, a tracer of vehicle emissions was found in high concentraion indoors and b) in restaurants (in wich PAHs emissions might be higher indoor) a correlation coefficient of 0.987 for the indoor and outdoor concentrations of carcinogenic PAHs was found. Furthermore a survey asking for different symptoms and effects probably related to air pollution was made to people working in Bandera and in a rural area located 40 Km from Santiago. The results showed that excluding smoking as a confounded factor, people working in Bandera showed a significantly greater (p<0.05) risk of ill effects on their health than people working in the rural area