Chemical Angioplasty with Nitroglycerin for Vasospasm after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: Case Series and Review

Introduction Vasospasm is a common and potentially devastating complication in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, causing high morbidity and mortality. There is no effective and consistent way to prevent or treat cerebral vasospasm capable of altering the morbidity and mortality of this complication. Animal and human studies have attempted to show improvement in aneurysmal vasospasm. Some sought their prevention; others, the treatment of already installed vasospasm. Some achieved only angiographic improvement without clinical correlation, others achieved both, but with ephemeral duration or at the expense of very harmful associated effects. Endovascular techniques allow immediate and aggressive treatment of cerebral vasospasm and include methods such as mechanical and chemical angioplasty. These methods have risks and benefits. Objectives To analyze the results of chemical angioplasty using nitroglycerin (GTN). In addition, to performa comprehensive review and analysis of aneurysmal vasospasm. Methods We describe our series of 77 patients treated for 8 years with angioplasty for vasospasm, either mechanical (with balloon), chemical (with GTN) or both. Results Eleven patients received only balloon; 37 received only GTN; 29 received both. Forty-four patients (70.1%) evolved with delayed cerebral ischemia and 19 died (mortality of 24.7%). Two deaths were causally related to the rupture of the vessel by the balloon. The only predictors of poor outcome were the need for external ventricular drainage in the first hours of admission, and isolated mechanical angioplasty. Conclusions Balloon angioplasty has excellent results, but it is restricted to proximal vessels and is not without complications. Chemical angioplasty using nitroglycerin has reasonable but short-lived results and further research is needed about it. It is restricted to vasospasm angioplasties only in hospitals, like ours, where better and more potent vasodilator agents are not available.

Evidence-based review of methods used to reduce pain after excisional hemorrhoidectomy / Revisão baseada em evidências de métodos utilizados para reduzir a dor após hemorrroidectomia excisional

ABSTRACT Background: Excisional hemorrhoidectomy is one of the most commonly performed anorectal procedures. Despite the satisfactory outcomes of excisional hemorrhoidectomy, the pain perceived by the patients following the procedure can be a distressing sequel. This review aimed to search the current literature for the existing evidence on how to avoid or minimize the severity of post-hemorrhoidectomy pain. Methods: An organized literature search was performed using electronic databases including PubMed/Medline and Google Scholar service for the articles that evaluated different methods for pain relief after excisional hemorrhoidectomy. Then, the studies were summarized in a narrative way illustrating the hypothesis and the outcomes of each study. The methods devised to reduce pain after excisional hemorrhoidectomy were classified into three main categories: technical tips; systemic and topical agents; and surgical methods. The efficacy of each method was highlighted along the level of evidence supporting it. Results: Stronger evidence (level Ia) supported LigaSure hemorrhoidectomy and the use of glyceryl trinitrate ointment to be associated with significant pain relief after excisional hemorrhoidectomy whereas the remaining methods were supported by lower level of evidence (level Ib). Conclusion: The use of LigaSure in performing excisional hemorrhoidectomy and the application of topical glyceryl trinitrate ointment contributed to remarkable relief of postoperative pain after excisional hemorrhoidectomy according to the highest level of evidence. Perhaps a multimodality strategy that combines systemic and topical agents can be the optimal method for control of pain after excisional hemorrhoidectomy, yet further prospective trials are required to draw such conclusion.

RESUMO Introdução: A hemorroidectomia excisional (HE) é um dos procedimentos anorretais mais comumente realizados. Apesar dos resultados satisfatórios da hemorroidectomia excisional, a dor percebida pelos pacientes após o procedimento pode ser uma sequela angustiante. Esta revisão teve como objetivo buscar na literatura atual as evidências existentes sobre como evitar ou minimizar a gravidade da dor pós-hemorroidectomia. Métodos: Uma busca organizada da literatura foi realizada usando bancos de dados eletrônicos, incluindo PubMed/Medline e Google Scholar, para os artigos que avaliaram diferentes métodos para o alívio da dor após hemorroidectomia excisional. Em seguida, os estudos foram resumidos de forma narrativa, ilustrando a hipótese e os resultados de cada estudo. Os métodos desenvolvidos para reduzir a dor após a hemorroidectomia excisional foram classificados em três categorias principais: dicas técnicas; agentes sísticos e ticos; e métodos cirúrgicos. A eficácia de cada método foi destacada ao longo do nível de evidência que a suporta. Resultados: Evidências mais fortes (nível Ia) apoiaram a hemorroidectomia de LigaSure e o uso de pomada de trinitrato de glicerila para ser associado com alívio significativo da dor após hemorroidectomia excisional, enquanto os métodos restantes foram apoiados por menor nível de evidência (nível Ib). Conclusão: O uso de LigaSure na realização de hemorroidectomia excisional e a aplicação de pomada tópica de gliceril trinitrato contribuíram para o notável alívio da dor pós-operatória após hemorroidectomia excisional, de acordo com o maior nível de evidência. Talvez uma estratégia multimodal que combine agentes sistêmicos e tópicos possa ser o método ideal para o controle da dor após hemorroidectomia excisional, mas ainda são necessários mais estudos prospectivos para chegar a essa conclusão.

Lidocaine alleviates propofol related pain much better than metoprolol and nitroglycerin / Lidocaína é mais eficaz do que metoprolol e nitroglicerina para o alívio da dor relacionada à injeção de propofol

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Injection pain after propofol administration is common and maydisturb patients' comfort. The aim of this study was to compare effectiveness of intravenous(iv) nitroglycerin, lidocaine and metoprolol applied through the veins on the dorsum of hand orantecubital vein on eliminating propofol injection pain.METHOD: There were 147 patients and they were grouped according to the analgesic adminis-tered. Metoprolol (n = 31, Group M), lidocaine (n = 32, Group L) and nitroglycerin (n = 29, GroupN) were applied through iv catheter at dorsum hand vein or antecubital vein. Pain was evalu-ated by 4 point scale (0 - no pain, 1 --- light pain, 2 --- mild pain, 3 --- severe pain) in 5, 10, 15and 20th seconds. ASA, BMI, patient demographics, education level and the effect of pathwaysfor injection and location of operations were analyzed for their effect on total pain score.RESULTS: There were no differences between the groups in terms of total pain score (p = 0.981).There were no differences in terms of total pain score depending on ASA, education level,location of operation. However, lidocaine was more effective when compared with metoprolol(p = 0.015) and nitroglycerin (p = 0.001) among groups. Although neither lidocaine nor metopro-lol had any difference on pain management when applied from antecubital or dorsal hand vein(p > 0.05), nitroglycerin injection from antecubital vein had demonstrated statistically lowerpain scores (p = 0.001).CONCLUSION: We found lidocaine to be the most effective analgesic in decreasing propofolrelated pain. We therefore suggest iv lidocaine for alleviating propofol related pain at operations.

RESUMOJUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A dor no local da injeção após a administração de propofol é comum e pode causar desconforto nos pacientes. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a eficácia de nitroglicerina, lidocaína e metoprolol, aplicados intravenosamente através de veias do dorso das mãos ou antecubitais, para eliminar a dor causada pela injeção de propofol.MÉTODOS: Foram alocados em grupos 147 pacientes de acordo com o analgésico administrado: metoprolol (n = 31, Grupo M), lidocaína (n = 32, Grupo L) e nitroglicerina (n = 29, Grupo N). Os analgésicos foram aplicados via cateter intravenoso em veia do dorso da mão ou antecubital. A dor foi avaliada com uma escala de quatro pontos (0 = sem dor, 1 = dor leve, 2 = dor moderada, 3 = dor intensa) nos segundos cinco, 10, 15 e 20. Os dados demográficos dos pacientes, estado físico ASA, IMC, nível de escolaridade, efeito das vias de injeção e local das cirurgias foram analisados quanto a seus efeitos no escore total de dor.RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação ao escore total de dor (p = 0,981). Não houve diferença no escore total de dor em relação ao estado físico ASA, escolaridade e local da cirurgia. No entanto, lidocaína foi mais eficaz em comparação com metoprolol (p = 0,015) e nitroglicerina (p = 0,001), na comparação entre os grupos. Embora lidocaína e metoprolol não tenham apresentado diferença no tratamento da dor quando aplicados em veia antecubital ou do dorso da mão (p > 0,05), a injeção de nitroglicerina em veia antecubital apresentou escores de dor estatisticamente menores (p = 0,001).CONCLUSÃO: Lidocaína mostrou-se como analgésico mais eficaz para diminuir a dor relacionada à injeção de propofol. Sugerimos, portanto, lidocaína IV para aliviar a dor relacionada à injeção de propofol em operações.

Utilização da Tomografia de Coerência Ótica na Abordagem de Lesão Intermediária em Paciente com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda / Optical Coherence Tomography in the Management of Intermediate Lesion in a Patient with Acute Coronary Syndrome

A tomografia de coerência ótica fornece imagens tomográficas da microestrutura coronária em alta resolução, possibilitando detalhada caracterização dos componentes e da morfologia da placa aterosclerótica, além de acurada determinação das dimensões vasculares. Relatamos aqui o caso de um paciente com lesão intermediária, na fase subaguda de um infarto do miocárdio, no qual a tomografia de coerência ótica foi utilizada como método diagnóstico complementar para a tomada de decisão e para guiar o procedimento...

Optical coherence tomography provides high-resolution tomography imaging of the coronary microstructure, allowing for detailed characterization of atherosclerotic plaque components and morphology, in addition to an accurate determination of vascular dimensions. We report the case of a patient with an intermediate coronary lesion, presenting in the subacute phase of a myocardial infarction, in whom optical coherence tomography was used as an adjunctive diagnostic method to aid in the decision-making process and to guide the interventional procedure...

The effects of local nitroglycerin on the surgical delay procedure in prefabricated flaps by vascular implant in rats / Efeitos da nitroglicerina tópica na autonomização de retalhos pré-fabricados por implante vascular em ratos

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of local nitroglycerin on the viable area of a prefabricated flap for vascular implant in rats, and to investigate the surgical delay procedure. METHODS: A femoral pedicle was implanted under the skin of the abdominal wall in forty Wistar rats. The animals were divided into four groups of ten: group 1 - without surgical delay procedure and local nitroglycerin; group 2 - with surgical delay procedure, but without local nitroglycerin; group 3 - without surgical delay procedure, but with local nitroglycerin; and group 4 - with simultaneous surgical delay procedure and local nitroglycerin. The percentages of the viable areas, in relation to the total flap, were calculated using AutoCAD R 14. RESULTS: The mean percentage value of the viable area was 8.9% in the group 1. 49.4% in the group 2; 8.4% in the group 3 and 1.1% in the group 4. There was significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (p=0.005), 1 and 4 (p=0.024), 2 and 3 (p=0.003), 2 and 4 (p=0.001). These results support the hypothesis that the closure of the arterial venous channels is responsible for the phenomenon of surgical delay procedure. CONCLUSION: Local nitroglycerin did not cause an increase in the prefabricated viable flap area by vascular implantation and decreased the viable flap area that underwent delay procedures.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito da nitroglicerina tópica sobre a área viável de um modelo de retalho pré-fabricado por implante vascular em ratos e analisar o mecanismo de autonomização cirúrgica aplicada a retalhos pré-fabricados. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar. No primeiro tempo cirúrgico - 20 ratos foram submetidos a implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica da parede abdominal, e 20 submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica de retalho cutâneo de parede abdominal e, simultaneamente, implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica deste retalho. No segundo tempo - após três semanas e em todos os animais, era elevado um retalho cutâneo ilhado, pediculado unicamente nos vasos implantados e divididos em quatro grupos de dez animais: grupo 1, com retalhos submetidos unicamente a implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica da parede abdominal; grupo 2, com retalhos submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica e implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica deste retalho; grupo 3, com retalhos submetidos unicamente a implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica da parede abdominal tratados com nitroglicerina tópica; grupo 4, com retalhos submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica e implante do pedículo femoral na região subdérmica deste retalho tratados com nitroglicerina tópica. O percentual de área viável, em relação à área total do retalho, foi calculado sete dias após o segundo tempo cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: O valor médio de área viável alcançou 8,9% no grupo 1; 49,4% no grupo 2; 8,4% no grupo 3; e 1,1% no grupo 4. Houve diferença significante entre os grupos 1 e 2 (p=0,005); 1 e 4 (p=0,024); 2 e 3 (p=0,003) e 2 e 4 (p=0,001). Os resultados fortaleceram a hipótese de que o fechamento dos canais arteriovenosos é o principal mecanismo responsável pelo aumento da área viável observada em retalhos submetidos à autonomização cirúrgica.CONCLUSÃO: A nitroglicerina tópica não induziu ao aumento da área viável dos retalhos pré-fabricados por implante vascular e diminuiu a área viável dos retalhos submetidos à autonomização.

Impacto dos stents e do sirolimus por via oral na vasomotilidade coronariana dependente e independente do endotelio / Impact of stenting and oral sirolimus on endothelium-dependent and independent coronary vasomotion

FUNDAMENTO: Não há consenso sobre o impacto do implante de stent sobre a função endotelial no longo prazo. Há relatos de disfunção endotelial aumentada com stent com sirolimus quando comparado com o stent metálico convencional (BMS). OBJETIVO: Este estudo visa a avaliar o impacto do BMS e o efeito do sirolimus por via oral sobre a função endotelial. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e cinco pacientes foram randomizados em três grupos: BMS + altas doses de sirolimus oral (dose inicial de 15 mg, seguida de 6 mg/dia durante quatro semanas); BMS + baixa dose de sirolimus (6 mg, seguida de 2 mg por dia durante quatro semanas) e BMS sem sirolimus. Mudanças na vasoconstrição ou vasodilatação, em um segmento de 15 milímetros começando pelo extremo distal do stent em resposta a acetilcolina e nitroglicerina, foram avaliadas por angiografia quantitativa. RESULTADOS: Os grupos apresentaram características angiográficas semelhantes. A variação percentual de diâmetro em resposta a acetilcolina foi semelhante em todos os grupos, nos dois momentos (p = 0,469). Quatro horas após o implante de stent, o segmento alvo apresentou uma disfunção endotelial que se manteve após oito meses em todos os grupos. Em todos os grupos, a vasomotricidade independente de endotélio em resposta a nitroglicerina foi semelhante, às quatro horas e aos oito meses, com diâmetro do segmento alvo aumentado após a infusão de nitroglicerina (p = 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A disfunção endotelial esteve igualmente presente no segmento distal de 15 milímetros do segmento tratado, às 4 horas e aos 8 meses após implante do stent. O sirolimus administrado por via oral durante quatro semanas para evitar a reestenose não afetou o estado de vasomotricidade endotélio dependente e independente.

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus regarding the impact of stenting on long-term endothelial function. There have been reports of increased endothelial dysfunction with sirolimus-eluting stents as compared to bare metal stenting (BMS). OBJECTIVE: This study aims to assess the impact of BMS and the effect of oral sirolimus on endothelial function. METHODS: Forty-five patients were randomized into three groups: BMS + high-dose oral sirolimus (initial dose of 15 mg, followed by 6 mg/day for four weeks); BMS + low-dose sirolimus (6 mg followed by 2 mg daily for four weeks); and BMS without sirolimus. Changes in vasoconstriction or vasodilation in a 15 mm segment starting at the distal stent end in response to acetylcholine and nitroglycerin were assessed by quantitative angiography. RESULTS: The groups had similar angiographic characteristics. The percent variation in diameter in response to acetylcholine was similar in all groups at the two time points (p = 0.469). Four hours after stenting, the target segment presented an endothelial dysfunction that was maintained after eight months in all groups. In all groups, endothelium-independent vasomotion in response to nitroglycerin was similar at four hours and eight months, with increased target segment diameter after nitroglycerin infusion (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: The endothelial dysfunction was similarly present at the 15 mm segment distal to the treated segment, at 4 hours and 8 months after stenting. Sirolimus administered orally during 4 weeks to prevent restenosis did not affect the status of endothelium-dependent and independent vasomotion.

Tratamiento médico de la fisura anal con tadafilo tópico como principio activo / Medical treatment of chronic anal fissure with topical tadalafil

Introducción: La fisura anal es una úlcera lineal dolorosa que generalmente, aparece en la línea media posterior del canal anal, extendiéndose desde la línea dentada hasta el margen del ano. Su persistencia se debe al espasmo anómalo del músculo del esfínter interno. Hasta hace poco, la curación definitiva de las fisuras solo se logró mediante procedimientos quirúrgicos dirigidos a la ablación del espasmo esfinteriano. Diseño: Estudio prospectivo, controlado y aleatorio para comprobar la hipótesis de que la aplicación tópica de una preparación de Tadalafilo es un método efectivo y seguro para relajar el músculo liso y promover la cicatrización de la fisura anal. Población y métodos: Se seleccionaron los pacientes que acudieron a la consulta de coloproctología del HCC con diagnóstico de fisura anal (726). Todos fueron sometidos a una historia clínica y examen físico, antes del comienzo del tratamiento y seguimiento por 1 año. Los pacientes fueron divididos en tres grupos: Grupo A: tratados de forma médica con AINES por via oral, sediluvios y pomadas tópicas de esteroides 3 veces al dia. Grupo B: tratados con nitroglicerina 0,25% locales crema 3 veces al día. Grupo C: tratados con toxina botulínica inyectada 1 sola dosis en el espesor del esfínter interno del ano. Grupo D: tratados con formula magistral crema tópica de Tadalafilo aplicada 3 veces al día. Grupo E: pacientes a quienes se les realiza la Esfinterotomía Lateral Interna una vez que se considera ha fracasado el manejo médico y tratamiento farmacológico. Resultados: Se encontró predominio del sexo femenino con 370 pacientes (50.97%). Las edades en las cual se agrupó mayor cantidad de individuos fue entre los 26 a 35 años con 218 pacientes (30,02%). Predominó el diagnóstico de fisura crónica con 382 casos (52,61 %). El tratamiento inicial que se utilizó más frecuentemente fue el quirúrgico con 270 pacientes (37,19%), seguido de Tadalafilo tópico con 196 pacientes (26,99%)...

Introduction: Anal fissure is a painful linear ulcer usually appears in the posterior midline of the anal canal, extending from the dentate line to the margin of the anus. Its persistence is due to spasm abnormal internal sphincter muscle. Until recently, a definitive cure was achieved only cracks by surgical procedures aimed at ablation of the sphincter spasm. Design: Prospective. controlled trial to test the hypothesis that topical application of a preparation of Tadalafil is a safe and effective method to relax the smooth muscle and promote healing of anal fissure. Population and methods: We selected patients who attended the consultation of Coloproctology of HCC diagnosed with anal fissure (726). AIl underwent a medical history and physical examination before starting treatment and followed for 1 year. The patients were divided into three groups: Group A: treated medical oral NSAlDs, topical ointments sediluvios and steroids 3 times a day. Group B: treated with local nitroglycerin cream 0.25% 3 times a day. Group C: treated with botulinum toxin injection 1 dose in the thickness of the internal anal sphincter. Group D: treated with topical cream formulation TadalafiI masterfully applied 3 times a day. Group E: patients who underwent lateral internal sphincterotomy is considered after failed medical management and pharmacological treatment. Results: There was a predominance of females with 370 patientes (50.97%). The ages at which more individuals grouped was between 26 to 35 years with 218 patients (30.02%). The predominant diagnosis of chronic fissure with 382 cases (52.61%). The initial treatment was most frequently used surgical treatment of 270 patients (37.19%), followed by topical Tadalafil 196 patients (26.99%). The initial treatment had less failure was the use of topical Tadalafil 10 cases (1.37%), which required surgery...

The Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin Improves Vascular Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetes

The vascular endothelial function is impaired in the very early stage of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanism underlying the improvement in vascular endothelial function by sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This study was an open-labeled prospective observational single arm trial. Forty patients were treated with 50 mg of sitagliptin once daily for 12-weeks. The flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and plasma adiponectin were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after initiating treatment. The %FMD was significantly increased after treatment (4.13 +/- 1.59 vs 5.12 +/- 1.55, P < 0.001), whereas the nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) did not change. The plasma adiponectin levels significantly increased (13.0 +/- 11.3 vs 14.3 +/- 12.8, P < 0.001). The changes in the FMD were significantly correlated with those of the plasma adiponectin (r = 0.322, P < 0.05). A multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that the improvement in the FMD is associated with the plasma adiponectin (P < 0.05). The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with sitagliptin reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction, as evidenced by increase in the FMD, and improvement of the adiponectin levels (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry System as trial ID UMIN000004236).

The Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor Sitagliptin Improves Vascular Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetes

The vascular endothelial function is impaired in the very early stage of atherosclerosis in diabetic patients. The goal of this study was to identify the mechanism underlying the improvement in vascular endothelial function by sitagliptin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. This study was an open-labeled prospective observational single arm trial. Forty patients were treated with 50 mg of sitagliptin once daily for 12-weeks. The flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and plasma adiponectin were measured at baseline and 12 weeks after initiating treatment. The %FMD was significantly increased after treatment (4.13 +/- 1.59 vs 5.12 +/- 1.55, P < 0.001), whereas the nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) did not change. The plasma adiponectin levels significantly increased (13.0 +/- 11.3 vs 14.3 +/- 12.8, P < 0.001). The changes in the FMD were significantly correlated with those of the plasma adiponectin (r = 0.322, P < 0.05). A multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that the improvement in the FMD is associated with the plasma adiponectin (P < 0.05). The treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with sitagliptin reverses vascular endothelial dysfunction, as evidenced by increase in the FMD, and improvement of the adiponectin levels (UMIN Clinical Trials Registry System as trial ID UMIN000004236).

Espasmo coronariano no pós-operatório de cirurgia de revacularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea: Diagnóstico e manejo / Coronary-artery spasm after coronary artery bypass graft surgery without extracorporeal circulation: Diagnostic and management

O espasmo de artérias coronárias no perioperatório de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio é uma complicação grave, com elevada mortalidade. Paciente de 51 anos submetido à cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio sem circulação extracorpórea. Apresentou no 1ºdia de pós-operatório (PO) alteração enzimática e supradesnivelamento do segmento ST, evoluindo, em seguida, em fibrilação ventricular, com reanimação cardiopulmonar com sucesso. Cateterismo cardíaco demonstrou espasmo importante de todas as artérias coronárias e da anastomose entre artéria torácica interna esquerda com artéria interventricular anterior. Utilizados vasodilatadores intracoronarianos e intra-enxerto, com restabelecimento de seus calibres usuais, imediata melhora clínica e estabilidade hemodinâmica. Com evolução satisfatória, o paciente recebeu alta hospitalar no 13º PO.

Coronary artery spasm in perioperative of coronary artery bypass graft surgery is a serious complication, with high rate mortality. Patient 51 years-old submitted to coronary artery bypass graft surgery without Extracorporeal Circulation. The patient evolved in 1st post operative (PO) day with enzymatic alteration and ST-elevation, developing soon afterwards in ventricular fibrillation, defibrillation with success. Cardiac catheterization showed important spasm of all coronary arteries and anastomosis between the left internal thoracic artery and the left anterior interventricular artery. Intracoronary Vasodilators and intra-graft, with re-establishment of their usual and immediate calibers to improve clinic and Hemodynamic stability was used. Satisfactory evolution, discharged at 13rd PO day.

Infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionado ao uso de cocaína / Acute myocardial infarction related to cocaine use

Esta revisão discute o estado atual da fisiopatologia e do tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionado ao uso de cocaína. O abuso de drogas ilícitas, em especial, da cocaína é cada vez mais frequente, com o aumento consequente da quantidade de consultas de emergências relacionadas a suas complicações, incluindo o infarto do miocárdio. Os principais mecanismos fisiopatológicos que contribuem de forma aguda ou crônica para causar o infarto relacionado ao uso de cocaína são: vasoespasmo, aterosclerose, trombogenese mediada por aumento dos níveis de fatores pró-trombóticos associada com a elevação da agregação plaquetária, aumento da demanda de oxigênio pelo miocárdio. O tratamento do infarto agudo do miocárdio relacionado ao uso de cocaína é semelhante ao do infarto na população em geral, com ácido acetilsalicílico, nitratos e oxigênio. As diferenças estão no uso de benzodiazepínicos e na contraindicação do uso de beta-bloqueadores. Existe controvérsia quanto ao uso do labetalol e da terapia trombolítica. Está sob investigação o uso de novos medicamentos como a fentolamina para reverter os efeitos de vasoconstrição e dos inibidores plaquetários para evitar a progressão do trombo.

This article aims to review current pillars of the pathophysiology and treatment of acute myocardial infarction related to cocaine use. Cocaine use has become increasingly frequent, and consequently the number of medical emergencies has increased related to its complications, including myocardial infarction. Four seems to be the pathophysiological mechanisms that contribute acutely or chronically, to cause infarction related to cocaine use: vasospasm, atherosclerosis, thrombus formation mediated by increased levels of prothrombotic factors and increased platelet aggregation, and increased demand for myocardial oxygen. The cocaine related infarction treatment is similar to infarction in general population with aspirine, nitrates and oxigen therapy. The differences are based on the use of benzodiazepines and the non indication of beta blockers, in the first case. Labetalol and trombolitic therapy use are controversial. The patophisiology knowledgement plays an important role in the introduction of new medications specific to cocaine related infarction, like phentolamine and platelets inhibitors.

Native Coronary Artery and Grafted Artery Spasm Just after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting: A Case Report

Native coronary artery spasm after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is scarce. It frequently causes disastrous circulatory collapse. We report a 72-yr-old male, who experienced native coronary artery spasm and grafted artery spasm following CABG, which was successfully treated with coronary angiography and intracoronary injection of nitroglycerine.

Uso de Trinitrato de Glicerol en ungüentopara el manejo de la Fisura Anal Crónica en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia / Use of Glycerol Trinitrate in an ointment for the management of chronic anal fissure at the National Hospital ôCayetano Herediaõ

INTRODUCCIÓN: La fisura anal es un desgarro lineal de la mucosa del canal anal. Cuando la curación falla progresa a fisura anal crónica (FAC). La FAC es un problema proctológico frecuente, afecta mayormente a pacientes jóvenes, es incapacitante, por lo que es importante un diagnóstico adecuado y un tratamiento rápido y eficaz. Actualmente existen diferentes opciones terapéuticas, médicas y quirúrgicas. Dentro de las primeras existen varias opciones que producen relajación del esfínter anal. Una de las opciones más usadas es el ungüento de Trinitrato de Glicerol (TNG) al 0.2 por ciento, conalgunos estudios randomizados y controlados que reportan tasas de curación entre 48 y 69 por ciento y otros con resultados equiparables comparados con la cirugía. Nuestro objetivo fue conocer los resultados del ungüento de TNG evitando la cirugía yla probable sección permanente del esfínter anal interno. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: se utilizó Trinitrato de Glicerol al 0.2 por ciento en ungüento tópico, 2 veces al día durante 2 semanas. En todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de FAC, que cumplían los criterios de inclusión, en el periodo, de febrero de 2007 a Enero de 2008.Se realizaron dos controles, uno al término del tratamiento para verificar cicatrización y desaparición de sintomatología y el otro a los 2 meses para constatar recidiva. RESULTADOS: Ingresaron al estudio 30 pacientes, 19 mujeres (63.3 por ciento) y 11 varones (36.7 por ciento). La edad promedio fue de 34.87 años, con mayor prevalencia entre 21 y 40 años (50 por ciento) ycon menor entre 41 y 50 (13.3 por ciento). La sintomatología más frecuentemente encontrada fue la asociación de dolor anal y rectorragia en 66.6 por ciento, seguida de rectorragia y dolor anal aislados en 23.3 por ciento y 10 por ciento respectivamente. La localización más frecuente de la FAC fue la línea media posterior en 63.3 por ciento, seguida de la línea media anterior en 16.7 por ciento y ambas en16.7 por ciento...

INTRODUCTION: The anal fissure is a linear tear in the anal canal mucosa. If healing fails, it evolves into a chronic anal fissure (CAF). This is one of the most frequent proctologic problems affecting younger patients, altering their social and work life. As it is disabling disease, it causes a socioeconomic problem and, hence, it is important to make a proper diagnosis and apply a rapid and efficient treatment. At present, there are different therapeutic options, both medical and surgical. Among the first, there are several options that relax the anal sphincter. One of the options which are most used is the 0.2 per cent Glycerol Trinitrate (GTN) ointment, there being some randomized and controlled studies reporting 48 per cent and 69 per cent healing rates and other studies with comparable results against surgery. The objective was to know the results of the GTN ointment, so as to avoid surgery, and the probable permanent section of the internal anal sphincter. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Topical Glycerol Trinitrate ointment 0.2 per cent was used twice a day during two weeks. All patients diagnosed with CAF who met the inclusion criteriaparticipated in this study for a one-year period, from February 2007 to January 2008. Two controls were carried out, one at the end of the treatment to verify healing and absence of symptoms, and the other after two months to check recidivism. RESULTS: There were 19 female patients (63.3 per cent) and 11 male patients (36.7 per cent). Theaverage age was 34.87 years, with higher prevalence between 21 and 40 years (50 per cent) and minor prevalence between 41 and 50 years (13.3 per cent). The most frequent symptoms found were the association of anal pain with rectal bleeding in 66.6 per cent of the patients, followedby isolated rectal bleeding and anal pain in 23.3 per cent and 10 per cent of cases, respectively. The most common localization of the CAF was the posterior midline in 63.3 per cent of patients, ...

Cuidados de enfermería en paciente con edema agudo de pulmón / Nursing care in patient with acute lung edema

En el siguiente artículo, las autoras presentan el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de Edema Agudo de Pulmón (EAP). Se detalla la fisiopatología, la evolución de la enfermedad y su tratamiento. Se describe un Plan de Cuidados específico para el caso presentado.

Fisura anal aguda. Tratamiento convencional versus trinitrato de glicerilo / Acute anal fissure. Standard versus glyceryl trinitrate treatment

Antecedentes: El tratamiento no quirúrgico de la fisura anal aguda sigue siendo objeto de múltiples estudios. Quisimos conocer como podíamos mejorar los resultados añadiendo un donante de óxido nítrico al tratamiento convencional. Objetivo: Comparar dos tratamientos médicos para la fisura anal aguda, el tratamiento convencional versus trinitrato de glicerilo (TNG). Lugar de aplicación: Consultorios externos de coloproctología de hospitales privados. Diseño: Prospectivo, comparativo, aleatorio, multicéntrico. Población: 167 pacientes mayores de 18 años con fisura anal aguda. Método: Grupo I (TNG), n = 78. La dosis se calculó en 0,8 mg. Evaluamos efectos colaterales de la medicación y tasa de éxito. Grupo II (tratamiento convencional), n= 89. Se evaluó el dolor mediante una escala numérica al momento de la consulta y a los 3, 7 y 10 días. Resultados: El tratamiento fue insuficiente (necesidad de medicación agregada, benzodiacepinas) en 15 pacientes del grupo I y 1 paciente de este grupo necesito cirugía. Mientras que en el grupo II el tratamiento fue insuficiente en 8 pacientes (8,9 por ciento) y requirieron cirugía 12 pacientes (13 por ciento). No hubo que suspender en ningún paciente el TNG. Dentro de la evaluación del dolor vimos que gran parte del grupo I a los 3 días se situaba en el punto de menor dolor mientras que en el grupo II no hubo cambios. Conclusiones: El tratamiento con TNG es más eficaz en la tasa de curación, y es más efectivo en calmar el dolor que el tratamiento convencional.

Preventive effects of nitroglycerine on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in growing rats / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The preventive effects of nitroglycerine (NG) on glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in growing rats were studied. Three-month-old female Wistar rats were randomly divided into control group (CON), dexamethasone group (DXM), DXM plus a low dose NG group (NG-L), DXM plus a middle dose NG group (NG-M) and DXM plus a high dose NG group (NG-H), 8 rats in each group. The rat model of osteoporosis was developed by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone twice a week. NG 0.2, 0.4 and 1.0 mg/kg was administered by oral gavages to the treatment groups every day for 12 weeks. Rats in CON group and DXM group were treated with normal saline of the same amount. After the treatment, the bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism-associated biochemical markers were determined. Compared with CON group, BMD of lumbar spine and femur in DXM group was decreased significantly (P<0.05 and P<0.01 respectively), blood BGP levels and NO levels reduced (both P<0.01), and TRAP level increased (P<0.05). As compared with DXM group, BMD, serum BGP and NO were increased, and TRAP decreased in NG-L group and NG-M group, but had no significant difference in comparison to CON group. All the markers other than serum NO and TRAP levels had no significant difference between NG-H group and DXM group. It was concluded that low or middle doses of NG could prevent glucocorticoid-induced bone loss in growing rats, but high dose of NG could not. Supplement with NO donor could be considered as a preventive treatment for glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis in a developing skeleton.

Nitroglycerine in scorpion sting with decompensated shock.

This study was designed to examine the effect of nitroglycerine infusion in children hospitalized for scorpion sting with severe myocardial dysfunction and decompensated shock. Children satisfying the inclusion criteria were started on nitroglycerine infusion under hemodynamic monitoring and other supportive measures. The effects of nitroglycerine, including improvement in oxygenation and decrease in pulmonary congestion and liver size were recorded. Seven out of 11 children responded well to nitroglycerine therapy and the clinical response was evident within 30 to 60 minutes. The first parameter to improve was oxygen saturation, followed by an improvement in the blood pressure and respiratory rate. Heart rate was the last parameter to improve after nitroglycerine infusion. The average duration of nitroglycerine infusion was 25 hours (12 - 36 hours). It was seen that the non-survivors had significant tachycardia at admission, and a greater need for assisted ventilation compared to the survivors. We conclude that nitroglycerine therapy could bring about significant improvement in myocardial function and hemodynamic parameters with a potential for improved survival.

Chemical sphincterotomy--first line of treatment for chronic anal fissure.

Anal fissure is a common disorder which may cause symptoms at any age. Internal anal sphincterotomy is the gold standard surgical treatment which lowers the resting anal pressure and effectively heals the majority of fissures. However the post operative period may be marked by surgical risks, complications and late incidence of incontinence that is some times permanent. These complications has led to a search for alternative therapies for the treatment of chronic anal fissure. Chemical sphincterotomy has been tried using a variety of novel agents including topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), calcium channel blockers such as nifedipine or diltiazem and botulinum toxin. Some of these agents were found to be effective in healing chronic anal fissure with negligible side effects and are now considered as first line treatment for chronic anal fissure.

Tratamiento de la fisura anal / Treatment of the anal fissure

La fisura anal es una lesión que aparece en la porción epidérmica del canal anal, con sintomatología muy florida de dolor y sangrado defecatorio. Existen dos formas típicas, la primaria o idiopática, relacionada con la isquemia relativa del anodermo debida al incremento del tono basal esfintérico interno, y la secundaria a patologías infecciosas o del tubo digestivo. Objetivo y diseño: En los últimos años surgió el concepto de esfinterotomía química. El motivo de este trabajo es la comparación entre estas técnicas incruentas y la esfinterotomía quirúrgica, evaluando en forma prospectiva randomizada los pacientes tratados con diltiazem al 2 por ciento en vaselina sólida, trinitrato de glicerilo aplicados tópicamente y la esfinterotomía lateral interna.Material y Métodos: Durante el período comprendido entre el 31 de diciembre de 2002 y el 31 de diciembre de 2004 se trataron 174 pacientes; 56 con diltiazem al 2 por ciento, 60 con trinitrato de glicerilo y 58 por medio de esfinterotomía lateral interna 10 abierta y 48 cerrada, (Nottaras). La ubicación de la fisura fue en el 76.8 por ciento o 134 pacientes en hora VI, y en el 23.2 por ciento o 40 en hora XII. La distribución según sexo fue 96 (55.3 por ciento) varones y 78 ( 44.7 por ciento) mujeres. Resultados: Luego de una media de seguimiento de 87 días (7 a 330 días), en el grupo tratado con diltiazem, 33 pacientes presentaron la desaparición de los síntomas en la primer semana, con una curación y epitelización, sin recidiva, en 38 pacientes a las 6 semanas. 7 pacientes evolucionaron mal y necesitaron cirugía, y 9 no se presentaron al control y seguimiento.En el grupo tratado con trinitrato de glicerilo, 36 pacientes tuvieron una buena evolución, 5 necesitaron cirugía, 10 no volvieron a control y 9 suspendieron el tratamiento por reacciones adversas. El grupo de 58 pacientes tratado quirúrgicamente evolucionó favorablemente excepto 2 de ellos que necesitaron una anoplastía con deslizamiento de colgajo. Conclu...